[1884] G. Weil, Geschichte der Chalifen, i. (Mannheim, 1846) 75.

[1885] Quatremère, Mém. sur l’Egypte, ii. (1811) 366-375.—It is interesting to find that Káfúre-kaisúri, i.e., Kaisur Camphor, is a term still known in the Indian bazaars.

[1886] Käuffer, Geschichte von Ostasien, ii. (1859) 491.

[1887] Translation from the Chinese communicated by Mr. A. Wylie.

[1888] Les Prairies d’or, i. (Paris, 1861) 200.

[1889] The Arabian menâ or menn is equal to 2⅕ pounds Troy, or 933 grammes.

[1890] Yule, Cathay and the way thither, ii. 357.

[1891] The Book of Ser Marco Polo, ii. (1874) 282, 285.

[1892] For further historical details, compare my paper in the Schweizerische Wochenschrift für Pharmacie, 27 Sept., 4 and 11 Oct. 1867, or in Buchner’s Repertorium f. Pharmacie, xvii. (1868) 28.—F. A. F.

[1893] S. Hildegardis Opera Omnia, accurante J. P. Migne, Paris, 1855. 1145.

[1894] Choulant, Macer Floridus, Lips. 1832. 161.

[1895] Gesantschaft, etc. Amsterdam, 1666. 363.

[1896] Amœnitates exoticæ (1712) 770.

[1897] Hist. of Japan, translated by Scheuchzer, i. (1727) 353. 370.

[1898] Description de la Chine, i. (1735) 161.

[1899] The foregoing particulars are chiefly extracted from the Trade Report of Tamsui by E. C. Taintor, Acting Commissioner of Customs, published in the Reports on Trade at the Treaty Ports in China for 1869, Shanghai, 1870, and from James Morrison’s Description of the island of Formosa, in the Geogr. Magazine, 1877, 263 and 319.

[1900] op. cit. p. 772.

[1901] Both of the above mentioned stills from Sikok and Formosa are figured in my “Account of the Paris Exhibition,” Archiv der Pharmacie, 214 (1879) 12.—F. A. F..

[1902] These are the dimensions of the cakes manufactured in the laboratory of Messrs. Howards of Stratford, but it is obvious that they may vary with different makers.

[1903] Mattheson, England to Delhi, Lond. 1870, 474.

[1904] Pharm. Journ. 18 April 1874. 830.

[1905] Returns of Trade at the Treaty Ports in China for 1872, part. 2, p. 124.

[1906] Commercial Reports from H. M. Consuls in Japan, No. 1, 1872.—The returns for Hiogo and Osaka are upon the authority of the Chamber of Commerce.

[1907] Statement of the Trade and Navigation of the United Kingdom for 1870. p. 61—no later returns accessible.

[1908] Statement of the Trade and Navigation of Bombay for 1872-73. ii. 27.

[1909] For a full account and figure of it, see W. H. de Vriese’s excellent Mémoire sur le Camphrier de Sumatra et de Bornéo, Leide, 1857. 23 p. 4°. and 2 plates.

[1910] Life in the Forests of the Far East, ii. (1862) 272.

[1911] In Milburn’s time (Oriental Commerce, ii. 1813. 308), Sumatra was reckoned to export 50 peculs, and Borneo 30 peculs a year. Rondot’s statement (see Cassia Buds) that China imports of Barus camphor about 800 peculs annually is plainly erroneous.

[1912] Returns of Trade at the Treaty Ports in China for 1872, p. 30.

[1913] Ibn Khurdádbah in the 9th century mentions it as being obtained in this way.

[1914] Through the courtesy of Mr. F. H. Ewer, of the Imperial Maritime Customs, Canton.—Hanbury, Science Papers, 189. 393.

[1915] Pharm. Journ. March 7, 1874. 710.

[1916] Flückiger in Pharm. Journ. April 18, 1874. 829.

[1917] Enumeratio Plantarum Zeylaniæ, 1864. 252.—Consult also Meissner in De Cand. Prod. xv. sect. i. 10.

[1918] Flora Sylvatica for Southern India, 1872. 262.

[1919] Commerce and Navigation of the Ancients in the Indian Ocean, ii. (1807) 512.

[1920] Chishull, Antiquities Asiaticæ, 1728. 65-72.

[1921] Ceylon, i (1859) 575.

[1922] We are indebted to Dr. Bretschneider of Pekin for these references to Chinese literature. For information about some of the works quoted, see his pamphlet On the Study and Value of Chinese Botanical Works, Foochow, 1870.

[1923] Dümichen, Fleet of an Egyptian Queen, Leipzig, 1868, p. 1.

