[1172] Pharm. Journ. vii. (1876) 75.

[1173] Oudemans, Aanteekeningen, etc., Rotterdam, 1854-1856. 351.

[1174] Consular Reports, 1873 and 1876.

[1175] Pharmaceutische Zeitung, 15th April 1874.

[1176] It is an annual even in England, ripening seeds in its first year, and then dying.

[1177] Le Calendrier de Cordoue de l’année, 961, publié par R. Dozy, Leyde, 1873.

[1178] The Nîmes fennel has been usually referred to Fœniculum dulce DC., but that plant has the stem compressed at the base, and only 6 to 8 rays in the umbel; and is the fennel which is eaten as a vegetable or as a salad.

[1179] Hist. des Drogues, iii. (1869) 233.

[1180] The Leipzig Chamber of Commerce reports the quantity made by four establishments in 1872, as 4350 kilo. (9594 lb.).

[1181] On the Anise of the Bible, see note in our article Fructus Anethi.

[1182] Page 150 of the “Description,” etc., quoted in the article Fructus Carui, p. 305, note 5.

[1183] (Thomson, R.), Chronicles of London Bridge, 1827. 156.

[1184] Doüet d’Arcq, Comptes de l’Argenterie des Rois de France, 1851. 206. 220.

[1185] Herbert, Hist. of the twelve Great Livery Companies of London, 1834, 310.

[1186] Edited by N. H. Nicolas, Lond. 1830. 131.

[1187] Reprinted for the Early English Text Society, 1870. 281.

[1188] Rates of Marchandizes, 1635.

[1189] Laboratory notes obligingly furnished by Messrs. Schimmel & Co., Leipzig. (1878).

[1190] Nouv. Mém. de la Soc. imp. des Nat. de Moscou, xii. (1871) 253. tabb. 24. 25.—Also figured in Bentley and Trimen, Med. Plants, part 20 (1877).

[1191] See A. de Bary, Anatomie, 1877. 623.

[1192] The structure and growth of Sumbul root have been elaborately studied by Tchistiakoff, of whose observations, first published in Russian in 1870, an Italian translation with two plates has appeared in the Nuovo Giornale Botanico for Oct. 1873. 298.

[1193] Pharm. Journ. vi. (1875) 321.

[1194] Elements of Mat. Med. ii. p. 2 (1857) 208; also Bentley, Pharm. Journ. ix. (1878) 479.

[1195] We refrain from citing localities in Tibet, Beluchistan and Persia, where plants supposed to agree with that of Falconer have been found by other collectors.

[1196] Die Pharmaceutisch-wichtigen Ferulaceen der Aralo-Caspischen Wüste, St. Petersb. 1860, pp. 40, eight plates.—In the Medicinal plants of Bentley and Trimen, Narthex is figured in part 29 and Scorodosma in part 24.

[1197] Which we cannot find on any map.

[1198] Kämpfer figures his plant with about 6 umbels on a stalk, while Scorodosma, as represented by Borszczow, has at least 25.

[1199] Buch der Länder, translated by Mordtmann, Hamburg, 1845. 111.

[1200] Géographie d’Edrisi, traduite par Jaubert, i. (1836) 450.

[1201] Sontheimer’s transl. i. (1840) 84.

[1202] Choulant, Macer Floridus, Lips. 1832. 159.

[1203] Meddygon Myddfai. 282. 457 (see bibliographical notices at the end).

[1204] Amœnitates Exoticæ, Lemgoviæ, 1712. 535-552.

[1205] Journal of a Mission to Afghanistan, Lond. 1862. 270.

[1206] Bellew, From the Indus to the Tigris, London. 1874. 101. 102. 286. 321. &c.

[1207] Wood, Journey to the Source of the River Oxus, newed. 1872, 131.

[1208] Flora Orientalis, ii. (1872) 995.

[1209] A large specimen of it was kindly presented to one of us (H.) by Mr. D. S. Kemp of Bombay. We have also examined the same drug in the Indian Museum, and further received good specimens by the kindness of Professor Dymock. See his notes Pharm. Journ. v. (1875) 103, and viii. (1877) 103.

[1210] Hist. des Drogues, iii. (1850) 223.

[1211] Hist. Plantarum, 1. vi. c. 3.

[1212] Gommes-résines des Ombellifères (thèse), Paris, 1869. 32.

[1213] Borszczow, op. cit. 13-14.

[1214] The following in addition have at various times been supposed to afford galbanum:—Ferulago galbanifera Koch, a native of the Mediterranean region and Southern Russia; Opoidia galbanifera Lindl., a Persian plant of doubtful genus; Bubon Galbanum L., a shrubby umbellifer of South Africa.

