[440] Esperienze intorno a diverse cote naturali, Firenze, 1671. 121.

[441] Oliver, Flor. of Trop. Africa, i. (1868) 307.

[442] Adversaria, Leidae, p. 78.

[443] Our friend Dr. de Vry informs us that he remembers the price in Holland in 1828 being equivalent to about 24s. the ounce!

[444] Journ. de Phar. v. (1867) 403.

[445] Wittstein’s Vierteljahresschrift für prakt. Pharm. xi. (1862) i.—The drug examined was the Lopez root sold at that period at Amsterdam.

[446] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen, Med. Plants, part 32 (1878).

[447] Fig. by Engler in Flora Brasil. fasc. 65 (1874) tab. 30. Pilocarpus pauciflorus St. Hilaire (Flora Brasiliæ meridionalis, i. 1824. tab. 17) appears also to be very similar.

[448] Lib. iv. cap. 57, 59, and v. cap. 19, p. 310, of the work quoted in the appendix.

[449] Description des Plantes de l’Amérique, 1693. 58. Pl. lxxv. and lxxvi.

[450] Stiles, Pharm. J. vii. (1877) 629; also Lanessan’s French translation of the Pharmacographia, i. (1878) 253.

[451] Already known to Piso.

[452] The original Jaborandi of Piso, according to Peckolt. Dragendorff’s Jahresbericht, 1875. 163.

[453] Dr. Rice in New Remedies, 1878, 263; also private information.

[454] Meyer, Geschichte der Botanik, iii. (1856) 68.

[455] Amari, Storia dei Musulmani di Sicilia, ii. (1858) 444.

[456] Géographie d’Edrisi, traduite par Jaubert, i. (1836) 162.

[457] Huillard-Bréholles, Historia diplomatica Friderici secundi, Paris, v. (1857) 571.

[458] Heil-und Nahrungsmittel von Ebn Baithar, übersetzt von Sontheimer, ii. (1842) 452.

[459] Belgrano, Vita privata dei Genovesi, Genova (1875) 158.

[460] Gallesio, Traité du Citrus (1811) 89, 103.

[461] Consul Smallwood, in Consular Reports, Aug. 1873. 986.

[462] There are many kinds of lemon as well as of orange which are never seen in commerce. Risso and Poiteau enumerate 25 varieties of the former and 30 of the latter. See also Alfonso, Coltivazione degli Agrumi, Palermo, 2nd edition, 1875.

[463] Stoddart, in Pharm. Journ. x. (1869) 203.

[464] R. Warington, Pharm. Journ. v. (1875) 385.

[465] Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft (1876) 26, 685, 693.

[466] Gazetta Chimica Italiana, ii. (1872) 385; Journ. of Chem. Soc. xi (1873) 402.

[467] Stoddart’s statement that if potash be added to lemon juice, oxalic acid may be detected in the mixture after a few days, is not supported by our observations.

[468] Magiæ Naturalis libri xx. Neapoli. 1589. 188.

[469] Through the kindness of Signor Mallandrino of Giampilieri near Messina, I had the pleasure of seeing how the essence is made. Though the time of my visit (13 May 1872) was not that of the manufacture, Signor M. sent for one of his workmen, and having procured a few lemons, set him to work on them in order that I might have ocular demonstration of the process.—D. H.

[470] For specimens of the Essence au zeste and of the Essence distillée of guaranteed purity we have to thank M. Médecin, distiller of essences, Mentone; and Messrs. G. Pannucio e figli, for an authentic sample of the essence made by the sponge process in their establishment at Reggio. We have also had a small quantity prepared by the écuelle by one of ourselves near Mentone, 15th June 1872.—D. H.

[471] Consul Dennis, On the Commerce, &c. of Sicily in 1869, 1870, 1871. Reports from H.M. Consuls. No. 4. 1873.

[472] Histoire naturelle des Orangers, Paris, 1818. p. 111. tab. 53, or the same work, new edition, by Dubreuil, 1873, p. 82. We accept the name given by these authors for the sake of convenience and definiteness, and not because we concur in their opinion that the Bergamot deserves to be ranked as a distinct botanical species.

[473] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen, Med. Plants, part 31.

[474] Traité du Citrus, 1811. 118.

[475] Hesperides, seu de malorum, aureorum cultura et usu.

[476] Nederlantze Hesperides, Amsterd. 1676. fol. (an English translation in 1683).

[477] Citrologia, Ferrariæ, 1690.

[478] Instruction pour les Jardins fruitiers ... avec un traité des Orangers, ed. 2, 1692.

[479] Hesperides Norimbergenses, 1713. lib. 3. cap. 26. and p. 156 b. (We quote from the Latin edition.)

[480] Flückiger, Documente zur Geschichte der Pharmacie, Halle, 1876. 72.