[1924] “ ... That there was an ulterior commerce beyond Ceylon is indubitable; for at Ceylon the trade from Malacca and the Golden Chersonese met the merchants from Arabia, Persia and Egypt. This might possibly have been in the hands of the Malays or even the Chinese, who seem to have been navigators in all ages as universally as the Arabians....” Vincent, op. cit. ii. 284. 285.—In the time of Marco Polo, the trade of China westward met the trade of the Red Sea, no longer in Ceylon, but on the coast of Malabar, apparently at Calicut, where the Portuguese found it on their first arrival. Here, says Marco, the ships from Aden obtained their lading from the East, and carried it into the Red Sea for Alexandria, whence it passed into Europe by means of the Venetians.—See also Yule, Book of Ser Marco Polo, ii. (1871) 325, 327.

[1925] Marco Polo, ii. 255.

[1926] Quatremère (in the book quoted at page 511, note 4), ii. 284.

[1927] Yule, Cathay and the way thither, i. 213, also Kunstmann, Anzeigen der baierischen Akademie, 24 and 25 December 1855. p. 163 and 169.

[1928] Travels of Ibn Batuta, translated by Lee, Lond. 1829. 184.

[1929] Ramusio, Raccolta delle Navigationi et Viaggi, i. (1563) 339; Kunstmann, Kenntniss Indiens im fünfzehnten Jahrhundert, 1864. 39.

[1930] Tennent, op. cit. ii. 52.

[1931] Pardessus, Diplomata, etc., Paris, 1849. ii. 309.

[1932] Jaffé, Bibliotheca Rerum Germanicarum, Berlin, iii. (1866) 154. 199. 214. 216-8. 109.

[1933] Doubtless Eadburh, third abbess of Minster in the Isle of Thanet in Kent. She died a.d. 751.

[1934] Pharm. Journ. viii. (1877) 121.

[1935] Eden, State of the Poor, ii. (1797) appendix; Rogers, Hist. of Agriculture and Prices in England, ii. (1866) 543.

[1936] Nicholls, Progresses and Processions of Q. Elizabeth, i. (1823) xxxiv. 118.

[1937] Additional information may be found in two papers by Marshall, in Thomson’s Annals of Philosophy, x. (1817) 241 and 346; see also Leschenault de la Tour, Mém. du Musée d’Hist. nat. viii. (1822) 436-446.

[1938] Op. cit. 252-253.

[1939] Formerly called fardela or fardello, a name signifying in the Romance languages bundle or package. The word fardel, having the same meaning, is found in old English writers.

[1940] Yet the cultivation was far more extensive in the earlier part of the century, as we may judge by the statement that the five principal cinnamon gardens around Negumbo, Colombo, Barberyn, Galle, and Matura, were each from 15 to 20 miles in circumference (Tennent’s Ceylon, ii. 163).

[1941] Ceylon Blue Books for 1871 and 1872, printed at Colombo.

[1942] Some of it however is very thick, though neatly quilled.

[1943] Consular Reports, Aug. 1873. 952.

[1944] In his book “De artificiosis extractionibus,” published by Gesner, Argentorati, 1561, fol. 226.

[1945] De medicina veteri et nova, Basileæ, 1571. 630-635.

[1946] Magiæ Naturalis libri xx. Neapoli 1589. 184.

[1947] Ceylon Blue Books for 1871 and 1872.

[1948] Phil. Trans. xxxvi. (1731) 107.

[1949] Thorel, Notes médicales du Voyage d’Exploration du Mékong et de Cochinchine, Paris, 1870. 30.—Garnier, Voyage en Indo-Chine, ii. (Paris, 1873) 438.

[1950] The greatest market in China for cassia and cinnamon according to Dr. F. Porter Smith, is Taiwu in Ping-nan hien (Sin-chau fu), in Kwangsi province.—Mat. Med. and Nat. Hist. of China, 1871. 52.—The capital of Kwangsi is Kweilin fu, literally Cassia-Forest.

[1951] Hooker, Himalayan Journals, ed. 2. ii. (1855) 303.

[1952] A specimen of the stem-bark of C. iners from Travancore, presented to us by Dr. Waring, has a delightful odour, but is quite devoid of the taste of cinnamon.

[1953] Catalogues Plantarum quæ in Horto Botanico Bogoriensi coluntur, Batavia, 1866. 92.

[1954] Vincent, Commerce and Navigation of the Ancients in the Indian Ocean, ii. (1807) 130. 134. 149. 150. 157.—That the ancients should confound the different kinds of cassia is really no matter for surprise, when we moderns, whether botanists, pharmacologists, or spice-dealers, are unable to point out characters by which to distinguish the barks of this group, or even to give definite names to those found in our warehouses.

