[2467] Canticles, ch. iv. 14.
[2468] Lassen, Indische Alterthumskunde, iii. (1857) 52.
[2469] Istachri, Buch der Länder, übersetzt von Mordtmann, 87. 93. 124. 126; Edrisi, Géographie, trad. par Jaubert, 168. 192.
[2470] Bretschneider, Chinese Botanical Works, Foochow, 1870. 15.
[2471] Le Calendrier de Cordoue de l’année 961, Leyde, 1873. 33. 109.
[2472] Conrad et Waldmann, Traité du Safran du Gâtinais, Paris, 1846. (23 pages;—no authority quoted).
[2473] De Mas Latrie, Hist. de l’ile de Chypre, iii. 498.
[2474] Bourquelot, Foires de la Champagne, Mém. de l’Acad. des inscript. et belles-lettres de l’Institut, v. (1865) 286.
[2475] Groves, Pharm. Journ. vi. (1875) 215.
[2476] Inzenga, in Annali d’ Agricoltura Siciliana, i. (1851) 51.
[2477] Tragus, De Stirpium, etc. 1552, p. 763; Ochs, Geschichte der Stadt und Landschaft Basel, iii. (1819) 189.
[2478] Morant, Hist. and Antiq. of Essex, ii. (1768) 545.
[2479] The other sorts are “Safren Calulome” and “Safren Noort.”—Archives générales du Pas de Calais, quoted by Dorvault, Revue pharmaceutique de 1858. p. 58.
[2480] Pharm. Journ. vi. (1876) 1023.
[2481] Douglass, Phil. Trans. Nov. 1728. 566.
[2482] Description of Essex, Camden Society, 1840. 8.
[2483] Morant, op. cit.; Lysons, Magna Britannia, vol. ii. pt. i. (1808) 36. Lysons records that at Fulbourn, a village near Cambridge, there had been no tithe of saffron since 1774.
[2484] Bonaini, Statuti inediti della città di Pisa dal xii. al xiv. secolo, iii. (1857) 101.
[2485] Riley, Memorials of London and London Life in the 13th, 14th, and 15th centuries, 1868. 120.
[2486] De la Mare, Traité de la Police, Paris, iii. (1719) 428.
[2487] J. F. Roth, Geschichte des Nürnbergischen Handels, 1800-1802, iv. 221.
[2488] Eight lots of saffron weighing in toto 61 lb., dried at various times during the course of nine years, lost 7 lb. 2¼ oz., i.e. 11·7 per cent.—(Laboratory records of Messrs. Allen & Hanburys, Plough Court, Lombard Street.)
[2489] Wiggers and Husemann, Jahresbericht for 1868. 35.
[2490] Bulletin de la Société impériale d’acclimatation, Avril, 1869.
[2491] Mém. de l’Acad. des Sciences, 1728. p. 100.
[2492] Etude micrographique de la maladie du Safran, connue sous le nom de tacon.
[2493] Statistical Tables relating to Foreign Countries (Blue Book) 1870. 286. 289.
[2494] Dumesnil, l. c.
[2495] Bellew, From the Indus to the Tigris, Lond. 1874. 304.
[2496] Hügel, Kaschmir, ii. (1840) 274.—Powell, Punjab Products, i. (1868) 449.—Pharm. Journ. vi. (1875) 279.
[2497] Proc. of the American Pharm. Assoc. 1866. 254.
[2498] Annual Statement of the Trade and Navigation of the Presidency of Bombay for 1872-73. pt. ii. 30.
[2499] Science Papers, 368.
[2500] Bentley and Trimen, Medic. Plants, part 21 (1877).
[2501] On the study of Chinese botanical works, Foochow, 1870. 27.
[2502] J. J. Berlu, The Treasury of Drugs Unlocked, London, 1724, no doubt had before him the areca nuts in speaking of “Nuces indicæ (see also p. 503, note 2), like a nutmeg in shape, in chewing turns red; it is said they will make one drunk ... but I could never find it.”
[2503] Ceylon Blue Books.
[2504] From the returns quoted at p. 571, note 5.
[2505] Beautifully figured by Blume, Rumphia, ii. (1836) tab. 131-132.
[2506] Description of the Coasts of East Africa and Malabar (Hakluyt Society), 1866. 30. 191-197.
