[584] In Ramusio (see Appendix, R) 239.

[585] Journ. of the R. Geogr. Soc. 22 (1872) 64.

[586] Flora de Filipians, segunda impression, Manila, 1845. 256.

[587] On consulting Mr. A. W. Bennett, who is now studying the Burseraceæ of India, as to the probable affinities of Blanco’s plant, we received from him the following remarks: “I have little hesitation in pronouncing that from the description, Icica Abilo cannot be a Canarium, but what it is, is more difficult to say. The leaves having the lowest pair of leaflets smallest, seems at first sight very characteristic of Canarium; but the following considerations tend the other way. 1. The opposite leaves which occur nowhere in Burseraceæ except in Amyris, with which the plant does not agree in many ways. 2. The stipellæ which are not found anywhere in the order.—3. The quinate flowers. In all species of Canarium the parts of the flowers are in threes, including C. commune, which according to Miquel extends to the Philippines. The only exception is C. (Scutinanthe Thwaites) brunneum, with which it does not agree in, other respects.

“The foregoing reasons almost equally exclude Icica (Bursera); yet the fruit of Blanco’s plant seems so eminently that of a Burseracea, that I think it must belong to that order, but with some error in the description of the leaves.”

[588] Hist. Plant, lib. iv. c. 7.

[589] Lib. xii c. 38.

[590] Lib. i. c. 141.

[591] Compositiones Medicament. cap. 103.

[592] Comm. in lib. i, Dioscoridis.

[593] Flückiger, Die Frankfurter Liste, Halle, 1873. 7. 16.—“Gumi elemi” is also found in a similar list of the year 1480, compiled in the town of Nördlingen, Bavaria. See Archiv der Pharm. 211 (1877) 103.

[594] Compendium Aromatariorum, Bonon. 1488.

[595] This very rare volume is one of the treasures of the National Library of Paris.

[596] From the Greek ἔνιμον, signifying blood-stopping.

[597] Brassavola observes—“quandoque inclinavimus ut gummi oleæ Æthiopicæ esset gummi elemi dicti, quasi enhæmi.”—Examen simplicium, Lugd. 1537. 386.

[598] Hist. Stirp. libri iv., edition of Gesner, Argentorati, 1561. 209.

[599] Libro de las cosas que se traen de nuestras Indias Occidentales, Sevilla, 1565.

[600] Thus Piso in 1658 describes the resin of an Icica as exactly resembling Elemi and quite as good for wounds.—Hist. nat. et med. Ind. Occ. 122.

[601] Histoire des Drogues, 1694, 261.

[602] Ray, Hist. Plant. iii (1704), appendix, p. 67. No. 13.—Compare also p. 60, No. 10.

[603] Thus in a drug sale, May 8, 1873, there were offered 275 cases, equal to about 480 cwt.

[604] I observed the following deviations:—

—F. A. F.

[605] Comptes Rendus, xii (1841) 184.

[606] The following deviations were observed, in a column of 25 millimetres:—

[607] From 47°·6 to 46°.

[608] Examined at my request by Prof. Groth.—F. A. F..

[609] Journ. de Pharm. ix. (1823) 45. 47.

[610] Id. x. (1824) 199.

[611] Pharm. Journ. vii. (1876) 157, also Yearbook of Ph. 1877. 21.

[612] Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft, 1878. 1347.

[613] I am indebted for a specimen of the material that Baup worked upon and which he called Resin of Arbol a brea, to M. Roux, pharmacien of Nyon, Switzerland—F. A. F.

[614] From the Greek βρύον, in allusion to the moss-like aspect sometimes assumed by the crystals.

[615] Flückiger, Pharm. Journ. v. (1874) 142.

[616] Pharm. Journ. viii. (1878) 601.

[617] Royle’s very imperfect specimens of this plant are in the British Museum.

[618] Now Protium Icicariba Marchand, in Flora Brasiliensis, fascicul. 65 (1874) tab. liii.

[619] G. Planchon, Bulletin de la Soc. Bot. de France, xv. (1868) 16.

[620] Given me by Mr. Manley, late of Pernambuco. I have also an authentic specimen of the resin of I. heterophylla collected at Santarem, Pará, by Mr. H. W. Bates in 1853.—D. H.