[1955] Vincent, op. cit. ii. 701-716.

[1956] See further on, Allied Products, Cassia twigs, page 533.

[1957] Very fine specimens of this costly bark have been kindly supplied to us by Dr. H. F. Hance, British Vice-Consul at Whampoa.

[1958] Vignolius, Liber Pontificalis, Romæ, i. (1724) 94. 95.

[1959] Migne, Patrologiæ Cursus, lxxxii. (1850) 622.—St. Isidore evidently quotes Galen, but his remarks imply that both spices were known at the period when he wrote.

[1960] Cockayne, Leechdoms, etc., of Early England, ii. (1865) 143.

[1961] Rogers, Hist. of Agriculture and Prices in England, ii. (1866) 543.

[1962] The book has been reprinted for the Early English Text Society, 1868.—Russell says:—“Looke that your stikkes of synamome be thyn, bretille and fayre in colewr ... for canelle is not so good in this crafte and cure.”—And in his directions “how to make Ypocras,” he prescribes synamome in that “for lordes,” but “canelle” in that for “commyn peple.”

[1963] Hooker, op. cit.

[1964] Consular Reports, August 1873. 953.

[1965] Consul Reade, Report on the Trade, etc., of Cadiz for 1871, where the spice is called “cinnamon.”

[1966] Flückiger in Wiggers and Husemann’s Jahresbericht for 1872. 52.

[1967] Rochleder and Schwarz (1850) in Gmelin’s Chemistry, xvii. 395.

[1968] Canton Trade Report for 1869.

[1969] Commercial Reports from H. M. Consuls in China, presented to Parliament 1873,—(Consul Robertson).

[1970] Annual Statement of the Trade and Navigation of the United Kingdom for 1870. 290.—66,650 were exported in 1877 from Pakhoi.

[1971] Returns of Trade at the Treaty Ports in China for 1872, p. 34; for 1874, p. 7.

[1972] Doüet d’Arcq, Comptes de l’Argenterie des Rois de France, 1851. 206. 218. 222. 239. etc.

[1973] See p. 245, note 8.

[1974] Commerce d’exportation de la Chine, 45.

[1975] Reports on Trade at the Treaty Ports in China for 1867, Shanghai, 1868. 49.

[1976] Annual Statement of the Trade and Navigation of the U.K. for 1870. 101.

[1977] For further information consult Heyd, Levantehandel, ii. (1879) 663.

[1978] Account of Petrus Martyr d’Angleria to Cardinal Ascanio Sforza, in Michael Herr’s Die neue Welt, etc., Strassburg, 1534. fol. 175.

[1979] Travels of Pedro de Cieza de Leon, a.d. 1532-50, translated by Markham (Hakluyt Society) Lond. 1864. chap. 39-40; also Expedition of Gonzalo Pizarro to the Land of Cinnamon, by Garcilasso Inca de la Vega, forming part of the same volume.

[1980] Historia de las Indias, Madrid, i. (1851) 357. (lib. ix. c. 31).

[1981] De la Canela de nuestras Indias.—Historia de las cosas que se traen de nuestras Indias occidentales, Sevilla, 1574. 98.

[1982] The village of San José de Canelos, which may be considered as the centre of the cinnamon region, was determined by Mr. Spruce to be in lat. 1° 20 S., long. 77° 45 W., and at an altitude above the sea of 1590 feet. The forest of canelos, he tells us, has no definite boundaries; but the term is popularly assigned to all the upper region of the Pastasa and its tributaries, from a height of 4000 to 7000 feet on the slopes of the Andes, down to the Amazonian plain, and the confluence of the Bombonasa and Pastasa.

[1983] De Candolle, Prodromus, xv. sect. i. 167.

[1984] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen’s Medic. Plants, part 26 (1877).

[1985] Halliday, On the Bebeeru tree of British Guiana, and Sulphate of Bebeerine, the former a substitute for Cinchona, the latter for Sulphate of Quinine.—Edinburgh Med. and Surg. Journ. vol. xl. 1835.

[1986] Hooker’s Journ. of Bot. 1844. 624.

[1987] Flückiger, Neues Jahrbuch für Pharmacie, xxxi. (1869) 257; Pharm. Journ. xi. (1870) 192.

[1988] Pharm. Journ. xi. (1870) 19.

[1989] Mr. W. H. Campbell, of Georgetown, Demerara, has assured me that neither the bark nor its alkaloid is held in esteem in the colony.—D. H.