[2507] Knowledge possessed by the Chinese of the Arabs, etc., 1871.
[2508] Pars. v. (1747) 114-115. tab. 58.
[2509] Rumphia, iii. (1847) 9. tab. 131. 132.
[2510] Phil. Trans. 1839. 134; 1840. 384.
[2511] Gmelin, Chemistry, xvii. (1866) 387.
[2512] Gmelin, Chemistry, xvii. 388; also Annalen der Chemie, cxx. (1861) 68.
[2513] Low, Sarawak, its inhabitants and productions, 1848. 43.
[2514] The present price, £3 to £11 per cwt., sufficiently indicates this.
[2515] Voyage of Nearchus and Periplus of the Erythrean Sea, translated by Vincent, Oxford, 1809. 90.
[2516] Sontheimer’s ed. i. 104. 426. ii. 117.
[2517] L’Asia, sec. deca. Venet. 1561. p. 10. a.
[2518] Travels in Arabia, Lond. 1838. ii. 449.
[2519] Pharm. Journ. xii. (1853) 385.
[2520] Aegypten, Leipzig, 1863.
[2521] On Hildebrandt’s East African Plants, Journ. of Bot. xv. (1877) 71.
[2522] Histological observations on the structure of the stem, accompanied by excellent figures, will be found in a memoir by Rauwenhoff (Bijdrage tot de kennis van Dracæna Draco, pp. 55. tabb. 5) in the Verhand. d. Kon. Acad. v. Wetensch., afd. Natuurk. x. 1863.
[2523] It was destroyed in 1867 by a hurricane.
[2524] Ramusio, Raccolta delle Navigationi et Viaggi, Venet. i. 97.
[2525] Kunstmann, Abhandlungen der Baierischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, vii. (1855) 342. et seq.
[2526] Teutsche Speiskammer, Strassburg, 1550. ciiii.
[2527] Rariorum Stirpium Historia, Antv. 1576. 520.
[2528] Hortus medicus et philosophicus, Francof. 1588. 5.
[2529] Treasury of Drugs, ed. ii. 1724. 115.
[2530] See also Trimen in Journ. of Botany, ix. (1871) 163.
[2531] Mat. Med. of Hindoostan, Madras, 1813. 54.
[2532] Exod. xxx. 23; Cant. iv. 14; Ezek. xxvii. 19.—See also page 715, footnote 2.
[2533] In Diosc. de Mat. Med. Enarrationes, Argent. 1554. 33.
[2534] Hortus Malabar, xi (1692) tab. 48. 49.
[2535] Flückiger, Documente (quoted page 562), 78.
[2536] Apparatus Medicaminum, v. 40.
[2537] This was possibly alluded to by Albertus Magnus (a.d. 1193-1280), who says:—(Calamus aromaticus)—nascitur in India et Ethiopia sub cancro, et habet interius ex parte concava “pellem subtilem, sicut telæ sunt aranearum.”—De Vegetabilibus, Jessen’s ed. 1867. 376. We suppose the drug under notice was intended.
[2538] Hence the practice of peeling the rhizome which prevails in some parts of the Continent ought to be abandoned.
[2539] From the Syriac Alwai.
[2540] Aloë arborescens, A. purpurascens, and A. vulgaris may be seen luxuriantly growing in Valencia, Granada, Gibraltar.
[2541] Dyer in Gardeners’ Chronicle, May 2, 1874, with figures.
[2542] Good figures of Aloë africana, A. arborescens, A. ferox, A. purpurascens, A. socotrina, and A. vulgaris will be found in the work Monographia generis Aloës et Mesembryanthemi, auctore Jos. Principe de Salm-Reifferscheid-Dyck, Bonnae, 1836-1863. fol.
[2543] Floræ Capensis Medicæ Prodromus, ed. 2, 1857. 41.
[2544] In the above revision of the medicinal species of Aloë we have made free use of the observations on the same subject mentioned in the Dictionnaire de Botanique. We have also had the advantage of consulting W. Wilson Saunders, Esq., F.R.S., whose long familiarity with these plants in cultivation impart great weight to his opinion.
[2545] Géographie d’Edrisi, i. (1836) 47.
[2546] Marco Polo, ii. 343.
[2547] Anciennes Relations des Indes et de la Chine de deux Voyageurs Mahométans, qui y allèrent dans le neuvième siècle, traduites de l’Arabe, Paris, 1718. 113.
