[1318] Supplemento á la Quinologia, Madrid, 1801. 4°. pp. 154.

[1319] From zurrón, the Spanish name for a pouch or game-bag.

[1320] Consular Reports, presented to Parliament, July 1872.

[1321] Seemann’s Journ. of Bot. vi. (1868) 323.

[1322] Consular Reports, August 1873. 743.

[1323] Ibid. August 1872.

[1324] Cours d’Hist. nat. pharmaceutique, ii. (1828) 252.

[1325] Illustrations of the Bot. of the Himalayan Mountains, i. (1839) 240.

[1326] According to K. W. van Gorkom, suggestions to the same end were made to the Dutch Government as early as 1829 by Reinwardt.

[1327] In 1870, the Indian Government purchased no less than 81,600 ounces of sulphate of quinine, besides 8,832 ounces of the sulphates of cinchonine, cinchonidine and quinidine. The quantities bought in subsequent years have been much smaller until the present year (1874).

[1328] Report on the Expedition to procure seeds of C. Condaminea (1862); also Report to the Under Secretary of State for India on the Pitayo Chinchona, by Robt. Cross, 1865.

[1329] Great difficulty was at first experienced in successfully conveying living Cinchona plants to India, even in Wardian cases; and the collections formed by Hasskarl, Markham, and Pritchett almost all perished after reaching their destination (Markham’s letter, 26 Feb. 1861). But the propagation by seed has proved very rapid.

[1330] Correspondence relating to the introduction of the Chinchona Plant into India, ordered by the House of Commons to be printed 20 March 1863 and 18 June 1866.

[1331] Blue Book (Chinchona Cultivation, 1870. p. 30).—A name that must always be remembered in connection with the Neilgherry plantations, is that of William Graham McIvor, who by his rare practical skill and sagacity in the cultivation and management of the tree, has rendered most signal services in its propagation in India.

[1332] Moral and material progress and condition of India during 1871-72, presented to Parliament 1873. p. 33.

[1333] The first annual Report dates from 1862 to 1863; I am indebted to Dr. King for that of 1876-1877.—F. A. F.

[1334] I am indebted to the Dutch administration for their interesting statistical documents relating to Cinchona.—F. A. F.

[1335] When I was in London, in August 1867, I went to Finsbury Place, to meet Mr. Spruce, and was happy enough to find there also Mr. Howard, who presented Mr. S. and myself with market samples of the first importation of C. succirubra, from Denison plantation, Ootacamund.—F. A. F.

[1336] The following are common terms in reference to the barks of Peru:—Amarilla (yellow), blanca (white), colorado or roja (red), naranjada (orange), negrilla (brown).

[1337] Cortex Cinchonæ pallidæ; F. Quinquina Loxa; G. Loxachina. The term Crown Bark was originally restricted to a superior sort of Loxa Bark, shipped for the use of the royal family of Spain.

[1338] In the old collections of the Royal College of Physicians, there are specimens of very thick Loxa Bark, of a quality quite unknown there at the present day. They are doubtless the produce of ancient trees, such as were noticed by La Condamine.

[1339] Cortex Cinchonæ flavæ, Cortex Chinæ regius; F. Quinquina Calisaya; G. Königschina.

[1340] From the notion that they resemble the marks left by drawing the fingers over wet clay.

[1341] Thick Red Bark that happens to have a very deep and brilliant tint is eagerly bought at a high price for the Paris market.

[1342] Pitayo is an Indian village eastward of Popayan; see map of the country between Pasto and Bogotá in Blue Book (East India Chinchona Plant) 1866. 257.

[1343] Two species included by Weddell in his Notes sur les Quinquinas, namely C. Chomeliana Wedd. and C. barbacoensis Karst., have been omitted, as not in our opinion belonging to the genus.

[1344] Hist. nat. des Quinquinas, tab. ii.

[1345] Flückiger, Grundlagen, Berlin, 1872. 61. fig. 48.

[1346] Enveloppe ou tunique cellulaire of Weddell; Mittelrinde of the Germans.

[1347] In German Bast, or Phloëm of modern German botany.

[1348] Baststrahlen or Phloëmstrahlen of the Germans.

[1349] Fibres corticales of Weddell; Baströhren or Bastzellen in German.

[1350] Fracture filandreuse, Weddel; fädiger Bruch of the Germans.

[1351] Vaisseaux laticifères of Weddell; Milchsaftschläuche in German.

[1352] Hesse, in 1877, pointed out the existence of a series of new alkaloids existing in Cinchona. We refrain from repeating his statements, which will be found abstracted in the Yearbook of Pharm. 1878. 63.

[1353] Ensaio sobre o Cinchonino, e sobre sua influencia na virtude da quina e d’outras cascas.—Mem. da Acad. R. das Sciencias de Lisboa, iii. (1812) 202-217.