[1215] Aufzählung der in einer Reise durch Transkaukasien und Persien gesammelten Pflanzen.—Nouv. Mém. de la Soc. imp. des Nat. de Moscou, xii. (1860) 99.—Fig. in Bentley and Trimen, Med. Plants, part 16.

[1216] Buhse, l.c.; also Bulletin de la Soc. imp. des Nat. de Moscou, xxiii. (1850) 548.

[1217] Diagnoses Plantarum novarum præsertim orientalium, ser. ii. fasc. 2 (1856) 92.

[1218] Op. cit. 36 (see p. 315, note 1).

[1219] Flora Orientalis, ii. (1872) 995.

[1220] Berg u. Schmidt, Offizinelle Gewächse, iv. (1863) tab. 31 b.

[1221] Exodus xxx. 34.—Jes. Sirach xxiv. 18.—In imitation of the ancient Jewish custom, Galbanum is a component of the incense used in the Irvingite chapels in London.

[1222] Χαλβάνη—Theophr. Hist. Plant. ix. c. 1.

[1223] Vincent, Commerce of the Ancients, ii. (1807) 692.

[1224] Doliet d’Arcq, Comptes de l’Argenterie des Rois de France (1851) 236.—The prices must be multiplied by 3 to give a notion of present value.

[1225] Pasi, Tariffa de Pesi e Misure, Venet. 1521. 204 (1st edition, 1503).

[1226] Fontanon, Edicts et Ordonnances des Rois de France, ii. (1585) 388.

[1227] This property of Umbelliferone may be beautifully shown by dipping some bibulous paper into water which has stood for an hour or two on lumps of galbanum, and drying it. A strip of this paper placed in a test tube of water with a drop of ammonia, will give a superb blue solution, instantly losing its colour on the addition of a drop of hydrochloric acid.

[1228] We have found it best to mix the galbanum-resin with coarsely powdered pumice-stone; the oil is then easily and abundantly obtainable.

[1229] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen, Medic. Plants, part 33 (1878).

[1230] Fraser, Journey into Khorasān, 1825. 118; Polak, Persien, das Land und seine Leute, ii. (1865) 282.

[1231] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen, part 4.

[1232] Flora Orientalis, ii. (1872) 1009.

[1233] Alexander Trallianus in Puschmann’s edition (see appendix) 581. 588.

[1234] Hanbury, Pharm. Journ. March 22, 1873. 741; or Science Papers, 375.

[1235] Opera Omnia, Lugd. 1515, lib. ii. Practices c. 44.

[1236] Seligmann, Liber Fundamentorum Pharmacologiæ, Vindob. 1830. 35.

[1237] Johnson, Journey from India to England through Persia, etc., 1818. 93. 94; Hart, quoted by Don, Linn. Trans. xvi. (1833) 605.

[1238] Pharmakologische Untersuchungen über Ammoniacum, Sagapenum und Opopanax, Dorpat, 1861.

[1239] Gommes-résines des Ombellifères (Thèse), Paris, 1869. 93.

[1240] Pharm. Journ. March 29, 1873. 761.

[1241] Statement of the Trade and Navigation of the Presidency of Bombay, 1871-72, and 1872-73.

[1242] As stated by Pereira, Mat. Medica, ii. part 2 (1857) p. 186. See also Hanbury, Science Papers, 1876. 376.

[1243] Economic Products of the Punjab, i. (1868) 402.

[1244] Further particulars regarding Opopanax and Sagapenum, may be found in the theses of Przeciszewski (1861) and Vigier (1869), noticed in our article on Ammoniacum, and Dragendorff’s Jahresbericht, 1875. 119. 120.

[1245] Bentham and Hooker (Gen. Plant. 919) suppress the genus Anethum, uniting its one solitary species with Peucedanum.

[1246] Matt. xxiii. 23,—where it has been rendered anise by the English translators from Wicklif (1380) downwards. But in other versions, the word is correctly translated.

[1247] Heldreich, Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands (1862) 40.

[1248] Langkavel, Botanik d. späteren Griechen, Berlin, 1866. 39.

[1249] Leechdoms, &c., edited by Cockayne, 1864-66,—see especially Herbarium Apuleii, dating about a.d. 1050, in vol. i. pp. 219. 235. 237. 281. 293.

[1250] Popular Names of British Plants, 1870.

[1251] Volume of Vocabularies, edited by Wright, 1857. 30.

