[2174] Clavis Sanationis, Venet. 1510.
[2175] Bonaini, Statuti inediti della città di Pisa, iii. (1857) 492.
[2176] Kunstmann, Kenntniss Indiens im 15ᵗᵉⁿ Jahrhundert, München, 1863. 40.
[2178] Roxburgh, Flora Indica, i. (1832) 155.
[2179] Blue Book of the Straits Settlements for 1871.
[2180] Already in the Rāmāyana.
[2181] Cubeba from the Arabic Kabábah.
[2182] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen’s Med. Plants, part 27 (1877).
[2183] Les Prairies d’or, i. 341.
[2184] Géographie, trad. par Jaubert, i. 51. 89.
[2185] Meyer, Geschichte der Botanik, iii. 537.
[2186] Munimenta Gildhallæ Londoniensis; Liber albus, i. (1859, State papers) 230.
[2187] Capmany, Memorias sobre la Marina, etc., de Barcelona, i. (Madrid, 1779) 44.
[2188] Bourquelot, Etudes sur les foires de la Champagne, Mémoires etc. de l’Institut, v. (1865) 288.
[2189] ogers, Hist. of Agriculture and Prices in England, i. 627-8, ii. 544.—To get some idea of the relative value of commodities then and now, multiply the ancient prices by 8.
[2190] Liber niger Scaccarii, Lond. 1771, i. 478.—A translation may be found in the Chronicles of London Bridge, 1827, 155.
[2191] Archiv der Pharmacie, 201 (1872) 441 and 211 (1877) 101.
[2192] Choulant, Macer Floridus, etc., Lips. 1832, 188.
[2193] Compendium aromatariorum, Bonon., 1488.
[2194] Richard, Beiträge zur Geschichte der Apotheken, 1825. 124.
[2195] Miquel, Commentarii phytographici, i. (Lugd. Bat., 1839).
[2196] In Duncan’s Edinburgh New Dispensatory, ed. 2. 1804, Piper Cubeba is very briefly described, but with no allusion to its possessing any special medicinal properties. In the 6th edition of the same work (1811) it was altogether omitted. See also Murray’s System of Mat. Med. and Pharm. i. (1810) 266.
[2197] Dictionary of the Indian Islands, 1856. 117.—Mr. Crawfurd himself communicated to the Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal of 1818 (xiv. 32) a paper making known the “wonderful success” with which cubebs had been used in gonorrhœa.
[2198] We are indebted for some particulars under this head to our friends Mr. Binnendyk, of the Buitenzorg Botanical Garden near Batavia, and Dr. De Vry.
[2199] Straits Settlements Blue Book for 1872. 294. 338.—There are no statistics for showing the total import of cubebs into the United Kingdom.
[2200] They yielded to Schmidt 1·7 per cent. of oil and 3 per cent. of resin.
[2201] Figured in Nees von Esenbeck, Plantæ medicinales, Düsseldorf, i. (1828), tab. 22. A different figure is given by Miquel, Comment. phytogr. (1839), tab. 3.
[2202] De Candolle, Prod. xv. sect. i. 199; Hanbury in Pharm. Journ. iii. (1862) 205, with figure; also Science Papers, 247.
[2203] Im Herzen Afrikas, i. (1874) 507; ii. 399.
[2204] Pharm. Journ. xiv. (1855) 363.
[2205] Margry, Les navigations françaises et la révolution maritime du XIVᵉ au XVIᵉ siècle, 1867. 26.
[2206] Giovanni di Barros, l’Asia, i. (Venet. 1561) 80.
[2207] Lib. i. c. 22, p. 184 (1605).
[2208] Pharm. Journ. xiv. (1855) 198.
[2209] One cask of it was offered for sale in London as “Cubebs,” 11 Feb. 1858.
[2210] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen’s Med. Plants, part 18 (1877).
[2211] Matico is the diminutive of Mateo, the Spanish for Matthew.
[2212] Remarks on the efficacy of Matico as a styptic and astringent, 3rd ed., Lond. 1845.
[2213] Microscopic examination of the leaves, Pocklington, Pharm. Journ. v. (1874) 301.