[2548] Tome iii. 36.—See Appendix.
[2549] Alexander Trallianus, in Puschmann’s edition (quoted in the Appendix), i. 578, speaks of Αλόης ὴπατίτιὸυς—Aloë hepatica.
[2550] See p. 439. note 1.
[2552] Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, East Indies, China and Japan, 1513-1616, Lond. 1862.
[2553] Journ. of the Roy. Geograph. Soc. v. (1835) 129-229.
[2554] History of Barbadoes, Lond. 1673. 98.
[2555] Dale’s Pharmacologia (1693) 361.
[2556] Thunberg, Travels in Asia, Europe and Africa, ii. 49. 50.
[2557] Fig. in Royle, Illustr. of the Himalayan Bot. etc. (1839) tab. 36. See also Dictionnaire de Botanique.
[2558] Hanbury, Science Papers, 1876. 263; also Flückiger, Die Frankfurter Liste, Halle, 1873. 37. (Archiv der Pharm. cci. 511).—For full historical information see Heyd, Levantehandel, ii. (1879), 559.
[2559] The cells lettered e in Berg’s figure C, plate iv. f. of his “Offizinelle Gewächse.”
[2560] The cells d, in Berg’s figure.
[2561] This central pulpy tissue is quite tasteless, and is actually used as food in times of scarcity in some parts of India.—Stewart, Punjab Plants, 1869. 232.
[2562] For the particulars we here give respecting Barbados aloes, we have cordially to thank Sir R. Bowcher Clarke, Chief Justice of Barbados, and also Major-General Munro, stationed (1874) at Barbados in command of troops.
[2563] Some extremely fine Barbados aloes in the London market in 1842 was said to have been manufactured in a vacuum-pan.
[2564] Oudemans, Handleiding tot de Pharmacognosie, 1865. 316.
[2565] Under date May 7, 1871, addressed to myself.—D. H.
[2566] Visit to Mauritius and South Africa, 1844. 157, also 121.
[2567] As Macer Floridus in the 10th century, who writes:—
[2568] Thus the pale, liver-coloured aloes of Natal is invariably associated with the transparent Cape Aloes, simply from the fact that the two drugs have a similar smell. Again, the aloes of Curaçao is at once recognized by its odour, which an experienced druggist pronounces to be quite different from that of the aloes produced in Barbados.
[2569] The average loss as estimated in the drying of 560 lb., upon several occasions, was about 14 per cent.—Laboratory statistics, communicated by Messrs. Allen and Hanburys, London.
[2570] Statement of the Trade and Navigation of the Presidency of Bombay for 1871-72, pt. ii. 19.
[2571] We have to thank J. W. Akerman, Esq., of Pietermaritzburg, for the foregoing information as to the manufacture of this drug.
[2572] Blue Books for the Colony of Natal for 1868, 1869, 1870, 1871, 1872.
[2573] The average yield of aqueous extract made by the pharmacopœia process from commercial Socotrine aloes containing about 14 per cent. of water, was found from the record of five experiments, in which 179 lb. were used, to be 62·7 per cent. Barbados aloes, which is always much drier, afforded on an average 80 per cent.
[2574] Most beautiful specimens have been presented to each of us by these gentlemen.
[2575] Pharm. Journ. April 28, 1872. 845.—See also Nov. 5, 1870. 375.
[2576] The best crystals can be got by this solvent.
[2577] Flückiger, Crystalline Principles in Aloes,—Pharm. Journ. September 2, 1871. 195.
[2578] Rapidly fading in the case of barbaloïn, but permanent with nataloïn unless heat be applied.
[2579] These reactions may be sometimes got even with the crude drugs.
[2580] Pharm. Journ. Sept. 21, 1872. 235.
[2581] By R. V. Tuson, London, 1869.
[2582] Journ. of Linn. Soc., Bot., xiii. (1872) 221.—The genus Urginea has flat, discoid seeds, while in Scilla proper they are triquetrous. The name Urginea was given in allusion to the Algerian tribe Ben Urgin, near Bona, where Steinheil (1834) examined this plant.
[2583] Haller, Bibliotheca botanica, i. 12.
[2584] We have found that the slimy juice of the leaves of Agapanthus umbellatus Hérit., which is very rich in spicular crystals, also occasions when rubbed on the skin both itching and redness, lasting for several hours.
