[1741] Opera Omnia, accurante J. P. Migne, Paris, 1855. 1143.

[1742] S. de Renzi, Collectio Salernitana, Napoli, i. 417-516.

[1743] Douët d’Arcq, Comptes de l’Argenterie des rois de France, ii. (1874) 148.

[1744] Meddygon Myddfai (see Appendix) 287.

[1745] Macaulay, Hist. of England, i. ch. 3, Inns.

[1746] Perhs, Proc. American Pharm. Association, 1876. 819.

[1747] For more particulars see the interesting account of Holmes, Pharm. Journ. viii. (1877) 301. The author describes also the disease which is affecting the lavender since about the year 1860.

[1748] Pharm. Journ. viii. (1849) 276.

[1749] Pharm. Journ. vi. (1865) 257.

[1750] Ibid. i. (1860) 278. The statement is that an acre of land yields “about 6 Winchester quarts” of oil.—One Winchester quart = 282 litres.

[1751] The Mitcham oil fetches 30s. to 60s. per lb., according to the season.

[1752] On the high land between Nice and Turbia, I have observed the two species growing together, and that L. vera is in flower two or three weeks earlier than L. Spica.—D. H.

[1753] De distillatione, Romæ, 1608. 87.

[1754] The incorrectness of the term Arabica is noticed by Pomet. How it came to be applied we know not.

[1755] Pereira, Elem. of Mat. Med. ii. (1850) 1368.—Nor do we know if L. lanata Boiss., a very fragrant species closely allied to L. Spica DC., and a native of Spain, is distilled in that country.

[1756] Bentham, Handbook of the British Flora, 1858. 413.—Parkinson (1640) remarks of Speare Mint that it is “onely found planted in gardens with us.”

[1757] Seemann’s Journal of Botany, Aug. 1865. p. 239. We borrow Mr. Baker’s careful description of Mentha viridis.

[1758] Part 2. (1568) 54.

[1759] Philosophical Magazine, xiii. (1838) 444.

[1760] Journ. of Chemical Society, ii. (1854) 11.

[1761] Flückiger, Pharm. Journ. vii. (1876) 75.

[1762] Price from 1824 to 1839, 40s. to 48s. per lb.

[1763] Tomus iii. (1704) 284.

[1764] I have examined the original specimen still preserved among Ray’s plants in the British Museum and find it to agree perfectly with the plant now in cultivation.—D. H.

[1765] Pharmacologiæ Supplementum, Lond. 1705. 117.

[1766] Lysons, Environs of London, i. (1800) 254.

[1767] Adversariorum varii argumenti liber unus, Leidae, 1771. 99.

[1768] De Menthâ Piperitide Commentatio, Erlangæ, 1780.

[1769] This description is borrowed from Mr. Baker’s paper on the English Mints, referred to at page 480, note 1.

[1770] The Chinese oil is distilled at Canton, and was exported from Canton in 1872 to the extent of 800 lbs.; it was valued at about 30s. per lb.—See also Flückiger in Pharm. Journ. Oct. 14, 1871. 321. As to Japan we are informed that there are large plantations of peppermint; the oil “Hakano Abura” is exported from Hiogo and Osaka, but frequently adulterated. Mr. Holmes informed me (1879) that he found the mother plant coming nearest to Mentha canadensis.—F. A. F..

[1771] On Japanese Peppermint Camphor see Beckett and Alder Wright, Yearbook of Pharm. 1875. 605.

[1772] Pharm. Journ. Feb. 25, 1871. 682.

[1773] Pharm. Journ. x. (1851) 297. 340; also Warren in Pharm. Journ. vi. (1865) 257. To these papers and to personal inquiries we are indebted for most of the particulars relating to peppermint culture at Mitcham.

[1774] Only the larger growers have stills. These they let to smaller cultivators who pay so much for distilling a charge, i.e. whatever the still can be made to contain, without reference to weight. Hence the dried herb is preferred to the fresh, as a larger quantity can be distilled at one time.

[1775] To whose paper On the Peppermint Plantations of Michigan in the Proceedings of the Americ. Pharm. Assoc. for 1858, we owe the few particulars for which we can here afford space.—To be farther consulted, same Proceedings, 1876. 828.

[1776] Journ. de Pharm. viii. (1868) 130.—Abstract from Roze, La Menthe poivrée, sa culture en France, ses produits, falsifications de l’essence et moyens de les reconnaître, Paris, 1868. 43 pages.

[1777] Todd, Proceedings Am. Ph. Ass. 1876, 828.

[1778] Maisch, American Journ. of Pharm. March 1870. 120.