[2214] As Messrs. Schimmel & Co., Leipzig, kindly informed me.—F. A. F..
[2215] Deviating only 0.7° in a column 50 mm. long.
[2216] Guibourt (et Planchon), Hist. des Drogues, ii. (1869) 278.—We are not acquainted with “artanthic acid.”
[2217] For a good figure, see Jacquin, Icones II. (1781-1793) tab. 210.
[2218] De Medicinâ Brasiliensi, lib. 4. c. 57.
[2219] Langgaard, Diccionario de Medicina domestica e popular, Rio de Janeiro, ii. (1865) 44.
[2220] Voyage to Jamaica I. (1707) 135, and tab. 88.
[2221] Exposition de 1867—Catalogue de M. José Triana, p. 14.
[2222] Seemann, Botany of the Herald, 1852-57. 85.
[2223] Bentham, Plantæ Hartwegianæ, Lon. 1839. 198.
[2224] Wiegand in American Journ. of Pharm. x. (1845) 10; also Proceedings of the Am. Pharm. Association, xxi. (1873) 441.
[2225] Prodromus, xvi. (1864) sect. 2. fasc. 1.
[2226] Probably not Q. Robur L.
[2227] De Candolle, Prodromus, xvi. sect. 2. fasc. i. 17.
[2228] Puschmann’s edition, quoted in the Appendix, i. 237.
[2229] Voyage dans l’Empire Othoman, ii. (1801), pl. 14-15.
[2230] Lib. 34. c. 26.
[2231] Geschichte der Chemie, ii. (1844) 51.
[2232] Published by the Hakluyt Society, Lond. 1866. 191.
[2233] Nearly the same name is still used in the Tamil, Telugu, Malayalim and Canarese languages.
[2234] Mat. Med. and Nat. Hist. of China, 1871. 100.
[2235] French writers, as Moquin-Tandon, distinguish the thick-walled galls of Cynips from the thin, capsular galls formed by Aphis, terming the former galles and the latter coques (shells).
[2236] There are many other varieties of oak gall, for descriptions of some of which, see Guibourt, Hist. des Drogues, ii. (1869) 292; and for information on the various gall-insects of the family Cynipsidæ and the excrescences they produce, consult a paper by Abl in Wittstein’s Vierteljahresschrift für prakt. Pharm. vi. (1857) 343-361.
[2237] Couche protectrice of Lacaze-Duthiers—Recherches pour servir à l’histoire des galles.—Ann. des Sciences Nat., Bot. xix. (1853) 273-354.
[2238] Consul Skene—Reports of H. M. Consuls, No. 1. 1872. 270.
[2239] For a figure, see Pharm. Journ. iii. (1844) 387. For the structure see Marchand, in the paper quoted at page 166, note 4, plate iii.
[2240] Analysis by Martius may be found in Liebig’s Ann. d. Pharm. xxi. (1837) 179.
[2241] From the returns quoted at page 333, note 3.
[2242] Zeitschrift des Oesterreichischen Apothekervereines, 1877. 14.
[2243] Fig. in Bentley and Trimen’s Medic. Plants, part 18 (1877).
[2244] Seemann, Flora Vitiensis, 1865-73. 210-215.
[2245] The natural woods having been nearly exhausted, the tree is now under culture in the island. Catalogue des produits des colonies françaises, Exposition de 1878, p. 332; they state there that the island of Nossi-bé, on the north-western coast of Madagascar, also supplies some sandal-wood.
[2246] Whether Santalum lanceolatum Br., a tree found throughout N. and E. Australia, and called sandal-wood by the colonists, is an object of trade, we know not.
[2247] Vincent, Commerce and Navigation of the Ancients, ii. (1807) 378.
[2248] Migne, Patrologiæ Cursus, series Græca, tom. 88. 446.
[2249] I. 222 in the work quoted in the Appendix.
[2250] They are 11 feet high and 9 feet wide, and richly carved out of sandal-wood; they were constructed for the temple of Somnath in Guzerat, once esteemed the holiest temple in India. On its destruction in a.d. 1025, the gates were carried off to Ghuzni in Afghanistan, where they remained until the capture of that city by the English in 1842, when they were taken back to India. They are now preserved in the citadel of Agra. For a representation of the gates, see Archæeologia, xxx. (1844) pl. 14.