[2585] This is the name applied to the lævogyrate uncrystallizable glucose produced, together with crystallizable dextro-glucose, by decomposing cane-sugar by means of dilute acids.
[2586] In 1834 first proposed, by Marquart, for inulin.
[2587] In Greece they have even attempted to manufacture alcohol by fermenting and distilling squill bulbs.—Heldreich, Nutzpflanzen Griechenlands, 1862. 7.
[2588] Reprinted from the Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft der Aerzte zu Wien, No. 42 (1864). Abstracted also in Canstatt’s Jahresbericht 1864. 19, and 1865. 238.
[2589] Pappe, Floræ Medicæ Capensis Prodromus, ed. 2, 1857. 41.
[2590] Supplement to the Pharmacopœia of India, Madras, 1869. 250.
[2591] Saunders, Refugium Botanicum, iii. (1870) appendix, p. 12.
[2592] Suppl. to the Pharm. of India, 250.
[2593] Pappe, op. cit. 42.
[2594] Those who wish to study the question, can consult Murray’s Apparatus Medicaminum. vol. v. (1790) 142-146.
[2595] Beitr. zur gerichtl. Chemie, St Petersb., 1872. 95.
[2596] For good specimens of which I am indebted to Dr. Weppen.—F. A. F.
[2597] The name Green Hellebore is sometimes applied to this drug, but it properly belongs to Helleborus viridis L., which is medicinal in some parts of Europe.
[2598] Sims in contrasting Veratrum viride with V. album observes that the flowers of the former are “more inclined to a yellow green,” the petals broader and more erect, with the margins, especially about the claw, thickened and covered with a white mealiness. Bot. Mag. xxvii. (1808) tab. 1096.—Regel has described four varieties of Veratrum album L., as occurring in the region of the Lower Ussuri and Amurland, one of which, var. γ., he has identified with the American V. viride.—Tentamen Floræ Ussuriensis, St. Petersb. 1761. 153.
[2599] New England’s Rarities discovered, Lond. 1672. 43; also Account of two Voyages to New England, Lond., 1674, 60. 76.
[2600] Travels in North America, vol. ii. (1771) 91.
[2601] Am. Journ. of Pharm. iv. (1839) 89.
[2602] Proc. of Am. Pharm. Assoc. 1862. 226.
[2603] Ibid., 1877. 439. 523.
[2604] Cutter, Lancet, Jan. 4, Aug. 16, 1862; Pharm. Journ. iv. (1863) 134.
[2605] American Medical Botany, ii. (1819) 121-136.
[2606] Cours d’Hist. Nat. Pharm. i. (1828) 319.
[2607] Medizinische Jahrbücher, xix. (Vienna, 1863) 129-148.
[2608] Buchner’s Repertorium für Pharmacie, xviii. (1868) 50; also Wiggers and Husemann’s Jahresbericht, xviii. 1868. 505.
[2609] Berg u. Schmidt, Offiz. Gewächse, i. (1858) tab. ix. e. “Sabadilla officinarum.”
[2610] Ernst, communication to the Linnean Society of London, 15 Dec., 1870.
[2611] Veratrum Sabadilla Retzius is stated by Lindley (Flora Medica, p. 586) to be a native of Mexico and the West Indian Islands, and to furnish a portion of the cebadilla seeds of commerce. The plant is unknown to us: we have searched for it in vain in the herbaria of Kew and the British Museum. It is not mentioned as West Indian by Grisebach (Flor. of Brit. W. I. Islands, 1864; Cat. Plant. Cubensium, 1866). The figure by Descourtilz (Flor. méd. des Antilles, iii. 1827. t. 1859) who had the plant growing at St. Domingo, shows it to resemble Veratrum album L., and therefore to be very different from Asagræa.
[2612] Murray, Apparatus Medicaminum, v. (1790) 171; Mérat and De Lens, Dict. Mat. Méd. vi. (1834) 862.
[2613] Peyrilhe, Cours. d’Hist. Nat. Méd. ii. (1804) 490.
[2614] So called from Schlechtendal’s name for the plant, Veratrum officinale.
[2615] His description is exact, except that he declares the corm to have a sweet taste, which seems not true for Colchicum autumnale, but may be so for some other species.