[2030] Colloquios dos simples e drogas e cousas medicinaes da India, ed. 2, Lisboa, 1872, 27.

[2031] For a notice of them, see O’Shaughnessy, On the preparation of the Indian Hemp or Gunjah, Calcutta, 1839; also Bengal Dispensatory, Calcutta, 1842. 579-604. An immense number of references to writers who have touched on the medicinal properties of hemp, will be found in the elaborate essay entitled Studien über den Hanf, by Dr. G. Martius (Erlangen, 1855).

[2032] Blue Book quoted at p. 52, note 1.

[2033] Magi-oun is the Persian name for electuaries, of which more than 70 are found, for instance, in the Pharmacopœia Persica (see Appendix, Angelus), p. 291 to 321.

[2034] This name is not used in India, but seems to be a corruption of ganja.

[2035] Powell, Economic Products of the Punjab, Roorkee, i. (1868) 293.

[2036] Pharm. Journ. vi. (1847) 171.

[2037] Journ. de Pharm. xxxix. (1857) 48; Canstatt’s Jahresbericht for 1857, i. 28.

[2038] Personne, though he admits the activity of the resin prepared by Smith’s process, contends that it is a mixed body, and that further purification deprives it of all volatile matter and renders it inert. This is not astonishing when one finds that the “purification” was effected by treatment with caustic lime or soda-lime, and exposure to a temperature of 300° C. (572° F.)! That the resin of the Edinburgh chemists does not owe its activity to volatile matter, is proved by their own experiment of exposing a small quantity in a very thin layer to 82° C. for 8 hours: the medicinal action of the resin so treated was found to be unimpaired.

[2039] Dragendorff’s Jahresbericht, 1876. 98.

[2040] Chemical News, xxiv. (1871) 77.

[2041] For further information, consult Cooke’s Seven Sisters of Sleep, Lond., chap. xv.-xvii; also Jahresbericht of Wiggers and Husemann, 1872. 600.

[2042] Garnier, Voyage d’Exploration en Indo-Chine, ii. (1873) 410.

[2043] Powell, Economic Products of the Punjab, Roorkee, 1868. 293.

[2044] Obtained by Colonel H. Strachey, and now in the Kew Museum. It is by no means evident by what process they were collected.

[2045] Forsyth, Correspondence on Mission to Yarkand, ordered by the House of Commons to be printed, Feb. 28, 1871; also Henderson and Hume, Lahore to Yarkand, Lond. 1873. 334.

[2046] Stewart, Punjab Plants, Lahore, 1869. 216.

[2047] Blount, Tenures of Land and Customs of Manors, edited by Hazlitt, 1874. 165.

[2048] Leechdoms, Wortcunning and Starcraft of Early England, edited by Cockayne, i. (1864) 173; ii. (1865) ix.

[2049] Opera Omnia, accurante J. P. Migne, Paris, 1855. 1153.

[2050] Guérard, Polyptique de l’abbé Irminon, i. (1844) 714. 896.

[2051] The authority for this statement is an isolated memorandum in a MS. volume (No. 980) by Thomas Gybbons, preserved in the Harleian collection in the British Museum.

[2052] Archæologia, iii. (1786) 157.

[2053] Ibid. xxv. (1834) 505.

[2054] Holinshed, Chronicles, vol. i. book 2. cap. 6.

[2055] 1 James I. (anno 1603) cap. 18.

[2056] A substance with which we are not acquainted.

[2057] Thèse, Montpellier, 1867.

[2058] Agricultural Returns of Great Britain, &c., 1873, presented to Parliament, 48. 49. 70. 71.

[2059] Annual Statement of the Trade of the United Kingdom for 1872. 49. 93.

[2060] Manuel des Plantes usuelles et indigènes, 1819. ii. 503.

[2061] Silliman’s Journ. of Science, ii. (1820) 302.

[2062] For a full account of the formation of the glands, see Trécul, Annales des Sciences Nat., Bot., i. (1854) 299. An abstract may be found in Méhu’s Etude du Houblon et du Lupulin, Montpellier, 1867.

[2063] On the word elm, Dr. Prior remarks that it is nearly identical in all the Germanic and Scandinavian dialects, yet does not find its root in any of them, but is an adaptation of the Latin Ulmus.—Popular Names of British Plants, ed. 2. 1870. 71.

[2064] Leechdoms, Wortcunning and Starcraft of Early England, edited by Rev. O. Cockayne, ii. (1865) pp. 53. 67. 79. 99. 127 and p. xii.—In the Anglo-Saxon recipes, both Elm and Wych Elm are named in the Welsh “Meddygon Myddfai” (see Appendix). Elmwydd or Ilwyf and “Ulmus romanus,” Ilwyf Rhufain, are met with.