[2251] Opera, Basil. 1536-39, Lib. de Gradibus, 369.
[2252] Liber Serapionis aggregatus in medicinis simplicibus, 1473.
[2253] Flückiger, Die Frankfurter Liste, Halle, 1873. 11.
[2254] Thus Milburn in his Oriental Commerce (1813) says—“ ... the deeper the colour, the higher is the perfume; and hence the merchants sometimes divide sandal into red, yellow, and white, but these are all different shades of the same colour, and do not arise from any difference in the species of the tree.”—(i. 291.)
[2255] Ramusio, Navigationi et Viaggi, etc., Venet. 1554. fol. 357 b., Libro di Odoardo Barbosa Portoghese.
[2256] The Rates of Marchandizes, Lond. 1635.
[2257] B. H. Baden Powell, Report on the Administration of the Forest Department in the several provinces under the Government of India, 1872-73, Calcutta, 1874. vol i. 27.
[2258] Report of the Administration of the Madras Presidency during the year 1872-73, Madras, 1874. 18. 143.
[2259] Beddome, Flora Sylvatica for Southern India, 1872. 256.
[2260] Scott in Journ. of Agricult. and Horticult. Soc. of India, Calcutta, vol. ii. part 1 (1871) 287.
[2261] Elliot, Experiences of a Planter in the Jungles of Mysore, ii. (1871) 237; also verbal information communicated by Capt. Campbell Walker, Deputy Conservator of Forests, Madras.
[2262] Millett, An Australian Parsonage, Lond., 1872, 43. 95. 382.
[2263] Straits Settlements Blue Book for 1872, Singapore, 1873. 298. 347.—It is possible that the sandal-wood in question may have been the produce of the South Sea Islands, shipped from an Australian port.
[2264] Op. cit.
[2265] Information obligingly communicated by Messrs. Schimmel and Co., Leipzig (1878).
[2266] Dr. Bidie, in Pharmacopœia of India, 1868, p. 461.
[2267] Reports on Trade at the ports in China open to foreign trade for 1866, published by order of the Inspector-General of Customs, Shanghai, 1867. 120. 121.—One pecul = 133⅓ lb.
[2268] Commercial Reports of H. M. Consuls in China for 1871 (p. 50) and 1872 (pp. 62. 159).
[2269] From the official document quoted at p. 601, note 1.
[2270] See p. 333, note 3.
[2271] Geschichte der Chemie, iv. (1847) 392.
[2272] Botanische Zeitung, 1863.
[2273] Pringsheim, Jahrb. für wissenschaftl. Botanik. 1866.
[2274] Beiträge zur Pflanzenphysiologie, Leipzig, 1868. 119.
[2275] Botanische Zeitung, 1859. 329.
[2276] The account here given is taken from F. L. Olmsted’s Journey in the Seaboard Slave States, New York, 1856, p. 338, etc.
[2277] For further particulars, see Guibourt, Hist. des drog. ii. (1869) 259, also Curie, Produits résineux du Pin maritime. Paris 1874. 24 pages, 1 plate; Matthieu, Flore forestière 1860, p. 353.
[2278] For some particulars, see my notice in the Jahresbericht of Wiggers and Husemann for 1869, p. 36.—F. A. F.
[2279] Flückiger in loc. cit. 1867. 36.—Most chemists assign to this acid the formula C₂₀H₃₀O₂, and call it silvic acid.
[2280] Annual Statement of the Trade of the U.K. for 1872. pp. 53. 56. 60. 210.
[2281] Lib. i. cap. 92.
[2282] Comment. in libr. i. Dioscoridis, Venetiis, 1565. 106.
[2283] De medicina veteri et nova etc., Basileæ, 1571. 183.
[2284] Botanische Zeitung, xvii. (1859) 329, abstracted in the Jahresbericht of Wiggers, 1859. 18.
[2285] On one occasion I observed Venice Turpentine in a public drug sale in London, 21 barrels imported from Trieste being offered, 14 July, 1864.—D. H.
