[724] In the “Meddygon Myddvai” of the 13th century, Llandovery, 1861, p. 159. 355 (it is written there Licras).

[725] This form of root, which reminds one of a whip with three or four lashes and a very short handle, is probably due to the method of propagating adopted at Mitcham, where a short stick or runner is planted upright in the ground.

[726] Documents statistiques réunis par l’administration des Douanes sur le commerce de la France, année 1872, Paris, 1873.

[727] Reports on Trade at the Treaty Ports in China for 1870, Shanghai, 1871. 13. 62.

[728] Rogers, Hist. of Agriculture and Prices, ii. (1866) 543.

[729] Chronicles of London Bridge, 1827. 155.

[730] Wright, Political Poems and Songs (Master of the Rolls series), ii. (1861) 160.

[731] Compendium Aromatariorum, Bonon. 1488.

[732] Flückiger, Die Frankfurter Liste, Halle, 1873, page 10, No. 204.

[733] Botanicon, Francof. 1540. 175.

[734] Comm. in lib. Diosc., Basil. 1574. 485.

[735] Gesner, Horti Germanici, Argent. 1561. 257, b.

[736] Made by treating the crushed root with cold water.

[737] Journ. de Pharm. xxx. (1856) 428; an abstract by Redwood in Pharm. Journ. xvi. (1857) 403.

[738] Géographie Botanique, ii. (1855) 963.

[739] Flückiger, Ueber die Erdnuss—Archiv der Pharmacie, 190. (1869) 70-84, with figure.

[740] Lib. vii. cap. 5. Fol. 1074 f. (1547), as quoted by C. Ph. von Martius in Gelehrte Anzeigen der bayerischen Akademie, 1839. 969.

[741] Las Cosas que se traen de nuestras Indias Occidentales, Sevilla, 1569, part 2.

[742] Histoire d’un voyage faict en la Terre du Bresil, autrement dite Amérique, 1586. 204 (first edition La Rochelle, 1578).

[743] Histoire du Nouveau Monde, Leyde, 1640. 503.

[744] Hist. Rerum Nat. Brasil. 1648. 37.

[745] Botanica curiosa, Helmst. 1697. 38.

[746] Duval, Colonies et politique coloniale de la France, 1864. 101.—Mavidal, Le Sénégal, son état présent, son avenir, Paris, 1863. 171.—Carrère et Holle, La Sénégambie Française, 1855. 84.—Poiteau, in Annales des Sciences nat., Botanique, xix. (1853) 268.

[747] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen, Medicinal Plants, part 25 (1878).

[748] Supplement to the Pharmacopœia of India, Madras, 1869. 16.—The author has kindly sent us specimens of the root. We are also indebted for authentic samples to Mr. Thwaites of the Royal Botanical Garden, Ceylon, and to Mr. Prestoe of the Botanical Garden, Trinidad. The last named gentleman remarks—“I do not find any liquorice property in the root, even fresh, but it is very strong in the green leaves.”

[749] These names and the following are also applied to the entire pods, or even to the plant.

[750] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen, Med. Plants, part 13 (1876).

[751] Hist. Plant. i. 887.

[752] Tom. viii. (1700) tab. 35, sub nom. Nāi Corana.

[753] Flückiger, Documente zur Geschichte der Pharmacie, Halle, 1876. 84.

[754] On the efficacy of Stizolobium or Cowhage, Lond. 2nd ed. 1784.

[755] Hist. Nat. Brasil. 18.

[756] The name of the genus, from ϕύσα, a bladder, was formed under the notion that this appendage is hollow, which is not the fact.—Mucuna cylindrosperma Welwitsch, from Angola, is probably the same plant. See Holmes, Pharm. J. ix. (1879) 913.

[757] Edinb. New Phil. J. xl. (1846) 313.

[758] Edinb. Journ. of Medical Science, xx. (1855) 193; Pharm. Journ. xiv. (1855) 470.

[759] Trans. Roy. Soc. of Edinb. xxii. (1861) 305. t. 16-17; see also Baillon, Hist. des Plantes, ii. 206. figg. 153-155, and Bentley and Trimen, Med. Plants, part 6 (1876).

[760] Histoire de la Fève de Calabar, Paris, 1873. 38.

[761] Liebig’s Annalen der Chem. u. Pharm. 129 (1864) 115.

[762] Ibid. 141 (1867) 82; Chem. News, 22 March 1867, 149.

[763] Comptes Rendus, lx. (1865) 1194.