[1354] Ann. de Chim. et de Phys. xv. (1820) 292.

[1355] Yearbook of Pharm. 1878. 59.

[1356] So called from Tecamez or Tacames, a small port of Ecuador in about lat. 1° N. The bark which was first noticed in Lambert’s Description of the Genus Cinchona, 1797. 30. tab. ii., is of unknown botanical origin. In its external appearance, as well as in its structure, this bark is widely different from any Cinchona bark.—See also Vogl, in the second pamphlet quoted at page 391. 10; Oberlin and Schlagdenhauffen, Journ. de Pharm. 28. (1878) 252.

[1357] Flückiger in Wiggers and Husemann, Jahresbericht for 1872. 132.

[1358] Pharm. Journ., May 11, 1872. 901.

[1359] Berichte der Deutschen Chem. Gesellschaft zu Berlin, 1871. 818.

[1360] Die medicinischen Chinarinden Neu-Granada’s, 17. 20. 39.

[1361] Pharm. Journ. Sept. 6, 1873. 181.

[1362] Blue Book—“East India Chinchona Plant,” 1870. 282; Yearbook of Pharmacy, 1871. 85.

[1363] See Howard’s analyses and observations, Pharm. Journ. xiv. (1855) 61-63.

[1364] Pharm. Journ. Sept. 6, 1873. 184.

[1365] Blue Book, 1870. 116. 188. 205.

[1366] Chimie hydraulique, Paris, 1746. 114.

[1367] Crell’s Chem. Annalen, 1790, ii. 314-317.

[1368] The bark of Buena magnifolia Wedd., a tree with fragrant flowers and magnificent foliage, figured in Howard’s “Nueva Quinologia of Pavon” as Cinchona magnifolia. Its bark is destitute of alkaloids; it also used to appear occasionally in the London market since about the year 1820.—See also our article on Cortex Cascarillæ.

[1369] Pharm. Journ. iv. (1873) 241, and Dr. de Vry’s papers mentioned at the end of the present article, p. 369; also private communications.

[1370] Blue Book—East India Cinchona Cultivation, 1870. pp. 156-172.—The report contains very interesting and important medical details. See also Dougal in Edin. Med. Journ. Sept. 1873.

[1371] We heard that the Government has purchased (April 1874) by tender between 300 and 400 lb. of cinchonidine.

[1372] Pharm. Journ. viii. (1878) 1060.

[1373] I am informed by my friend Professor Müller of Geneva that in describing the Rubiaceæ for the Flora Brasiliensis he will include Cephaëlis Ipecacuanha in the genus Mapouria.—F. A. F.. March 1879.

[1374] Ann. des Sciences nat. Bot. xi. (1849) 193-202.

[1375] Trans. of Roy. Soc. of Edinb. xxvi. (1872) 781. plates 31-32.—Fig. in Bentley and Trimen, Med. Plants. part 15 (1876).

[1376] Purchas, His Pilgrimes, Lond. iv. (1625),—a treatise of Brasill, written by a Portugall which had long lived there, p. 1311.

[1377] Hist. nat. Brasil. 1648. Piso, p. 101, Marcgraf, p. 17.

[1378] Pomet, Histoire générale des Drogues, i. (1694) 47.

[1379] Mérat and De Lens, Dict. de Mat. Méd. iii. (1831) 644, call Legras a physician, and say that Garnier brought himself the 150 lb. from abroad.

[1380] Eloy, Histoire générale de la Médecine. Mons. ii. (1778) 485, mentions a sick druggist, who presented Helvetius with the ipecacuanha. Garnier, according to Eloy, was a “Marchand chapelier.”—Leibnitz, in Ephemerid. Academ. Cæsareo-Leopold, 1696, Appendix, p. 6, miscalled the merchant Grenier.

[1381] An abstract of the royal patent is given by Leibnitz, l. c. 20 (date not added).

[1382] On the history of ipecacuanha, consult also Sprengel, Geschichte der Arzneykunde, iv. (1827) 542.—We have not seen the pamphlet quoted by Haller, Bibl. bot. ii. 17: Helvetius, Usage de l’Hipecacoanha. 4° (no date).

[1383] Trans. of Linn. Soc. vi. (1801) 137.

[1384] Abstracted from the interesting eye-witness account of Weddell, l. c.

[1385] The following are the average prices at which the drug was purchased wholesale, in London during three periods of ten years each:—

[1386] Annual Report of the Royal Botanical Gardens, Calcutta, 31 May 1873—from which we have abstracted many of the foregoing particulars. The report for 1876-1877 is by no means favourable to the prospects of Cephaëlis in India.

[1387] See the results obtained by Richard and Barruel, by Magendie and Pelletier, and by Attfield, as recorded by the last named chemist in Proceedings of the British Pharmaceutical Conference for 1869. 37-39.