[2065] Schübeler, Pflanzenwelt Norwegens, 1873-75, p. 216.

[2066] Gmelin, Chemistry, xvii. (1866) 458.

[2067] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen’s Med. Plants, part 34 (1878).

[2068] Mat. Med. Americ., Erlangæ, 1787. 32.

[2069] Proceedings of the American Pharmaceutical Association for 1873, xxi. 435.

[2070] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen’s Med. Plants, part 24 (1877).

[2071] Or Mesfioua, according to Ball, who also quotes the province Demenet.—Journ. of the Linnean Soc. Bot. xvi. (1878) 662.

[2072] Lib. iii. c. 86.

[2073] Lib. v. c. 1; lib. xxv. c. 38.

[2074] Smith, Dict. of Greek and Roman Biography, ii. (1846) 636.

[2075] Description de l’Afrique septentrionale, traduite par M. de Slane, Journal asiatique, xiii. (Paris, 1859) 413.

[2076] Nachrichten von Marokos und Fes, Kopenhagen, 1781. 308.

[2077] Account of the Empire of Morocco and the district of Suse, Lond. 1809. 81. pl. 7.—The plate represents an entire plant, and also what purports to be a portion of a branch of the natural size. The latter is really the figure of a different species,—apparently that which has been recently named by Cosson Euphorbia Beaumierana.

[2078] Berg und Schmidt, Offizinelle Gewächse, iv. (1863) xxxiv. d.

[2079] They were procured by Mr. William Grace, and forwarded to England by Mr. C. F. Carstensen, British Vice-Consul at Mogador.

[2080] By careful investigation a very few are found at last.

[2081] Flückiger in Wittstein’s Vierteljahresschrift für prakt. Pharmacie, xvii. (1868) 82-102.—The drug analysed consisted of selected fragrants, free from extraneous substances.

[2082] Wiggers and Husemann, Jahresbericht, 1873. 559.

[2083] From Eleuthera, one of the Bahama Islands, so named from the Greek ἐλεύθερος, signifying free or independent.

[2084] Bentley and Trimen’s Med. Plants, part i. (1875).

[2085] In that year a patent was granted by Charles I. for the incorporation of a Company for colonizing the Bahama Islands, and a complete record is extant of the proceedings of the Company for the first eleven years of its existence. In some of the documents, particular mention is made of the introduction, actual or attempted, of useful plants, as cotton, tobacco, fig, pepper, pomegranate, palma Christi, mulberry, flax, indigo, madder, and jalap; and there is also frequent allusion to the importation of the produce of the islands, but no mention of Cascarilla. See Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, 1574-1660, edited by Sainsbury, Lond. 1860. pp. 146. 148. 149. 164. 168. 185. etc.

[2086] Flückiger, Pharm. Journ., vi. (1876) 1022, and “Documente” quoted there, pp. 74-77, etc.

[2087] Stisser (J. A.) Actorum Laboratorii Chemici specimen secundum, Helmestadi, 1693. c. ix. Stisser is said to have mentioned Cascarilla bark in his pamphlet “De machinis fumiductoriis,” Hamburg, 1686, but we found this to be incorrect. Nor have we seen the paper of Vincent Garcia Salat, “Unica quæstiuncula, in qua examinatur pulvis de Burango, vulgo Cascarilla, in curatione tertíanæ,” Valentiæ. 1692. It is quoted by Haller, Bibl. Bot. ii. (1772) 688, and several later authors, but appears to be extremely rare.

[2088] Journal of Proceedings of Linn. Soc. iv. (1860) Bot. 29.

[2089] For more particulars see Pocklington, Pharm. Journ. iii. (1873) 664.

[2090] Pharm. Journ. iv. (1874) 810.

[2091] De Candolle’s Prodromus, xv. part 2. (1862) 518; beautifully figured in Hayne, Arzneigewächse, xiv. (1843) plate 2.

[2092] For more particulars see Oberlin and Schlagdenhauffen, Journ. de Pharm. 28 (1878) 248.

[2093] Pharm. Journ. xiv. (1855) 319.

[2094] Wittstein’s Vierteljahresschrift für prakt. Pharm. xviii. (1869) 161.

[2095] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen’s Medic. Plants, part 1 (1875).

[2096] Tractado, etc., Burgos, 1578. c. 48.—After speaking of the virtues of the seeds, he adds—“tambien las buenas mugeres de aquellas partes, amigas de sus maridos, les dă hasta quatro destos por la boca, para embiar a los pobretos al otro mundo”!

[2097] Hortus Malabaricus, ii. tab. 33.

[2098] Herbarium Amboinense, iv. tab. 42.

[2099] Ainslie, Mat. Med. of Hindoostan, 1813. 292.