[1252] Exod. xvi. 31; Num. xi. 7.

[1253] Petrus de Abbano, Tract. de Venenis, Venetiis, 1473. capp. 25. 46.

[1254] R. Baker, in Morton’s Cyclopædia of Agriculture, i. (1855) 545.

[1255] Statement of the Trade and Navigation of Sind for the year 1872-73, Karachi, 1873. 36.

[1256] Ditto for Bombay, 1872-73. ii. 90.

[1257] Annual Volume of Trade, etc. for the Bengal Presidency, 1870-71. 121.

[1258] Comyne in Wicklif’s Bible (1380), Commen in Tyndale’s (1534), Commyn in Cranmer’s (1539), Cummine in the Authorised Version (1611), Cumin in Gerarde’s Herbal (1636) and Paris’s Pharmacologia (1822), Cummin, Ray (1693) and in modern trade-lists and price-currents.

[1259] Ch. xxviii. 25-27.

[1260] Ch. xxiii. 23.

[1261] Pardessus, Diplomata, etc., Paris, 1849. ii. 309.

[1262] Rogers, Hist. of Agriculture and Prices in England, 1876. i. 631, ii. 543-547.

[1263] Munimenta Gildhallæ Londoniensis, edited by Riley, i. (1859) 224.

[1264] Herbert, Hist. of the Great Livery Companies of London, 1834. 114.

[1265] Thomas, Fontego dei Todeschi in Venezia, 1874. 252.

[1266] Statistical Tables relating to the Colonial and other possessions of the United Kingdom, xi. 618. 619.

[1267] Consular Reports, Aug. 1873, 917; in 1876 only 380 cwt.

[1268] Statement of the Trade and Navigation of the Presidency of Bombay for 1872-73. pt. ii. 90.

[1269] Annual Volume of Trade, etc. for the Bengal Presidency for 1870-71. 121.

[1270] Schübeler, Pflanzenwelt Norwegens (1873-75) 253.

[1271] Leechdoms, etc. of Early England edited by Cockayne, iii. (1866) 324. 347. According to the Rev. Edward Gillett (p. xxxii.), S. Ebulus is believed to have been brought to England by the Danes and planted on the battlefield and graves of their countrymen. In Norfolk it still bears the name of Danewort and blood hilder (blood elder).

[1272] The Physicians of Myddfai (see Appendix) used sage, rue, mallow, and elder flowers as ingredients of a gargle. Meddygon Myddvai, 219. 403.

[1273] For further information, see Gmelin, Chemistry, xiv. (1860) 368.

[1274] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen, Med. Plants, part 21 (1877).

[1275] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen, Med. Plants, part 7 (1876).

[1276] Dictionary of the Indian Islands, 1865. 142.

[1277] Beautifully figured in Berg und Schmidt, Offizinelle Gewächse, xxx. c. 1863.

[1278] Herb. Amb. v. 63. tab. 34.

[1279] Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap, ii. (derde druk) 217-234.

[1280] Linn. Trans. ix. (1808) 218-224.

[1281] Collingwood, Journ. of Linn. Soc., Bot., x. (1869) 52.

[1282] This abuse of land has been repressed in Singapore.

[1283] We borrow the following account, which is the best we have met with, from Jagor’s Singapore, Malacca, und Java, Berlin, 1866. 64.

[1284] Gautier (1877) suggests that it is not identical with catechin from Acacia Catechin (p. 244).

[1285] Pharm. Journ. vi. (1865) 18.

[1286] Blue Book of the Colony of the Straits Settlements for 1871.

[1287] 17s. per cwt., March 1879; see Catechu, page 242, note 3.

[1288] That is to say the eastern Cordillera, the western and lower range being called the Cordillera of the Coast; no Cinchonas grow on the latter.

[1289] Broughton, in Pharm. Journ. Jan. 4, 1873. 521.

[1290] Figured in Bot. Magazine, vol. 89 (1863) tab. 5364, including C. Condaminea Humb. et Bonpl. and C. Uritusinga Pavon.

[1291] Ann. des Sciences nat., Bot. x. (1848) 6, and Hist. nat. des Quinquinas, 1849, tab. 3, figured in Botanical Magazine, 1873. 6052, and 1879. 6434.

[1292] Ledger’s Calisaya is beautifully figured and exactly described in Howard’s Quinology of the East Indian Plantations, parts ii. and iii.

[1293] Figured in Howard’s Nueva Quinologia, art. Chinchona succirubra.

[1294] Howard, l.c. p. 9.

[1295] Phil Trans. xl. for 1737-38. 81.