[764] Op. cit. chap. 2.

[765] Chemische Untersuchung der Calabarbohne.—Inauguralschrift, St. Petersburg, 1867. We calculate the albuminous matters with reference to Teich’s analysis, which proved the kernels to contain 3·65 per cent. of nitrogen.

[766] Medical Observations and Inquiries, i. (1757) 358.

[767] Travels into the Inland Parts of Africa, by Francis Moore, Lond. 1737. pp. 160. 209. 267.

[768] J. Gurney Bevan, Plough Court, Lombard Street.—The drug was priced in 1787 as having cost 16s., and in 1790-92, 21s. per lb.

[769] Pharm. Journ. v. (1846) 495.

[770] Cleghorn, Forests and Gardens of South India, 1861. 13.—Also from information communicated by him orally.

[771] Our sample obtained from Pt. Marsupium Roxb. on the Sigúr Ghat, Feb. 1868, was kindly submitted to us by Mr. McIvor of Ootacamund.—We find it to agree with commercial East Indian Kino.

[772] We have to thank Mr. Broughton, late of the Cinchona Plantations, Ootacamund, for determining this point. In the bark almost saturated with fresh liquid kino, he utterly failed to obtain any indication of pyrocatechin by the tests which he found to render it easily evident in dry kino.

[773] See Nees von Esenbeck, Plantæ medicinales, Düsseldorf, iii. (1833) tab. 79.

[774] See his paper On the Kino Tree of West Africa, Pharm. Journ. xiv. (1855) 55.

[775] Madeiras e Drogas medicinaes de Angola, Lisboa, 1862, 37.

[776] Victoria Exhibition, 1861.—Jurors’ Report on Class 3. p. 59.

[777] Zeitschrift des österreich. Apotheker-Vereines ix. (1871) 497; Pharm. Journ. Aug. 5, 1871. 102.

[778] In our opinion this is doubtful.

[779] Bentham unites this species to E. obliqua L’Hér (Flor. Austr. iii. 204).

[780] (Beddome), Report of the Conservator of Forests, for 1869-70, Madras, 1870, pp. 3. 39. 123; for figure of the tree, see Flora Sylvatica of Southern India of the same author, tab. xxii.

[781] Pauthier, Livre de Marco Polo, 580—Pt. indicus Willd. grows in the adjacent Andaman Islands.

[782] Rogers, Agriculture and Prices in England, 1866, i. 631, ii. 545, &c.—The average price of a sheep during the same period was about 1s. 6d.

[783] Durham Household Book, Surtees Soc. 1844. 215; also Pegge, Form of Cury, Lond. 1780. p. xv.

[784] Gmelin, Chemistry, xvi. (1864) 259; the formula assigned to santalic acid (C₁₅H₁₄O₅) appears to be doubtful. Weidel in proposing the formula C₁₄H₁₂O₄ points out that it may be allied to alizarin, C₁₄H₈O₄.

[785] See Dictionnaire de Chimie, art. Santaline, p. 1434, and for particulars: Cazeneuve, Recherche et extraction des alcaloïdes, etc. Paris, 1875. 66. It would appear that the author obtained about 4 per mille of pterocarpin from the wood.

[786] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen, Med. Plants, part 23 (1877) under the name of Toluifera Balsamum. Though the change of names may be justified by the strict rules of priority, we are of opinion that at present it would be fraught with more of inconvenience than advantage.—Myroxylon punctatum Klotzsch, a tree stated to grow nearly all over the northern part of South America, is referred to the same species by Bentley and Trimen.

[787] Historia de las cosas que se traen de nuestras Indias occidentales, cap. del Balsamo de Tolu.

[788] Nova Plantarum, animal. et mineral. mexicanorum. Historia, Reccho’s edition, Romæ, 1651. fol. 53.

[789] Exoticor. etc. 1605. lib. x. fol. 305.

[790] Pharm. Journ. vi. (1876) 102.

[791] Pharmaceutical tariff (“Taxa”) of the city of Wittenberg 1632 (in the Hamburg library).

[792] Flückiger, Documente zur Geschichte der Pharmacie, Halle, 1876. 49. 50. 53.—Balsamum Peruvianum first occurs in the tariff of the city of Worms of 1609.—Documente, p. 39; Pharm. Journ. l. c.