[621] For some experiments on the resin of Icica, see Gmelin, Chemistry, xvi. (1866) 421.—Also Stenhouse and Groves, in Liebig’s Annalen der Chemie, 180 (1876) 253, on resin and oil of Icica heptaphylla. The former would appear to agree with the formula (C₅H₈)₉OH₂.

[622] Lubán is the general Arabic name for olibanum: meyeti perhaps from Jebel Meyet, a mountain of 1200 feet on the Somali Coast in long. 47° 10′.

[623] By the assistance of Professor G. Planchon we have ascertained that it is identically the same substance as described by Guibourt under the name Tacamaque jaune huileuse A.—Hist. des Drogues, iii. (1850) 483.

[624] Figured in Birdwood’s paper, Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvii. (1870) tab. 32; also, (reduced) in Cooke’s report on the Gums, Resins, etc., of the India Museum, 1874, plate iv.

[625] Journ. Geograph. Soc. xlii. (1872) 61.

[626] Flückiger, on Luban Mati and Olibanum, Pharm. Journ. viii (1878) 805, with sketch map of the Somali Coast.

[627] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen, Medic. Plants, part 27.

[628] From amargoso, bitter.

[629] C. De Candolle, in Monogr. Phanerogamar. i. (1878) 459.

[630] It is mentioned in Chinese writings dating long prior to the Christian era.—Bretschneider, Chinese Botanical Works, 1870. 12.

[631] Colloquios dos Simples, &c., Goa, 1563 Colloq. xl. p. 153.

[632] Tractado de las Drogas y Medicinas de las Indias Orientales, Burgos, 1578, cap. 43.

[633] Waring, in Pharmacopœia of India, 1868. 443.

[634] We are indebted for it to Mr. Broughton of Ootacamund.

[635] Indian Annals of Medical Science, Calcutta, iv. (1857) 104.

[636] Madras Monthly Journ. Med. Science, quoted in Pharm. Journ. June 14, 1873, 992.

[637] From Sómida, the Teluga name of the tree; Róhan is its name in Hindustani.—Fig. in Bentley and Trimen, Med. Plants, part 18 (1877).—See also C. De Candolle, in Monogr. Phanerogamar. i. (1878) 722.

[638] Medical Facts and Observations, Lond. vi. (1795) 127.

[639] Tentamen inaugurale de Swieteniâ Soymidâ, Edinb. 1794.

[640] Kindly sent us by Mr. Broughton of Ootacamund.

[641] The analysis alluded to in the Pharm. of India (p. 444) concerns Khaya (Swietenia) senegalensis, and not the present species, as my friend Dr. Overbeck has informed me.—F. A. F.

[642] Beddome, Flora Sylvatica, Madras, part i. (1869) 8,—also information communicated direct.

[643] Trattato dall’ Agricoltura, Milano, 1805, 10. iii. c. 58.

[644] In Rh. Frangula L., the other British species, the fruit has 2 nuts.

[645] Pharm. Journ. Nov. 23 (1872) 404, and July 11 (1874) 21.

[646] Sur les graines des Nerpruns tinctoriaux.—Journ. de Pharm. iv. (1866) 420.—See also the investigations of Liebermann and Hörmann, 1879.

[647] Numbers vi. 3; 1 Sam. xxv. 18, xxx. 12; 2 Sam. xvi. 1; 1 Chron. xii. 40.

[648] Berichte der deutsch. chem. Gesellsch. zu Berlin, iv. (1871) 442.

[649] Annual Statement of the Trade of the United Kingdom.

[650] The amount of this is very small. On macerating crushed raisins in proof spirit in the proportion of 2 oz. to a pint, we found each fluid ounce of the tincture so obtained to afford by evaporation to dryness 28 grains of a dark viscid sugary extract.

[651] Heldreich, Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands, Athen, 1862. 61.

[652] Hist. Plant. lib. ix. c. 1.

[653] Lib. ii. c. 462.

[654] Wright, Early Travels in Palestine, 1848. 77. (Bohn’s series).

[655] Friar Jordanus who visited Scio circa 1330 (?) noticed the production of mastich, and also the loss of the island by Martino Zaccaria.—Mirabilia descripta, or Wonders of the East, edited by Col. Yule for the Hakluyt Society, 1863.