[2286] Lectures on the Materia Medica, Lond. ii. (1770) 398.
[2287] Thus if a thin layer of true Venice turpentine and another of common turpentine be spread on two sheets of paper it will be found after the lapse of some weeks that the former cannot be touched without adhering to the fingers, while the latter will have become a dry, hard varnish.
[2288] Herball, enlarged by Johnson, Lond. 1636. 1366.
[2289] Proceedings of the Royal Society, xi. (1862) 404.
[2290] Phil. Trans., vol. 152 (1862) 53.—We write the name Larixin instead of Larixine, with the concurrence of Dr. Stenhouse.
[2291] Asa Gray, Botany of the Northern United States, New York, 1866. 422.
[2292] Flückiger, Pharm. Journ. vi. (1876), 1021.
[2293] De balsamis et præsertim de Balsamo Canadense, Helsingforsiæ, 1849,—abstracted in the Jahresbericht of Wiggers for 1849. 38.
[2294] From information obligingly communicated by Mr. N. Mercer of Montreal and Mr. H. Sugden Evans of London.—See also Proc. Am. Pharm. Assoc., 1877, page 337, abstracted in Ph. Jour. viii. (1878) 813.
[2295] Proceedings of the American Pharmaceutical Association, Philadelphia, 1873. 119—also 1874. 433.
[2296] Sapin in French; Weisstanne or Edeltanne in German.
[2297] Pharmacologia, Lond. 1693. 395.
[2298] See Morel, Ph. Jour. viii. (1877) 21.
[2299] Hence it is sometimes called in French Térébenthine au citron.
[2300] Wiggers and Husemann, Jahresbericht, 1868. 53.
[2301] Pesse or Epicéa of the French; Fichte or Rothtanne of the Germans.
[2302] Theater of Plants, 1640. 1542.
[2303] Compleat English Physician, 1693. 1031.
[2304] Hist. des Drogues, Paris, 1694. part i. 287.
[2305] Chabræus in his Stirpium Sciagraphia (1666) remarks that he had seen the Pesse (P. Abies L.) in great plenty “in Burgundicis montibus,” yet makes no particular allusion to its yielding resin.
[2306] Pharm. Journ. ix. (1876) 164; also in Hanbury’s Science Papers, pp. 46 to 53.
[2307] Oesterreichischer Ausstellungs-Bericht, x. (Wien, 1868) 471.
[2308] I spent several days in the localities in 1873.—F. A. F.
[2309] Traité des Arbres, etc. i. (1775) 12.
[2310] Collected by myself.—F. A. F.
[2311] Jahresbericht of Wiggers and Husemann for 1867. 37.
[2312] Jahresbericht of Wiggers and Husemann for 1867. 37.
[2313] Liebig, Annalen der Chemie u. Pharmacie, Suppl. v.(1867) 229.
[2314] We may suppose that the authors of the French Codex were not of this opinion, inasmuch as in making Eau de Goudron, they order that the liquid obtained by the first maceration of the tar, shall be thrown away.
[2315] Consul Walker, Report on the Trade of North and South Carolina—Consular Reports presented to Parliament, May, 1872.
[2316] Théâtre d’Agriculture, Paris, 1600. 941.
[2317] Theatrum Botanicum, 1033.
[2318] Hist. des Drogues, Paris, 1694. part i. chap. xii. xiv.
[2319] Schübeler, Culturpflanzen Norwegens, Christiania, 1873-1875. 140, with fig.
[2320] Artsneybuch, Königsberg, 1556. 35.
[2321] Valmont de Bomare, Dict. d’Hist. nat. ii. (1775) 45.
[2322] The gin distilled in Holland is flavoured with Juniper berries, yet, as we are told, but very slightly, only 2 lb. being used to 100 gallons.
[2323] According to Messrs. Schimmel & Co. (see p. 306, note 2.)
[2324] Cap. lxx. (Bubus medicamentum).
[2325] Cockayne, Leechdoms, etc., of Early England, ii. (1865) xii.
[2326] Choulant, Macer Floridus de viribus herbarum, Lipsiæ, 1832. 48.... “Duplum si desunt cinnama poni in medicamentis iubet Oribasius auctor.”