[1779] Pennyroyal, in old herbals Puloil royal is derived from Puleium regium, an old Latin name given from the supposed efficacy of the plant in destroying fleas (Prior).

[1780] The native Pennyroyal is however a different plant, namely Hedeoma pulegioides Pers., figured in part 21 (1877) of Bentley and Trimen’s Med. Plants.

[1781] Phil. Mag. xiii. (1838) 442.

[1782] In many of the references to thyme, Wild Thyme (Thymus Serpyllum L.) is to be understood, and not the present species.

[1783] Booth in Treasury of Botany, ii. (1866) 1149.

[1784] Phil. Trans. No. 389.

[1785] For a note on True Oil of Origanum, see Hanbury, Pharm. Journ. x. (1851) 324, also Science Papers, 1876, p. 46.

[1786] From Galicia in Spain, stems of Rosmarinus having 2½ inches in diameter were to be seen at the Paris Exhibition, 1878.

[1787] Duveyrier, Les Touaregs du Nord, 1864. 187.

[1788] From ros and marinus,—literally marine dew. Various opinions have been held as to the allusion conveyed by the name.

[1789] Sontheimer’s translation, i. 73.

[1790] Herbarium Apuleii—Leechdoms etc. of Early England, i. (1864) 185.

[1791] Meddygon Myddfai (see Appendix) p. 261. 292. 440.

[1792] Manget, Bibliotheca chemica curiosa, Genevæ, i. (1702) 829.

[1793] Conservatorium Sanitatis (or also, according to Haller, Biblioth. botanica, i. 237, De conservatione sanitatis, Bononiæ, 1475) cap. 81.

[1794] Unger, Der Rosmarin und seine Verwendung in Dalmatien—Sitzungsberichte der Wiener Akademie, lvi. (1867) 587; abstracted, with a few additions, in Pharm. Journ. ix. (1879) 618.

[1795] After the examination of numerous specimens, we adopt the course taken by Dr. Aitchison (Catalogue of the Plants of the Punjab and Sindh, Lond. 1869) of uniting P. Ispaghula to P. decumbens. The union of species in this group may probably be carried still further.—For a fig. see Bentley and Trimen, Med. Plants, part 21 (1877).

[1796] Punjab Plants, Lahore 1869. 174—also MS. note attached to specimens in Herb. Kew.

[1797] Liber Fundamentorum Pharmacologiæ, ed. Seligmann, Vindobonæ, 1830. 40.

[1798] Lib. ii. tract. 2. c. 541. (Valgrisi edition, 1564. i. 357.)

[1799] Sontheimer’s transl. i. (1840) 132.

[1800] Fleming, Catal. of Indian Med. Plants and Drugs, Calcutta, 1810. 31.

[1801] Adansonia, x. 246; Association Française pour l’avancement de la Science, Comptes Rendus de la 1ʳᵉ Session, 1872. 514-529. pl. x.—The figure which is reproduced in Lanessan’s French translation of the Pharmacographia, ii. (Paris, 1878) 210, gives a good idea of the highly ornamental character of Rheum officinale.

[1802] For further particulars see Flückiger, Pharm. J. vi. (1876) 861; also Proc. Americ. Pharm. Assoc. 1876. 130, with fig. showing Rheum officinale grown in a poor soil.

[1803] Bretschneider, Chinese Botanical Works, Foochow, 1870. 2.

[1804] Flückiger, l.c.

[1805] Scriptores Historiæ Romanæ latini veteres, ii. (1743) 511 (Amm. Marc. xxii. c. 8.)

[1806] De Compositione Medicamentorum, c. 167.

[1807] De Medicinâ. lib. v. c. 23.

[1808] Vincent, Commerce and Navigation of the Ancients, ii. (1807) 389.

[1809] Ibid., op. cit. ii. 390.

[1810] Ibid., op. cit. ii. 686.

[1811] Lib. viii. c. 3 (Haller’s edition).

[1812] Migne, Patrologiæ Cursus, lxxxix. 374.

[1813] Migne. op. cit., lxxxii. 628. The explanation given by Isidore is this:—“Reubarbarum, sive Reuponticum: illud quod trans Danubium in solo barbarico; istud quod circa Pontum colligitur, nominatum est. Reu autem radix dicitur. Reubarbarum ergo, quasi radix barbara. Reuponticum quasi radix pontica.” But Isidore was fond of such derivations.

[1814] Ravedsceni, Raved barbarum, and Raved Turchicum are the terms used in the Latin translations we have consulted.

[1815] De omnibus medico cognitu necessariis, Basil. 1539. 354.

[1816] Translation of Jaubert, i. (Paris, 1836) 494.