[1388] Gmelin, Chemistry, xv. (1862) 523.

[1389] Annual Statement of the Trade and Navigation of the U.K. for 1870.—The more recent issues of this return have been simplified to such an extent that drugs are for the greater part included under one head.

[1390] In the Madras Presidency, the death-rate from dysentery was 71 per 1000 cases treated: under the new method of treatment, it has been reduced to 13·5. In Bengal it has fallen from 88·2 to 28·8 per 1000.—Supplement to the Gazette of India, January 23, 1869.

[1391] As Ionidium Ipecacuanha Vent., I. Poaya St. Hil., I. parviflorum Vent., the first of which affords the Poaya branca or White Ipecacuanha of the Brazilians.—See C.F.P. von Martius, Specimen Mat. Med. Bras. 1824; A. de St. Hilaire, Plantes usuelles des Brésiliens, 1827-28.

[1392] Attfield in Pharm. Journ. xi. (1870) 140.

[1393] Journ. de Pharm. xvi. (1872) 405: xvii. 19.

[1394] Namely Ashover, Woolley Moor, Morton, Stretton, Higham, Shirland, Pilsley, North and South Wingfield, and Brackenfield. From the produce of these villages, one wholesale dealer in Chesterfield obtained in 1872 about 6 tons (13,440 lb.) of root.

[1395] Regel, Tentamen Floræ Ussuriensis, 1862 (Mém. de l’Académie de St. Pétersbourg).

[1396] V. officinalis L. and nine other species occur in Asia Minor (Tehihatcheff).

[1397] Opera Omnia, Lugd. 1515, cap. 45.—It must be remembered that this is a translation from the Arabic. How the word in question stands in the original we have no means of knowing.

[1398] De omnibus medico cognitu necessariis, Basil. 1539. 348.

[1399] Leechdoms, Wortcunning and Starcraft of early England, iii. (1866) 6. 136.

[1400] S. de Renzi, Collectio Salernitana, iii. (1854) 271-322.

[1401] Compendium Aromatariorum, Bonon. 1488.

[1402] Herball, 1636. 1078.

[1403] Turner’s Herball, part 3 (1568) 76; Langham, Garden of Health, 1633. 598.

[1404] H. Jenssen-Tusch, Nordiske Plantenavne, Kjöbenhavn, 1867. 258.

[1405] Physica, Argent. 1533. 62.

[1406] The morphological peculiarities of valerian root are well explained in Irmisch, Beitrag zur Naturgeschichte der einheimischen Valeriana-Arten, Halle, 1854, 44 pages, 4°, 4 plates.

[1407] The structure of the rhizomes and root of the different species of valerian has been discussed by Joannes Chatin in his Etudes sur les Valérianées, Paris, 1872, illustrated by 14 beautiful plates.

[1408] Journ. de Médecine de Bruxelles, 1867 and 1868; Jahresbericht of Wiggers and Husemann, 1869. 17.

[1409] Archiv der Pharmacie, 209 (1876).

[1410] Jahresbericht of Wiggers and Husemann, 1871. 462.

[1411] According to Holmes, Ph. J. x. (1879) 22.

[1412] A corruption of Enula Campana, the latter word referring to the growth of the plant in Campania (Italy).

[1413] Meddygon Myddfai, p. 61. 284. 311 (see Appendix).

[1414] Materialien zu einer Monographie des Inulins, St. Petersburg, 1870. 141 pages—See also Prantl’s paper on Inulin, as abstracted in Pharm. Journ. Sept. 1871. 262.

[1415] Wiggers and Husemann, Jahresbericht for 1870. 68.

[1416] Bentham and Hooker unite this plant with Saussurea.

[1417] See Cooke, Pharm. Journ. viii. (1877) 41; Flückiger, ibid. 121.

[1418] Sontheimer’s translation, ii. (1842) 179.

[1419] Haq’recarcha; see Steinschneider, in Rohlfs’ Archiv für Geschichte der Medicin (1879) 342.

[1420] Meddygon Myddfai (see Appendix) 184. 292. 374.

[1421] Statement of the Trade and Navigation of the Presidency of Bombay in 1871-72, pt. ii. 19. 98.

[1422] For further information on the medicinal species of Anacyclus, see a paper by Dr. P. Ascherson in Bonplandia, 15 April 1858.

[1423] De Stirpium ..., 1552. 149.—In Germany the epithet edel (= nobilis) is frequently used in popular botany to designate useful or remarkable plants. Tragus may have been induced to bestow it on the species under notice, on account of its superiority to Matricaria Camomilla, the so-called Common Chamomile of the Germans.

[1424] De distillatione, Romæ, 1608. 83.

[1425] About £9 per cwt., Foreign Chamomiles being worth from £3 to £4.