[481] Information, for which I am indebted to Dr. Rice.—The name has no reference to the town of Bergamo, where bergamots cannot succeed.—F. A. F.

[482] The characters are taken from some Essence of Bergamot presented to one of us (15 May 1872) as a type-sample by Messrs. G. Panuccio e figli, manufacturers of essences at Reggio and also large cultivators of the bergamot orange.

[483] See however Oleum Neroli, p. 127.

[484] From the Basque “bizarra” = beard (Rice, New Remedies, 1878. 231), or from the Sanskrit Bijouri.

[485] Traité du Citrus, Paris, 1811. 222.

[486] Opera, ed. Valgrisi 1564. lib. v. sum. 1. tract. 9. p. 289.—The passage, which is the following, seems rather inconclusive:—“ ... succi acetositatis citri et succi acetositatis citranguli.”

[487] Vitriaco, Hist. orient. et occident. 1597. cap. 86.

[488] Hence the Dutch Sinaasappel or Appelsina and the German Apfelsine.

[489] Goeze, Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Orangengewächse, Hamburg, 1874. 29.

[490] Manners and Household Expenses of England in the 13th and 15th centuries, Lond. (Roxburghe Club) 1841. xlviii.

[491] Menagio, Origini della Lingua Italiana, 1685; Dict. de Trévoux, Paris, vi. (1771) 178.—The town of Nerola is about 16 miles north of Tivoli.

[492] Histoire des Drogues, 1694. 234. ii.

[493] Naphé or Naphore—according to Poiteau et Risso, Hist. Nat. des Orangers 1873. 211, these names perhaps originated in Languedoc.

[494] L. c. 211.

[495] Journ. de Pharm. xv. (1829) 152.

[496] Yet we extracted it from an old sample labelled “Essence de Néroli Portugal—Méro.”

[497] Bulletin de Pharm., i. (1809) 337-341.

[498] Thus in the price-list of a firm at Grasse, Neroli is quoted as of four qualities, the lowest or “commercial” being less than half the price of the finest.

[499] We have been informed on good authority that the Neroli commonly sold contains ⅜ of Essence of Petit Grain, and ⅛ of Essence of Bergamot, the remaining ⁴/₈ being true Neroli.

[500] Loc. c., edition of 1873. 211.

[501] Gmelin, Chemistry, xiv. (1860) 305. 306: Gladstone, Journ. of Chem. Soc. xvii. (1864) 1: Wright (and Piesse) in Yearbook of Pharmacy, 1871. 546; 1873. 518; Journ. of Chem. Soc. xi. (1873) 552, &c. We may moreover point out the existence of a crystallized constituent of the oil of orange peel from the island of Curaçao. It was noticed as long ago as the year 1771 by Gaubius: “Sal aromaticus, nativus, ex oleo corticum mali aurei Curassavici,” in his book, “Adversariorum varii argumenti, lib. unus.” Leidae, 1771. 27.

[502] Gallesio, Traité du Citrus, 1811. 222.

[503] Oribasius accurately describes the citron as a fruit consisting of three parts, namely a central acid pulp, a thick and fleshy zest and an aromatic outer coat.—Medicinalia collecta, lib. i. c. 64.

[504] Ægle, one of the Hesperides.—Marmeloes from the Portuguese marmelo, a quince.—Fig. in Bentley and Trimen, part 11.

[505] In the Botanical Garden of Buitenzorg in Java, three varieties are grown, namely—fructibus oblongis, fructibus subglobosis, and macrocarpa.

[506] We are indebted to Professor Monier Williams of Oxford for pointing out to us many references to Bilva in the Sanskrit writings.

[507] Sirí-phal and Bel are Hindustani names.—See also Flückiger, Documente, 29.

[508] De Indiæ re nat. et med. 1658, lib. vi. c. 8.

[509] Hort. Malab. iii. (1682) tab. 37 (Covalam).

[510] Herb. Amb. i. tab. 81.

[511] Edition 1868, pp. 46 and 441.

[512] We are thus at variance with Collas of Pondichéry, who attributes to the ripe fruit 5 per cent. of tannin.—Hist. nat. etc. du Bel ou Vilva in Revue Coloniale, xvi. (1856) 220-238.

[513] 40 bags in a drug sale, 8th May, 1873.

[514] The Pharmacopœa Germanica of 1872 expressly forbids the use of the wood of Picræna in place of Quassia.

[515] Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, iii. (1794) 205. tab. 6.

[516] Liebig’s Annalen der Pharm. xxi. (1837) 40.

[517] Blue Book, Island of Jamaica, for 1871.

[518] Consular Reports, No. 3, presented to Parliament, July 1873.

[519] Rost van Tonningen, Jahresbericht of Wiggers (Canstatt) for 1858. 75; Pharm. Journ. ii. (1872) 644. 654.