[1817] Assises de Jérusalem contained in the Recueil des Historiens des Croisades, Lois, ii. (1843) 176.

[1818] Capmany, Memorias de ... Barcelona, i. (1779) 44.

[1819] Bonaini, Statuti inediti della città di Pisa dal xii al xiv secolo, iii. (Firenze, 1857) 106. 115.

[1820] Pauthier, Le Livre de Marco Polo ... rédigé en français sous sa dictée en 1298 par Rusticien de Pise, i. (1865) 165. ii. 490.

[1821] For further particulars, see my paper mentioned at page 493, note 1.—F. A. F.

[1822] From the German word Bracke, the name applied to persons appointed for the examination of merchandize brought to the ports of the Baltic.

[1823] Gauger’s Rep. für Pharm. und Chemie, 1842. 452-457; Pharm. Journ. ii. (1843) 658.

[1824] Canstatt’s Jahresbericht for 1864. i. 35-42.

[1825] Thus in 1860 the Russians compelled the Chinese to burn 6000 lb. of rhubarb, on the pretext that it was too small!

[1826] Lectures on the Mat. Med. i. (1770) 502.

[1827] Roteiro da viagem de Vasco da Gama, por A. Herculano e o Barão de Castello de Paiva, ed. 2. Lisboa, 1861. 115.—For an abstract of the “Roteiro,” see Flückiger, Documente zur Geschichte der Pharm. 1876. 13.

[1828] Parkinson, Theatrum Botanicum, 1640. 155.

[1829] Leber, Appréciation de la fortune privée au moyen âge, éd. 2. 1847. 308-9.

[1830] Reichard, Beiträge zur Geschichte der Apotheken, Ulm, 1825. 208.

[1831] Book of the Values of Merchandize imported, according to which Excize is to be paid by the First Buyer, Lond. 1657.

[1832] According to Consul Hughes of Hankow, San-yuan in Shensi (north of Sin-ganfu) is one of the principal marts for rhubarb.

[1833] Chauveau, Vicar Apostolic of Tibet (1870), and Biet, a French missionary, both quoted by Collin in his thesis Des Rhubarbes, Paris, 1871. 22. 24.

[1834] Petermann’s Geograph. Mittheilungen, viii. (1873) 302.

[1835] Reports on Trade at the Treaty Ports of China for 1870; Commercial Reports from Her Majesty’s Consuls in China, 1872. No. 3. p. 57, and 1874 (1875) No. 5.

[1836] Annual Statement of the Trade and Navigation of the United Kingdom for 1870. 79.

[1837] From the Indus to the Tigris, London, 1874. 321.

[1838] It is now often trimmed by wholesale druggists to simulate the old Russian rhubarb.

[1839] The quality and appearance of rhubarb are far more regarded in England than on the Continent. To ensure a fine powder of brilliant hue, the drug is most carefully prepared, each root being split open, and any dark or decayed portion removed with a chisel or file, while the operator is not allowed to handle the drug except with leather gloves.

[1840] Their formation has been investigated by Schmitz, Proceedings of the “Naturforschende Gesellschaft zu Halle”; the author also shows that the drug is chiefly afforded by the rhizome.—An abstract of the paper will be found in Just’s Botanischer Jahresbericht, 1874. 461.

[1841] Boorde’s Introduction and Dyetary, reprinted by the Early English Text Society, 1870. 56.

[1842] Prosper Alpinus, De Rhapontico, Lugd. Bat. 1718.

[1843] Theatrum Botanicum, 1640. 157.

[1844] Dillwyn, Hortus Collinsonianus, 1843. 45.

[1845] Trans. of Soc. of Arts, viii. (1790) 75; xii. (1794) 225.

[1846] No use is made of the leaves.—Some further particulars are given by Holmes, Pharm. Journal, vii. (1877) 1017.

[1847] Histoire des Drogues, ii. (1849) 398.

[1848] Twelve chests of this rhubarb, said to be of the crop of 1793, which had been lying in the Russian Government warehouses, were offered for sale in London, Dec. 1, 1853. Samples of the drug now 80 years old are in our possession, and still sound and good.

[1849] Most beautifully figured by Blume, “Rumphia” i. (1835) tab. 55; Myristica fatua, ii. 59.

[1850] Flora Brasiliensis, fasc. 11-12. 133; also in Buchner’s Repertorium für Pharmacie, ix. (1860) 529-538.

[1851] Pseudolus, act. iii. scena 2.

[1852] Mérat et De Lens, Dict. de Mat. Méd. iv. (1832) 173.—The tree is, we think, Ailantus malabarica DC., order of the Simarubeæ.