[1296] Der Gesellsch. naturf. Freunde zu Berlin Magaz. i. (1807) 60.

[1297] Reise in Chile, Peru, etc. ii. (1836) 222.

[1298] Blue Book—East India Chinchona Plant, 1863. 74. 75.

[1299] Travels in Peru and India, 1862. 2.

[1300] Quoted by Weddell in his Hist. des Quinquinas, p. 15, from De Jussieu’s unpublished MS.—The town of Loxa or Loja was founded by the Spaniards in 1546.

[1301] The circumstances are fully narrated by La Condamine (Mém. de l’Acad. royale des Sciences, année 1738). But the cure of the countess was known in Europe much before this, for it is mentioned by Sebastiano Bado in his Anastasis, Corticis Peruviæ, seu Chinæ Chinæ defensio published at Genoa in 1663. When Bado wrote, it was a debated question whether the bark was introduced to Europe by the count of Chinchon or by the Jesuit Fathers.

[1302] Villerobel, quoted by Bado, op. cit. 202.

[1303] The cardinal belonged to a family of Seville, which town had the monopoly of the trade with America.

[1304] Bado in his Anastasis, lib. 3, quotes the opinion of many persons as coinciding with his own.

[1305] Febrifugi Peruviani Vindiciarum pars prior—Pulveris Historiam complectens ejusque vires et proprietates ...exhibens, Delphis, 1669. 12°.

[1306] It is in these words:—Modo di adoprare la Corteccia chiamata della Febre.—Questa Corteccia si porta dal Regno di Peru, e si chiama China, o vero China della febre, laquale si adopra per la febre quartans, e terzana, che venga con freddo: s’adropra in questo modo, cioè:

Se ne piglia dramme due, e si pista fina, con passarla per setaccio; e tre hore prima incirca, che debba venir la febre si mette in infusione in un bicchiero di vino bianco gagliardissimo, e quando il freddo commincia à venire, ò si sente qualche minimo principio, si prende tutta la presa preparata, e si mette il patiente in letto.

Avertasi, si potrà dare detta Corteccia nel modo sudetto nella febre terzana, quando quella sia fermata in stato di molti giorni.

L’esperienza continua, hà liberata quasi tutti quelli, che l’hanno presa, purgato prima bene il corpo, e per quattro giorni doppo non pigliar’ niuna sorte di medicamento, ma auvertasi di non darla se non con licenza delli Sig. Medici, acciò giudicano se sia in tempo à proposito di pigliarla.

[1307] So says Sir G. Baker, who has traced the introduction of Cinchona in a very able paper published in the Medical Transactions of the College of Physicians of London, iii. (1785) 141-216.

[1308] Namely No. 422. June 24-July 1; No. 426. July 22-29; No. 439. Oct. 21-28. No. 545. Dec. 9-16.—We have examined the copy at the British Museum.

[1309] Ph. Journ. vi. (1876) 1022.

[1310] In the Recueil for 1680, p. 275 (see appendix, Talbor) the king is said to have had another attack of fever at Windsor, for which he took “du Quinquina préparé,” which again cured him.

[1311] Le Remède anglais pour la guérison des fièvres, publié par ordre du Roy, avec les observations de Monsieur le premier Médecin de sa Majesté, sur la composition, les vertus, et l’usage de ce remède, par Nicolas de Blegny, Chirurgien ordinaire du corps de Monsieur, et Directeur de l’Académie des nouvelles découvertes de Médecine, Paris, 1682. 12°.

[1312] Sur l’arbre de Quinquina par M. de la Condamine—Mém. de l’Académie royale des Sciences pour l’année 1738. pp. 226-243, with two plates.

[1313] Markham has vigorously contended that the name Cinchona should be altered to Chinchona as better commemorating the countess of Chinchon. But the inconvenience of changing so well-established a name and its many derivatives, has out-weighed these considerations.—See list of works relating to Cinchona at the end of the present article.

[1314] Published at Madrid, 1798-1802, in 4 volumes folio, with 425 plates.

[1315] “ ... Mutis n’avait qu’une notion inexacte et confuse du genre Cinchona et de ses véritables caractères; c’est en définitive qu’aucune de ses espèces, dans le sens strict du mot, n’a été reconnue ni découverte par lui.”—Triana, Nouv. Etudes, p. 8.

[1316] Markham, Chinchona Species of New Granada, Lond. 1867.

[1317] Quinologia, ó tratado de árbol de la Quina, ó Cascarilla, Madrid, 1792. 4°. pp. 103.