[793] Contained in the Medicine Tariffs, in the library of the British Museum, bound together in one volume ({777. c.}/5). They include Schweinfurt 1614, Bremen 1644, Basle 1647, Rostock 1659, Quedlinburg 1665, Frankfort on Main 1669 (quoted above).

[794] Journ. of the R. Hort. Soc., May 1864; Pharm. Journ. vi. (1865) 60.

[795] I have seen it imported very fluid into London by way of New York.—Sept. 1878.—F. A. F.

[796] The gourds, “Kürbsen,” of the list of Basle of 1647.

[797] Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft, 1876. 833.

[798] We are not yet prepared to accept the opinion of Baillon, that M. Pereiræ is specifically identical with M. Toluifera, though we admit they are very closely related. According to our observations, the two trees exhibit the following differences:—

See also Bentley and Trimen, Medicinal Plants, part 10 (1876), Toluifera Pereiræ.

[799] Occurring in the first book of the work quoted in the Appendix, which was published separately at Seville in 1565.

[800] Squier, Documents and Relations concerning the Discovery and Conquest of America, New York, 1859.—Frantzius, San Salvador und Honduras im Jahre 1576. Berlin, 1873.

[801] The ancient name of the Balsam Coast; Guaymoco is a village between Sonsonate and San Salvador. The pillars of wood of Myroxylon in the church are, perhaps, says Squier, the very same as those mentioned with admiration by Palacio.

[802] It may be found in extenso in the original Latin in Pharm. Journ. ii. (1861) 447 as well as in Hanbury’s Science Papers, 1876. 294.

[803] Clavigero, Hist. of Mexico, English trans. i. (1787) pp. 32. 379.

[804] Rome, 1628; 2nd ed. 1651. fol. 51; the book written in the town of Mexico, bears at the same time also the title given in the Appendix.

[805] Hanbury in Pharm. Journ. v. (1864) 241. 315; also Science Papers, 294-309.

[806] See my paper, with map, in Schweizerische Wochenschrift für Pharmacie, 1878. 219 (Library of the Pharm. Soc., London).—In the Catalogue of the contributions of San Salvador to the Paris exhibition, p. 33, Dr. D. J. Guzman gives: “Détails sur le moyen, d’extraire et travailler le Balsamo negro du Salvador,” which are far from satisfactory.—F. A. F.

[807] By saturating the acid aqueous liquid with ammonia, it assumes a transient bright yellow hue; an excess of ammonia transforms the whole mixture into an emulsion, from which the cinnameïn again separates but imperfectly.

[808] Numerous resins as benzoin, guaiacum, dragon’s blood, myrrh, etc., and many other substances are capable of affording the same acid.

[809] Pharm. Journ. v. (1864) 248.

[810] Guibourt, Hist. des Drog. iii. (1850) 440.

[811] Pharm. Journ. x. (1851) 286.

[812] In the Catalogue alluded to, page 207, note 2.

[813] Purchas, His Pilgrimes, iv. (1625) 1308.

[814] Fig. in Bentley and Trimem, Med. Plants, part 24 (1877).

[815] The word also means a little ball or a round stone. Bunduk Hindi is frequently used by Arabic authors to denote also Areca nut.

[816] Sontheimer’s translation, i. 177.

[817] Ulfaz Udwiyeh, translated by Gladwin, 1793. No. 543. 551.

[818] Hort. Malab. ii. (1679) tab. 22, sub nom. Caretti.

[819] Waring, Bazaar Medicines, Travancore, 1860. 18.

[820] Kindly furnished us by Dr. Waring.

[821] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen, Med. Plants, part 5 (1876).

[822] Hortus Americanus, Kingston, Jamaica, 1794. 91.

[823] Fifth Letter of Hernan Cortes to the Emperor Charles V., Lond. (Hakluyt Society) 1868. 43.

[824] The first edition bears date 1535. We have used the modern one of Madrid, 1851-55, 4to., and may refer in particular to tom. i. lib. ix. c. 15, iii. lib. xxxi. c. 8 and c. 11.—See Appendix: Fernandez.

[825] 23 Eliz. c. 9.

[826] 13-14 Car. ii. c. 11. sect. 26 (a.d. 1662), by which the Act of Elizabeth was repealed.

[827] Novus Orbis, 1633. 274 and 265.

[828] Annals de Chimie, lxxxi. (1812) 128.

[829] Benedikt, in 1875, assigned them the formula C₄₈H₃₉O₁₈N + 9 OH₂.

[830] Voyage dans l’Amérique centrale, l’île de Cuba et le Yucatan, Paris, 1857.