[2100] The oil was very expensive. I find by the books of Messrs. Allen and Hanburys, that the seeds cost in 1824, 10s., and in 1827, 18s. per lb. The oil was purchased in 1826 by the same house at 8s. to 10s. per ounce.—D. H.

[2101] Warrington, Pharm. Journ. vi. (1865) 382-387.

[2102] Schmidt and Berendes, 1878.

[2103] In the Jahresbericht of Wiggers and Husemann, 1873. 560.

[2104] The most ancient and most usual is Eranda; this word has passed into several other Indian languages.

[2105] De Candolle, Prodr., xv. sect. 2. 1017.

[2106] Journ. of Botany, 1879, 54.

[2107] Heldreich, Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands, Athen, 1862. 58.

[2108] De Vegetabilibus, ed. Jessen, 1867. 347.

[2109] Turner’s Herbal, pt. ii. 116.

[2110] From the Arabic khirva, i.e. Palma Christi.

[2111] Hill, Hist. of the Mat. Med., Lond. 1751. 537.—Lewis, Hist. of the Mat. Med., Lond. 1761. 468.

[2112] The word castor in connection with the seeds and oil of Ricinus has come to us from Jamaica, in which island, by some strange mistake, the plant was once called Agnus Castus. The true Agnus Castus (Vitex Agnus castus L.) is a native of the Mediterranean countries and not of the West Indies.

[2113] For a list of which consult Mérat et De Lens, Dict. de Mat. Méd. vi. (1834) 95.

[2114] How small was the traffic in Castor Oil in those days, may be judged from the fact that the stock in 1777 of a London wholesale druggist (Joseph Gurney Bevan, predecessor of Allen and Hanburys) was 2 Bottles (1 Bottle = 18 to 20 ounces) valued at 8s. per bottle. The accounts of the same house show at stocktaking in 1782, 23 Bottles of the oil, which had cost 10s. per bottle. In 1799 Jamaica exported 236 Casks of Castor Oil and 10 Casks of seeds (Renny, Hist. of Jamaica, 1807. 235).

[2115] H. H. Wilson, Review of the External Commerce of Bengal from 1813 to 1828, Calcutta, 1830, tables pp. 14-15.

[2116] Gris, Annales des Sciences Nat., Bot., xv. (1861) 5-9.

[2117] Sachs, Lehrbuch der Botanik, 1874. 54.

[2118] For further particulars, see Trécul, Ann. des Sc. Nat., Bot., x.,(1858) 355; Radlkofer, Krystalle proteinartiger Körper, Leipzig, 1859. 61. and tab. 2 fig. 10; Pfeffer, Proteïnkörner in Pringsheim’s Jahrbücher für wissenschaftliche Botanik, viii. (1872) 429. 464.

[2119] Chemical News, xxii. (1870) 229.

[2120] Madras Exhibition of Raw Products, etc. of Southern India,—Reports by the Juries, Madras, 1856. 28.

[2121] Annual Volume of Trade and Navigation for the Bengal Presidency for 1870-71, Calcutta, 1871. 119.

[2122] Annual Statement of the Trade, etc. of the U.K. for 1870.—No later returns.

[2123] H. Groves, Pharm. Journ. viii (1867) 250.

[2124] Annual Statement of the Trade and Navigation of the Presidency of Bombay for 1872-73, part ii. 87. 88.

[2125] Frezier, Voyage to the South Seas, Lond. 1717. p. 13.—Turner in his Herbal (1568) gives the plant an opposite character, for the bruised leaves, says he, “swage the brestes or pappes swellinge wyth to muche plenty of milke.”

[2126] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen’s Med. Plants, part i. (1875.)—A beautiful figure in Roxburgh, Plants of the Coast of Coromandel, ii. (1798) tab. 168.

[2127] Journey through Mysore, Canara, etc., (Lond. 1807) i. 168. 204. 211, ii. 343.

[2128] Hanbury, Pharm. Journ. xii. (1853) 386. 589; or Science Papers, 73.

[2129] Ibid. xvii. (1858) 408; Science Papers, 75.

[2130] Adams’ translat. iii. 457.

[2131] Quoted by Ibn Baytar,—see Sontheimer’s translation, ii. (1842) 326. 585.

[2132] Ibn Khordadbeh, Livre des routes etc.—Journ. Asiatique, v. (1865) 295.

[2133] Les Prairies d’or, i. (Paris, 1861) 367.

[2134] Quoted by Ibn Baytar.

[2135] Ed. Lichtenfels, i. (Göttingen, 1849).

[2136] Description de l’Arabie, 1774. 133.

[2137] F. E. G. Matthews, Esq., of Nainee Tal.