[1426] Information obligingly given by Messrs. Schimmel & Co., Leipzig. The oil distilled by them was examined in Prof. Fittig’s laboratory, Strassburg.

[1427] Is not this plant the Anthemis? parthenioides Bernh., of which De Candolle says (Prod. vi. 7)—“ ... simillima Mat. Parthenio, sed paleis inter flores instructa. Ferè semper plena in hortis occurrit, et forte ideo paleæ receptaculi ex luxuriante statu ortæ ut in Chrysanthemi indico et sinensi ...”?

[1428] From the Italian semenzina, the diminutive of semenza (seed).

[1429] W. S. Besser in Bulletin de la Soc. imp. des Naturalistes de Moscou, vii. (1834) 31.—A specimen of the plant in question labelled in Besser’s handwriting, with a memorandum that it is collected for medicinal use, is in the Herbarium of the Royal Gardens, Kew. It completely agrees with the Semen Cinæ of Russian and German commerce. This remark also applies to a specimen of A. Lercheana Karel. et Kiril. in the same herbarium.

[1430] “Si aliæ Artemisiæ multùm variant, Seriphidia inconstantiâ formarum omnes superant....”—Besser.

[1431] Artemisia No. 3201, Herb. Griffith, Afghanistan, in the Kew Herbarium has capitules precisely agreeing with this Bombay drug.

[1432] Bot. Zeitung, 1 März 1872. 130; Pharm. Journ. 23 March 1872. 772 (abstract).

[1433] Contained in a work by Hieronymus Mercurialis, entitled Variarum Lectionum libri quatuor, Venet. 1570; also in Puschmann’s edition of Alexander (see Appendix), i. 238. 240.

[1434] In Brunfels (De vera herbarum cognitione), Argentorati, 1531. 196.

[1435] Maceration in water, which restores the natural shape of the flowerheads, shows that this shrunken, angular form is not found in the growing plant.

[1436] Yet too much stress must not be laid on this character, for as Besser remarks—“periclinii squamæ in uno loco tomento brevi plus minusve canæ, in aliis nudæ, imo nitidæ.”

[1437] As the affected vision, so that objects appear as if seen through a yellow medium. Other effects are recorded by Stillé (Therapeutics and Mat. Med. ii. 641).

[1438] The paper of Alms being contained in the very same periodical (p. 319) as that of Kahler (and further in vol. xxxix. 190), affords additional evidence of the independence of the discovery.

[1439] Its ready solubility in 3 or 4 parts of chloroform renders its estimation easy when mixed with sugar, as in a santonin lozenge.

[1440] Sprengel, Geschichte der Arzneykunde, iv. (1827) 546.

[1441] Fehr, De Arnica lapsorum panacea, in Ephemerid. nat. cur. Dec. 1, (1678, 1679) No. 2. p. 22 (“usus est in radice, foliis et floribus”).—G. A. de la Marche, Dissertatio, Halæ Magdeburg, 1744.

[1442] Heinrich Joseph Collin, Heilkräfte des Wolverley, Breslau, 1777 (translation); also Arnicæ, in febribus et aliis morbis putridis vires,—in the Anni Medici of Störck and Collin, ed. nov., Amstel., iii. (1779) 133.

[1443] Holmes in Pharm. Journ., April 11, 1874. 810.

[1444] Figured in Nees von Esenbeck’s Plantæ medicinales, Düsseldorf, ii. (1833) fol. 39.

[1445] Perhaps from τράζυνον or τρόξμνον signifying Wild Lettuce; according to some, from τάραξις, a disease of the eye which the plant was used to cure, or from the verb τάρασσω, I disturb.

[1446] Herbarius zu teutsch und von aller handt kreuteren, Augspurg, 1488. cap. clii.

[1447] The Physicians of Myddvai, 284 (see Appendix).

[1448] Thus 5496 lb. of the washed root afforded of dry only 1277 lb., or 23·2 per cent.—Information communicated by Messrs. Allen and Hanburys, London.

[1449] For further particulars about them, see Vogl, Sitzungsber. der Wiener Akademie, vi. (1863) 668 with plate; Hanstein, Milchsaftgefässe und verwandte Organe der Rinde, Berlin, 1864. 72. 73. pl. ix.

[1450] The reader who is not familiar with this process may refer to a paper by Pocklington in Pharm. Journ. April 13, 1872. 822.

[1451] Giles, Pharm. Journ. xi. (1851) 107.

[1452] Bentham unites this plant with L. Scariola L., but in most works on botany they are maintained as distinct species.

[1453] The term Thridace is also applied to Extract of Lettuce.

[1454] The authors of the French Codex of 1866 name as the source of lactucarium that form of the garden lettuce which has been called by DeCandolle Lactuca capitata. Maisch has obtained lactucarium from L. elongata Mühl. (Am. Journ. of Pharm. 1869. 148).