[831] Public Ledger, 28 Feb. 1874.

[832] See Yule, Marco Polo, ii. (1874). 369.

[833] Some writers have removed these plants from Cassia to a separate genus named Senna, but such subdivision is repudiated by the principal botanists. The intricate synonymy of the senna plants has been well worked out by J. B. Batka in his memoir entitled Monographie der Cassien-Gruppe Senna (Prag, 1866), of which we have made free use. We have also had the advantage of the recent Revision of the Genus Cassia by Bentham (Linn. Trans., xxvii. 1871. 503) and of the labours of Oliver on the same subject in his Flora of Tropical Africa, ii. (1871) 268-282.

[834] On the structure of the seed, see Batka, Pharm. Journ. ix. (1850) 30.

[835] Synonyms—C. Senna β. Linn.; C. lanceolata Nectoux; C. lenitiva Bisch.; Senna acutifolia Batka.

[836] We borrow the above description from Prof. Oliver.

[837] Synonyms—C. lanceolata Roxb.; C. elongata Lem. Lis.; Senna officinalis Roxb.; S. angustifolia Batka.

[838] Versuch einer Monographie der Sennesblätter, Leipz. 1867.

[839] Opera Omnia, Lugd. 1515, lib. 2. Practices, c. 39.

[840] Recueil des Historiens des Croisades, Lois, ii. (1843) 177.

[841] Fontanon, Edicts et Ordonnances des Roys de France, éd. 2, ii. (1585) 349.

[842] It is a glaucous shrub with obovate leaflets, broadly rounded and mucronulate, reniform legume terminated by persistent style, and marked along the middle of each valve by a series of crest-shaped ridges corresponding to the seeds. It is more widely distributed in the Nile region than the other species, and is also found in Sindh and Gujerat and (naturalized) in the West Indies. Its leaflets (also pods) may occasionally be picked out of Alexandrian Senna.

[843] Voyage dans la Haute Egypte ... avec des observations sur les diverses espèces de Séné qui sont répandues dans le commerce, Paris, 1808. fol.

[844] Pharm. Journ. x. (1869) 196.

[845] Ibid. 315.

[846] See Art. Radix Rhei.

[847] From Italian appaltare, to let or farm.

[848] Statement of the Trade and Navigation of the Presidency of Bombay for 1871-72, pt. ii. 21. 98.

[849] Op. cit. (See p. 218).

[850] Dispensatory, ed. 2. 1848. 850.

[851] The reader will find figures of these leaves contrasted with Senna in Pereira’s Elem. of Mat. Med. ii. part ii (1853) 1866.

[852] Schweinfurth found it in 6° N. lat. and 28-29° E. long., in the country of the Dor, where the tree may also be indigenous.

[853] Compositiones Medicamentorum, cap. 4. sec. 36.

[854] De Antidot. i. c. 14.

[855] Noticed likewise among the commodities liable to duty at Alexandria in the 2nd century.—Vincent, Commerce of the Ancients, ii. 712.

[856] Physica Hildegardis, Argent. 1533. 227.

[857] Libri xii. J. Guinterio interprete, Basil., 1556. lib. vii. c. 8.

[858] Puschmann’s edition (quoted in the appendix) i. 435.

[859] Meyer, Geschichte der Botanik, iii. (1856). 226.

[860] “Quemadmodum si ventrem mollire fuerit animus, pruna, et præcipué Damascena adjicimus, atque quippiam feré nigræ nominatæ casiæ. Est autem fructus ejus fistulus et oblongus, nigrum intus humorem concretum gestans, qui haudquaquam una continuitate coaluit, sed ex intervallo tenuibus lignosisque membranulis dirimitur, habens ad speciei propagationem, grana quædam seminalia, siliquæ illi quæ nobis innotuit, adsimilia.”—Methodus Medendi, lib. v. c. 2.

[861] De nuper sub D. Carolo repertis insulis, Basil. 1521.

[862] Herball, part. 3. 20.

[863] Thus there were imported into Leghorn in 1871, 103 tons of Cassia Fistula and Tamarinds.—Consular Reports, 1873, part i.

[864] Hanbury in Linn. Trans. xxiv. 161. p. 26; Pharm. Journ. v. (1864) 348; Science Papers, p. 318.

[865] Exposition intercoloniale,—Notes sur la Végétation de l’Australie, Melb., 1866. 8.

[866] Dict. of Indian Islands, 1856. 425.