[520] The λίβανος of the Greeks, the Latin Olibanum, as well as the Arabic Lubân, and the analogous sounds in other languages, are all derived from the Hebrew Lebonah, signifying milk: and modern travellers who have seen the frankincense trees state that the fresh juice is milky, and hardens when exposed to the air. The word Thus, on the other hand, seems to be derived from the verb θύειν, to sacrifice.

[521] On the Genus Boswellia, with descriptions and figures of three new species.—Linn. Trans. xxvii. (1870) 111. 148. This paper is reprinted as an appendix to Cooke’s “Report on the gums, resins, ... of the Indian Museum,” Lond. 1874.—The original plates are much superior and more complete than the reprints.—The materials on which Dr. Birdwood’s observations have been chiefly founded, and to which we also have had access, are,—1. Specimens collected during an expedition to the Somali Coast made by Col. Playfair in 1862.—2. Growing Plants at Bombay and Aden, raised from cuttings sent by Playfair.—3. A specimen obtained by H. J. Carter in 1846, near Ras Fartak, on the south-east coast of Arabia, and still growing in Victoria Gardens, Bombay; and figured by Carter in Journ. of Bombay Branch of R. Asiatic Soc. ii. (1848) 380, tab. 23.

[522] In the λιβανωτοϕόρος χώρα of the antiquity, the hill region (where Mohr meddu is growing) used to be contrasted with the coast region, the Sahil. See Sprenger (quoted further on, page 136, footnote 3), page 90.

[523] See his picturesque description of the tree, Journ. R. Geograph. Soc. 22 (1872) 64.

[524] Flückiger, Pharm. Journ. viii. (1878) 805.

[525] Tent. Floræ Abyssinicae, i. (1847) 248; figure of the tree tab. xxxiii.

[526] See the paper quoted in note 2.

[527] As for instance, Exod. xxx. 34; I Chron. x. 29; Matth. ii. 11.

[528] Movers, Das phönizische Alterthum, iii. (1856) 99. 299.—Sprenger, l. c. p. 299, also points out the importance of the olibanum with regard to the commercial relations of those early periods.

[529] Dümichen (Johannes), The fleet of an Egyptian Queen from the 17th century before our era, and ancient Egyptian military parade, represented on a monument of the same age ... after a copy taken from the terrace of the temple of Dêr-el-Baheri, translated from the German by Anna Dümichen, Leipzig, 1868.—See also Mariette-Bey, Deir-el-Bahari, Leipzig, 1877, Pl. 6, 7, 8.

[530] In one of the inscriptions they are referred to in terms which Professor D. has thus rendered:—“Thirty-one verdant incense trees brought among the precious things from the land of Punt for the majesty of this god Amon, the lord of the terrestrial thrones. Never has anything similar been seen since the foundation of the world.”

[531] Hist. Plant. lib. iv. c. 7.—See also Sprenger, l.c. 219.

[532] See also Sprenger, Die alte Geographie Arabiens. Bern, 1875. 296, 302, also 244.

[533] “Thus transfretanum,” Sprenger, 299.

[534] Rawlinson’s Herodotus, ii. (1858) 488.—Sprenger, l. c. 300, alludes to olibanum being exported to Babylonia and Persia.

[535] Chishull, Antiquitates Asiaticæ, Lond. 1758. 65-72.

[536] These remarkable gifts are enumerated by Vignoli in his Liber Pontificalis, Rome, 1724-55, and include beside Olibanum, Oleum nardinum, Oleum Cyprium, Balsam, Storax Isaurica, Stacte, Aromata cassiæ, Saffron and Pepper.

[537] The ancient name of Cape Gardafui was Promontorium Aromatum.

[538] Bretschneider, Ancient Chinese, &c. Lond. 1871. 19.

[539] Returns of Trade at the Treaty Ports in China for 1872, p. 4.

[540] Trans. Bombay Geograph. Soc. vii. (1846) 121.

[541] See sketch of the Somali coast. Pharm. Journ. viii. (13 Apr. 1878) 806.

[542] See my paper on Luban Mati and Olibanum, Pharm. Journ. viii. (1878) 805, also Hildebrandt’s note in the “Sitzungs-Bericht der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin,” 19th Nov. 1878, 195.—F. A. F..

[543] Loc. cit.

[544] On the neighbourhood of Bunder Murayah, in Journ. of R. Geograph. Society, xxii. (1872) 65.

[545] I obtained 32·14 per cent. from the finest tears of the kind called Fasous Bedowi, with which I was presented by Capt. Hunter of Aden.—F. A. F..

[546] Aegypten, Forschungen über Land und Volk, Leipzig, 1863.

[547] Statement of the Trade and Navigation of the Presidency of Bombay for 1872-73, pt. ii. 78.