[1990] Historia medicinal de las cosas que se traen de nuestras Indias occidentales, (Sevilla, 1574) 51.

[1991] De Laet, Novus Orbis, 1633. 215.—René de Laudonnière, Histoire notable de la Floride. 1586.

[1992] Pharm. Journ. v. (1876) 1023.

[1993] Colonial Papers, vol. i. No. 23 (MS. in the Record Office, London).

[1994] Colonial Papers, vol. ii. No. 4.

[1995] Opera medico-chymica, Francofurti, 1682, p. 83.

[1996] Flückiger, Documente (quoted at p. 404, note 7) 70.

[1997] Phil. Trans. R. Soc. of London, viii. (1809) 243.

[1998] The sassafras logs met with in English trade often include a considerable portion of trunk-wood, which, as well as the bark that covers it, is inert, and should be sawn off and rejected before the wood is rasped.

[1999] According to information obtained by Procter, 11 bushels of chips (the charge of a still) yields from 1 to 5 lb. of oil, the amount varying with the quality of the root and the proportion of bark it may contain.—Procter, Essay on Sassafras in the Proceedings of the American Pharm. Association, 1866. 217.

[2000] Poggendorff’s Annalen, clviii. (1876) 249, with figures of the crystals.

[2001] Besides this, the pith of sassafras is also there used as a popular remedy; it is entirely devoid of odour and taste, and is very slightly mucilaginous.

[2002] American Journ. of Pharm. 1871. 470.

[2003] Burmah, its people and natural productions, 1860. 497.

[2004] Brit. Guiana at the Paris Exhibition, 1878, Sect. C. p. 7.

[2005] Spruce in Hooker’s Journ. of Bot. vii. (1855) 278.

[2006] Ritter, Erdkunde von Asien, vii. (1844) 2. 544.

[2007] Eng. Hist., Bohn’s ed., iii. (1854) 255.

[2008] Introduced into Mexico by Cortez about a.d. 1560.

[2009] See in particular 1 Sam. xxv. 18 and 1 Chron. xii. 40; where we read of large supplies of dried figs being provided for the use of fighting men. Also Num. xx. 5; Jer. xxiv. 2; 2 Reg. xx. 7.

[2010] On the Riviera of Genoa dried figs eaten with bread are a common winter food of the peasantry.

[2011] Pardessus, Diplomata, Chartæ, etc., ii. (1849) 309.

[2012] Recesse und andere Akten der Hansetage, ii. (Leipzig, 1872) 235.

[2013] Rogers, Hist. of Agriculture and Prices in England, i. (1866) 632.

[2014] Albertus Magnus, in allusion to the peculiar growth of the fig, remarks that the tree “fructum autem profert sine flore.” Page 386 of the work quoted in the Appendix.

[2015] The word Eleme applied in the London shops to dried figs of superior quality (“Eleme Figs”) is probably a corruption of the Turkish ellémé, signifying hand-picked.

[2016] A. De Candolle, Géogr. botanique, ii. (1855) 856.

[2017] 2 Sam. v. 23, 24.

[2018] Pertz, Monumenta Germaniæ historica, Leges, iii. (1835) 181.—Consult also Hehn, Kulturpflanzen, 1877.

[2019] F. Keller, Bauriss des Klosters S. Gallen, facsimile, Zürich, 1844.

[2020] Le Calendrier de Cordoue de l’année 961, publié par R. Dozy, Leyde, 1873. 67.

[2021] Guérard, Polyptique de l’Abbé Irminon, Paris, ii. 335.

[2022] The fig excepted, which is much more saccharine than any.

[2023] Journ. of the Agric. and Hortic. Soc. of India, viii. 167.

[2024] Bretschneider, On Chinese Botanical Works, 1870. 5. 10. Part of the Rh-ya was written in the 12th cent. b.c.

[2025] Rawlinson’s translation, iii. (1859) book 4, chap. 74-5.

[2026] Comptes Rendus, xxviii. (1849) 195.

[2027] Hence the words assassin and assassinate. Weil, however, is of opinion that the word assassin is more probably derived from sikkin, a dagger.—Geschichte der Chalifen, iv. (1860) 101.

[2028] The miscreant who assassinated Justice Norman at Calcutta, 20 Sept. 1871, is said to have acted under the influence of hashísh. Bellew (Indus to the Tigris, 1874. 218) states that the Afghan chief who murdered Dr. Forbes in 1842, had for some days previously been more or less intoxicated with Charas or Bhang.

[2029] Quatremère, Memoires sur l’Egypte ii. (1811) 504, according to Makrisi.