[656] Probably partly for the reason that a Palazzo Giustiniani in Genoa had become the property of the Society. In the little “Piazza Giustiniani,” near the cathedral of San Lorenzo, that palace may still be seen, but there is only a large view of the island of Scio which would remind of the Maona. I was told in 1874 by Sig. Canale, the historian of Genoa, that he thought it doubtful that the Officium Chii had resided in the said palace.—F. A. F..

[657] An incidental notice showing the value of the trade occurs in the letter of Columbus (himself a Genoese) announcing the result of his first voyage to the Indies. In stating what may be obtained from the island of Hispaniola, he mentions—gold and spices ... and mastich, hitherto found only in Greece in the island of Scio, and which the Signoria sells at its own price, as much as their Highnesses (Ferdinand and Isabella) shall command to be shipped. The letter bears date 15 Feb. 1493.—Letters of Christobal Columbus (Hakluyt Society) 1870. p. 15.

[658] The ducat being reckoned at 9s. 2d.

[659] For further particulars respecting the history of Scio, the Maona, and the trade of the Genoese in the Levant, see Hopf in Ersch and Grubber’s Encyclopädie, vol. 68 (Leipzig, 1859) art. Giustiniani; also Heyd Colonie commerciali degli Italiani in Oriente i. (1866).

[660] Observations de plusieurs singularitez et choses mémorables trouvées en Grèce, etc. Paris, 1554. liv. ii. ch. 8. p. 836.

[661] Voyage into the Levant, i. (1718) 285.

[662] Voyage dans l’Empire Othoman et la Perse, ii. (Paris, 1801) 132-136.

[663] At Athens the mercury was for a short time at -10° C. (14° F.) In Scio, where the frost was probably quite as severe, though we have no exact data, the mischief to the lentisks varied with the locality, trees exposed to the north or growing at considerable elevations, being killed down to the base of the trunk, while those in more favoured positions suffered destruction only in some of their branches.

[664] Storia dei Musulmani di Sicilia, iii. (1872) 787.

[665] Flückiger, Documente zur Geschichte der Pharmacie, Halle, 1876. 31.

[666] Ibid. 41. 65.

[667] Thus in the London Pharmacopœia of 1632, mastich enters into 24 of the 37 different kinds of pill, besides which it is prescribed in troches and ointments.

[668] See Unger and Kotsehy, Die Insel Cypern, Wien, 1865. 424.

[669] Heldreich (and Orphanides) Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands, Athen, 1862, 60.

[670] Berichte der deutschen chem. Gesellsch. 1876. 316.

[671] Consul Cumberbatch, Report on Trade of Smyrna for 1871.—Raki, derived from the Turkish word sâqiz, for mastich, which, strange to say, would appear to have its home on the Baltic. In the vocabularies of the Old-Prussian idiom “sachis” is found meaning resin.—Blau, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenl. Gesellsch., xxix. 582.

[672] Powell, Economic Products of the Punjab, Roorkee, 1868. 411.

[673] Guibourt, Hist. d. Drog. iii. (1850) 458; Armieux, Topographie médicale du Sahara, Paris, 1866. 58.

[674] Genesis xii. 6, where the word is rendered in our version plain.

[675] Further historical information on the Terebinth may be found in Hehn’s Kulturpflanzen und Hausthiere, Berlin, 1877. 336.

[676] Unger u. Kotschy, die Insel Cypern, 1865. 361. 424.

[677] Revision du groupe des Anacardiacées. Paris, 1869. 150. Plate iii. shows the resiniferous ducts of a branch two years old.

[678] Voyage into the Levant, i. (1718) 287.

[679] Voy. dans l’Empire Othoman, etc., ii. (1801) 136.

[680] Maltass, Pharm. Journ. xvii. (1856) 540.

[681] A solution of mastich made in the same proportion deviates 3° to the right.

[682] From analysis performed in my laboratory by Dr. Kraushaar.—F. A. F.

[683] Wight, Icones Plantar. Indiæ orientalis, ii. (Madras, 1843) tab. 561, gives a good figure.

[684] Hanbury, Science Papers, 266.

[685] Amœnitates exoticæ, 1712. 895.

[686] Mém. de l’Académie royale des Sciences, Paris, 1724. 324.—Also Du Halde, Description de l’Empire de la Chine, iii. (La Haye, 1736) 615-625. “Des Ou Poey tsé.” The author quotes numerous medicinal applications for these galls.