[2138] Burton, Journ. of R. Geogr. Society, xxv. (1855) 146. Haggenmacher, Reise in das Somaliland, in Petermann’s Geogr. Mittheilungen, Ergänzungsheft, xlvii. (1874) 39.

[2139] See Science Papers, 78.

[2140] Yearbook of Pharmacy, 1872. 599.

[2141] It has been particularly described by one of us in Pharm. Journ. ix. (1868) 279, with woodcuts.

[2142] Hanbury, Science Papers, 73.

[2143] Some information will be met with in Capt. Hunter’s Account of Aden, 1877. p. 107. In 1875-1876 there were exported from Aden 42,975 lb. of Waras.

[2144] The word pepper, which with slight varieties has passed into almost all languages, comes from the Sanskrit name for Long Pepper, pippali, the change of the l into r having been made by the Persians, in whose ancient language the l is wanting.

[2145] Vincent, Commerce and Navigation of the Ancients, ii. (1807) 458.

[2146] Vincent, op. cit. ii. 754; also Meyer, Geschichte der Botanik, ii. (1865) 167.

[2147] Migne, Patrologiæ Cursus, series Græca, lxxxviii. (1860) 443. 446.

[2148] Bar (as in Malabar) merely signifies in Arabic, coast.

[2149] Mirabilia descripta by Friar Jordanus, translated by Col. Yule. London, Hakluyt Society, 1863. 27.

[2150] “Piperis arbor persimilis est ederæ, grana ejus viridia ad formam grani juniperi, quæ modico cinere aspersa torrentur ad solem.”—Kunstmann, Kenntniss Indiens im xv. Jahrhundert, München (1863) 40.

[2151] In the beginning of the 15th century the great emporium of the trade in pepper appears to have been the vicinity of the Church S. Giacomo de Rialto at Venice. In the “capitolare dei Visdomini del fontego dei Todeschi (German court) in Venezia,” edit. of Thomas, Berlin, 1874, the chapter 228, page 116, is devoted to “La mercadantia del pevere.”

[2152] For some examples of this, see Histoire de la vie privée des Français, par le Grand d’Aussy, nouvelle éd., ii. (1815) 182.

[2153] Zosimus, Historia (Lips. 1784) lib. v. c. 41.

[2154] Belgrano, Vita privata dei Genovesi 1875. 152.

[2155] Rogers, Agriculture and Prices in England, i. (1866) 626. The term peppercorn rent, which has survived to our times, now only signifies a nominal payment.

[2156] Ancient Laws and Institutes of England, published by the Record Commission, i. (1840) 301.

[2157] A striking contrast to the announcement in a commercial paper, 27 Feb. 1874, that the stock of pepper in the public warehouses of London the previous week was 6035 tons!

[2158] Herbert, Hist. of the twelve great Livery Companies of London, Lond. 1834. 303, 310.

[2159] Reinaud, Nouveau Journal asiatique, 1829, Juillet, 22-51.

[2160] Rogers, op. cit. i. 641.

[2161] Leber, Appréciation de la fortune privée au moyen-âge, éd. 2, Paris, 1847. 95, 305.

[2162] For a full account of the cultivation of pepper, see Buchanan, Journey from Madras through Mysore, Canara, and Malabar, ii. (1807) 455-520; iii. 158.

[2163] As noticed by Rheede in 1688: “ ... oleum ex pipere destillatum levem piperis odorem spirans, saporis parum acris.”—Hort. Malab. vii. 24.—The oil was however obtained long before by Valerius Cordus, Guintherus Andernacensis and Porta (see our article Cortex Cinnamomi, page 526).

[2164] Annual Statement of the Trade of the U.K. for 1872. 59., 125.

[2165] According to Moodeen Sheriff (Suppl. to Pharm. of India, 134) the berries of Embelia (Samara) Ribes, order Myrsineæ, are said to be sometimes used for adulterating black pepper in the Indian bazaars.

[2166] By the 59 George III. c. 53 § 22 (1819).

[2167] Consult, Hassall, Food and its Adulterations, Lond. 1855. 42; Evans, Pharm. Journ. i. (1860) 605.

[2168] Glossæ in antidotarium Nicolai., ccxlvi. verso.

[2169] In the work quoted, page 579, ii. 465, 533, and iii. 224.

[2170] The genus Chavica separated from Piper by Miquel, has been re-united to it by Casimir de Candolle (Prod. xvi. s. 1). The latter genus is now composed of not fewer than 620 species!

[2171] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen’s Med. Plants, part 18 (1877).

[2172] For good figures of the two plants, see Hayne’s Arzney-Gewächse, xiv. (1843) tab. 20. 21.

[2173] Choulant, Macer Floridus de Viribus Herbarum, Lipsiæ, 1832. 114.