[1853] Aëtius, tetrabiblos iv. serm. 4. c. 122.—It must however be admitted that Nux Indica in mediæval authors usually signifies the Coco-nut, but also sometimes Nux vomica or even Areca nut. For particulars see Flückiger, Documente zur Geschichte der Pharm. 1876. 18.

[1854] Les prairies d’or, i. (1861) 341.

[1855] Géographie, i. (1836) 51.

[1856] In the work quoted at p. 282, note 3.

[1857] Kosmographie, übersetzt von Ethé, i. (1869) 227.

[1858] Carmen de motibus siculis, Basil., 1746. 23.—A new edition of this work, by Prof. Winkelmann, was published in 1874.

[1859] Danske Laegebog, quoted by Meyer, Geschichte der Botanik, iii. (1856) 537.

[1860] Rogers, Hist. of Agriculture and Prices in England, i. (1866) 361-362. 628.—It is remarkable that nutmegs are not mentioned, though mace is named repeatedly.

[1861] Leber, Appréciation de la fortune privée au moyen âge, éd. 2, 1847. 95.

[1862] Valmont de Bomare, Dict. d’Histoire Nat. iv. (1775) 297.—This author writes as an eye-witness of the destruction he has recorded:—“Le 10 Juin 1760, j’en ai vu à Amsterdam, près de l’Amirauté, un feu dont l’aliment étoit estimé huit millions argent de France: on devoit en brûler autant le lendemain. Les pieds des spectateurs baignoient dans l’huile essentielle de ces substances....”

[1863] How tempting the cultivation must have appeared, may be judged from the price of mace, which we find quoted on the 3rd January 1806, in the London Price Current (which gives only import prices), as 85s. to 90s. per lb.;—to these rates must be added the duty of 7s. 1d. per lb.

[1864] Seemann, Hooker’s Journ. of Bot. iv. (1852) 83.

[1865] Collingwood in Journ. of Linnean Society, Bot., x. (1869) 45.

[1866] Crawfurd, Dictionary of the Indian Islands, 1856. 304.—Much additional information will be found in this work.

[1867] The Malay Archipelago, i. (1869) 452.—See also Bickmore, Travels in the East Indian Archipelago, 1868. 225.

[1868] Lumsdaine, Pharm. Journ. xi. (1852) 516. For further information on the management of nutmeg plantations in Sumatra, consult the original paper.

[1869] Messrs. Herrings & Co. of London have informed us, that 2874 lb. of nutmegs distilled in their laboratory afforded 67 lb. of essential oil, i.e. 2·33 per cent. But Messrs. Schimmel & Co., Leipzig, state (1878) that they obtain as much as from 6 to 8 per cent.

[1870] Chemistry, xiv. (1860) 389.

[1871] Yearbook of Pharmacy, 1874, 490.

[1872] Some idea of the extremely small area of these famous islands may be gathered from the fact that the Great Banda, the largest of them, is but about 7 miles long by 2 miles broad; while the entire group occupies no more than 17·6 geographical square miles.

[1873] Consular Reports, Aug. 1873. 952-3. In 1875, 8990 peculs were exported from Java.

[1874] Blue Books for the Colony of the Straits Settlements for 1871, Singapore, 1872.

[1875] On the nature and origin of this organ, see Baillon, Histoire des Plantes, ii. (1870) 499; also Dictionnaire de Botanique.

[1876] See my paper: Ueber Stärke und Cellulose in Archiv der Pharm. 196 (1871) 31.—F. A. F.

[1877] In an actual experiment (1868) in the laboratory of Messrs. Herrings & Co., London, 23 lb. of mace yielded 23 oz. of volatile oil, which is equivalent to 6¼ per cent.; but Messrs. Schimmel & Co., Leipzig, obligingly inform us (1878) that they observed a percentage of from 11 to 17.

[1878] Consular Reports, August 1873. 952-3.

[1879] The word Camphor, generally written by old Latin authors Caphura, and by English Camphire, is derived from the Arabic Káfúr, which in turn is supposed to come from the Sanskrit Karpūra, signifying white.

[1880] Passages from several have been translated and kindly placed at our disposal by Mr. A. Wylie. Dr. Bretschneider of Pekin and Mr. Pauthier of Paris (see p. 494, note 7,) have also been good enough to aid us in the same manner.

[1881] Yule, Book of Ser Marco Polo, ii. (1871) 185.

[1882] In the description of Arabia by Ibn Hagik el Hamdany, fol. 170 of the MS. at Aden (Prof. Sprenger).

[1883] He directs two ounces of camphor to be added to a certain preparation, provided camphor is sufficiently abundant.—Tetr. iv. sermo 4. c. 114