[687] Pharm. Journ. vii. (1848) 310.

[688] Ibid. x. (1851) 128.

[689] Stanisl. Julien et P. Champion, Industries anc. et modernes de l’Empire chinois, 1869. 95.

[690] We have once met with galls imported from Shanghai which differed from ordinary Chinese galls in not being horned, but all of an elongated ovoid form, often pointed at the upper end, and having moreover a strong cheesy smell. They may be derived from Distylium racemosum S. et Z., though they do not perfectly accord with the depressed pear-shaped forms figured by Siebold and Zuccarini (Flora Japonica, tab. 94).

[691] See also Schenk, in Buchner’s Repertorium für Pharm. v. (1850) 26-27, or short abstract of that paper in the Jahresbericht of Wiggers, 1850. 48.

[692] See also Stenhouse, Proceedings of the Royal Society, xi. (1862) 402.

[693] Returns of Trade at the Treaty Ports of China, for 1872. 154; for 1874.

[694] Matsugata, Le Japon à l’Exposition universelle (Paris, 1878) 116. 146.

[695] Herbarius, Patavie 1485.

[696] Cockayne Leechdoms, &c., iii. (1866) 316.

[697] De arte distillandi, first edition 1500, Argentorati, cap. xv.

[698] Phil. Trans. 1851. 422-431.

[699] Journ. of Chem. Soc. xv. (1862) l.; Gmelin’s Chem. xvi. (1864) 282.

[700] Figured by Lanessan in his French translation of the Pharmacographia, i. (1878) 345.

[701] Experiments performed in my laboratory in 1867.—F. A. F.

[702] Annual Statement of the Trade and Navigation of Sind, for the year 1872-73, printed at Karachi, 1873. p. 36.

[703] Annual Statement, etc., Bombay, 1873. 89.

[704] As described in Boissier’s Flora Orientalis, ii. (1872). We have to thank Professor Haussknecht of Weimar for revising our list of species, and for some valuable information as to the localities in which the drug is produced.

[705] Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands, Athen, 1862. 71.

[706] Bonaini, Statuti inediti della città di Pissa dal xii. al xiv. secolo, iii. (1857) 106. 114.

[707] Voyage into the Levant, Lond. (1718) 43.

[708] Botanische Zeitung, 1857. 33; Pharm. Journ. xviii. (1859) 370.

[709] Pringsheim’s Jahrbücher f. wissenchaftl. Botanik, iii. (1861) 117.

[710] Hanbury, Science Papers, 29.

[711] Pharm. Journ. xv. (1856) 18.

[712] Researches in Asia Minor, Pontus and Armenia, i. (1842) 492.

[713] In the Museum of the Pharmaceutical Society in London, there is some Flake Tragacanth remarkable for its enormous size, but in other respects precisely like the ordinary kind. The ribbon-like strips are as much as 2 inches wide and ³/₁₀ of an inch thick, and the largest which is several inches long weighs 2¾ ounces. Professor Haussknecht has informed us that he has seen in Luristan stems of Astragalus eriostylus Boiss. et Haussk. more than 6 feet in height and 5 inches in diameter, and bearing tragacanth. It is probable that the specimen of gum we have described was produced by some species attaining these extraordinary dimensions. Among the Kurdistan tragacanth, there occur curious cylindrical vermiform pieces, about ⅕ of an inch in diameter, coated with a network of woody fibre. We are told by Professor H. that they are picked out of the centre of cut off pieces of stem, split open by rapid drying in the sun.

[714] C. von Scherzer, Smyrna, Wien, 1873. 143.

[715] It is sometimes shipped from Bussorah.

[716] We accept those adopted by Boissier in his Flora Orientalis, ii. (1872) 202.

[717] Hist. Plant. lib. ix. c. 13.

[718] Lib. iii. c. 5.

[719] Pertz, Monumenta Germaniæ historica, Legum, i. (1835) 186.

[720] Migne, Patrologiæ Cursus, cxiv. 1122.

[721] Wright, Volume of Vocabularies, 1857. 30. This work contains several other early lists of plants.

[722] Libro della Agricoltura, Venet. 1511. lib. vi. c. 62.

[723] Gesner, Valerii Cordi Hist. stirp. Argentorati, 1561. 164.—Flückiger, Documente zur Geschichte der Pharmacie, Halle, 1876. 39. 46.