[548] Plantæ Medicinales, Düsseldorf, ii. (1828) tab. 355.

[549] On applying in 1872 to Prof. Ehrenberg to know if it were possible that we could see this very specimen, we received the answer that it could not be found.

[550] Berg u. Schmidt, Darstellung u. Beschreibung ... offizin. Gewächse, iv. (1863) tab. xxix. d.; also Bot. Zeitung, 16 Mai, 1862. 155.

[551] Vol. i. 326.

[552] Petermann, Geogr. Mittheilungen, 1868. 127.

[553] Letters addressed in 1877 to F. A. F..

[554] Bola, Bal, or Bol were names of the myrrh in the Egyptian antiquity.—Ehrenberg, De Myrrhæ et Opocalpasi ... detectis plantis, Berolini, 1841, fol.

[555] Cantic. i 13, iii. 6; Genes. xliii. 11; Exod. ii. 12, 30, xxiii. 34-36; John xix. 39; Mark xv. 23; Proverbs vii. 17.

[556] Cockayne, Leechdoms &c. of Early England, ii. (1865) 295, 297.

[557] Range, Adjurationen, Exorcismen, Benedictionen, &c., in Mittheilungen der antiquar. Gesellschaft in Zürich, xii. (1859) 187.

[558] Liber quotidianus Contrarotulatoris Garderobæ.... Edwardi I., Lond. 1787. pp. xxxii. and 27.—The custom is still observed by the sovereigns of England, and the Queen’s oblation of gold, frankincense, and myrrh is still annually presented on the Feast of Epiphany in the Chapel Royal in London.

[559] Doüet d’Arcq, Comptes de l’Argenterie des rois de France, 1851. 19.

[560] Yule, Cathay and the way thither, ii. 357.

[561] For the costly presents in question never reached their destination, having been all plundered by the way!

[562] Shanghai imported in 1872, 18,600 lbs. of myrrh.—Reports of Trade at the Treaty Ports in China for 1872, p. 4.

[563] Vincent, Commerce of the Ancients, ii. (1870) 316.—Muza or Moosa is supposed to be identical with a place still bearing that name lying about 20 miles east of Mokha.

[564] Lib. ix. c. 4.

[565] Vignolius, Liber Pontificalis, i. (1724) 95.

[566] Vincent, op. cit. ii. 127. 129. 135.

[567] Recherches sur l’Organisation des Burseracées, Paris, 1868, p. 42, pl. i.

[568] Op. cit. at p. 140, note 1.

[569] See paper with map in Ocean Highways, April, 1873, also Pharm. Journ. 19 April, 1873. 821, and Hanbury’s Science Papers, 378.

[570] Trans. Bombay Geogr. Soc. vii. (1846) 123.

[571] Highlands of Æthiopia (1844) i. 426; ii. 414.

[572] Pharm. Journ. xii. (1853) 226.

[573] Capt. S. B. Miles, in Journ. of R. Geograph. Soc. xli. (1871) 236. The country visited by Miles and Munzinger is the “Smyrnifera regio exterior,” the outer country producing myrrh of the ancients, about 14° 10′ N. lat. and 57° E. long. See also Sprenger, Alte Geographie Arabiens, 313.

[574] Druggists who prepare large quantities of Tincture of Myrrh may utilize this gum for making a common sort of mucilage.—Pharm. Journ. 10 June, 1871, 1001.

[575] Ruickholdt got 2·18 per cent.; Bley and Diesel (1845) from 1·6 to 3·4 per cent. of an acid oil. We are kindly informed by Mr. Fritzsche of Leipzig (Messrs. Schimmel & Co.) that good myrrh distilled on a large scale yields as much as 4·4 per cent. of oil. (Letter dated 13th June, 1878.)

[576] Gladstone (1863) found the oil a little heavier than water.

[577] Analyses performed in my laboratory by Dr. Buri, February, 1874. See also my paper on Carvol, Pharm. Journ. vii. (1876) 75, or Yearbook of Pharmacy (1877) 51—F. A. F.

[578] Information obligingly supplied by Captain Hunter, July 1877.

[579] Dymock, Pharm. Journ. vi. (1876) 661.

[580] Myrrha indica, Martiny, Encyklop. der med-pharm. Rohwaarenkunde, ii. (1854) 98, 101.

[581] Pharm. Journ. xii. (1853) 227.

[582] In 1865, 10 packages of this drug containing about 15 cwt. were consigned to me for sale in London by a friend in China, who had purchased the drug under the notion that it was true myrrh. The commodity was bad of its kind, and was sold with difficulty at 30s. per cwt.—D. H.

[583] Guillain, Documents sur l’histoire, la géogr. et le commerce de l’Afrique orientale iii. (1856) 350.