68. On treatment of captives: Hodge, Handbook, I, 203, and, in addition, Smith, Account of Remarkable Occurrences, passim.

69. In this year the Chickasaws destroyed the French Ft. Massac on the Ohio, near the mouth of Tennessee River, in the Illinois Country. Alvord and Carter, New Regime, 132.

70. On the Chickasaws (led by Piomingo, the “Mountain Leader” referred to as “leader” by Adair) in this campaign, and their great aid to the British: Williams, Early Travels in the Tennessee Country, 216, and his Beginnings of West Tennessee, 29.

71. See the Cherokees’ reception of Sir Alexander Cuming, described by Cuming: Williams, Early Travels in the Tennessee Country, 135 et seq.

72. See Jones, Antiquities of the Southern Indians, 370, 500, 505, 514, 521; Harrington, Cherokee Remains on Upper Tennessee, 77, 82, 136, 286; and for gems found in the Cherokee Country, Williams, Memoirs of Timberlake, 73.

73. The literature on the American Indians is fully corroborative.

74. A gourd or calabash set with gems was a mark of sacerdotal dignity among the ancients of Mexico. (Kingsborough.)

75. The ancients of Mexico also had a superstitious regard for the eagle, whose effigy they emblazoned on their shields. (Lord Kingsborough.)

76. Natchez Indians, as refugees among the Chickasaws after the wars with the French.

77. There was a similar superstition as to the power of witches—that they could assume animal forms. Kingsborough, Antiquities of Mexico, VI, 121. Supplementing incantations, the Indians resorted to the regimen of abstinence, but also to herbs. Among these: lobelia, sassafras, white nettle, swamp-lily, may-apple, ginseng, white-root, wild senna, etc. The best list and account is by Mooney, Sacred Formulas, 322 et seq. See others mentioned by Adair, on p. 388 post.

78. The Jews waited seven months. (Kingsborough.)

79. For illustrations of scaffolds, Hodge, Handbook, I, 946.

80. To same effect: Jones, Antiquities of Southern Indians, 202, citing Brickell’s Natural History of North Carolina, 380; and see Swanton, Lower Tribes, 365. Starr, a Cherokee historian, says that these aboriginal burial customs were abandoned for those of the white race, by 1800. Early History of the Cherokees, 20.

81. Bartram, practically in accord, describes the burial customs of the Creeks. Travels, 514; and see Roman, A Concise Natural History of East and West Florida, 71, 89; Bossu, Travels, I, 257.

82. Mourning customs varied in different tribes. See, generally, Hodge, Handbook, 951, and Swanton, Early Creeks, 372 et seq. Twelve months was the period for the widow’s mourning among the Chickasaws. Cushman, History of the Indians, 497.

83. Confirmed by Juan Morfi in his History of Province of Texas. (Kingsborough.)

84. In accord: Lawson’s History of Carolina, 187.

85. Swanton, Early Creeks, 13.

86. This fact is confusing to a researcher. For example, three names, each at various stages of their careers, were borne by the Cherokee chiefs Attakullakulla and Ostenaco.

87. Schoolcraft, Information Indian Tribes, I, 309 et seq., gives the story as told by old men of the Chickasaws: That tribe came from the West; a part of the tribe remaining in the West. The migrants carried a pole which they planted in the ground at night, and the next morning they would go in the direction it was found to be leaning. They continued eastward across the Mississippi until they arrived at Chickasaw Old Fields, where, the pole standing erect, they settled. Cushman (History of the Choctaw, etc., Indians, 62) gives the same tradition as being handed down by old men to missionaries in 1820, and that the Indians at the time named the “great water” Misha Sipokni (the Mississippi). Buttrick gives a migration legend of the Chickasaws coming from the West across a great river; and the tradition fixes the crossing place at the bluffs, later known as the Chickasaw Bluffs, on one of which stands the city of Memphis.

88. Consult Swanton, Lower Tribes, 252.

89. Lord Kingsborough’s comment: This criticism from a person wholly ignorant of the Spanish language, as was Adair, cannot carry weight. Adair did not know that many of the Spanish monks and friars advocated his theory of the Indians being descendants from the Jews. Had he been, it is probable that he would have spoken more respectfully of them.

90. The reference here, doubtless, is to Colden’s use of yo-ha-han in his book on the Northern Indians. Boudinot, in the Star of the West, 234, says: “The Indians to the northward are said by Mr. Colden, a laborious sensible writer, to repeat yo-ha-han, which, if true, evinces that their corruption advances in proportion as they are distant from South America. It was a material, or rather an essential, mistake to write yo-ha-han, as it is confounding two religious words together. Mr. Adair was assured by Sir William Johnson, as well as by Rev. Mr. Ogilvie, a missionary with the Mohawks, that the Northern Indians always pronounced the words of their songs, y-ho-he, a or ah; and so Mr. Colden altered them in the second edition of his history.”

91. The reference is to Girolamo Benzoni, and his book, La Historia del Mondo Nuovo, published in Venice, 1572.

92. Kingsborough says that the Mexicans had a name for God—Tezcatlipca.

93. Kingsborough says that Adair’s dislike of Romanists leads to unfair comments on their historians; and wonders what translation of Roman Adair could have consulted in which it was possible to find so great an absurdity as is here stated on Roman’s authority.

94. Kingsborough points out a mistake in the insertion of “not,” p. 370, n. 44.

95. Adair was ignorant of the nature of the llama, to which species of animals the Spaniards gave the name “sheep.” (Kingsborough, n. 47.)

96. Published his Noticias Americanas in 1772, but seems not to be rated high on the history of the very early Indians. Adair’s reference to this work, published only three years before his own, shows that his MSS. must have been added to, and perhaps after he reached London, for the purpose of bringing it out.

97. The reference is to Thomas Thorowgood’s book entitled “Jews in America, or Probabilities, that those Indians are Judaical, made more probable by some Additionals to the former Conjectures. An Accurate Discourse is promised by Mr. John Elliot, (who first preached the gospel to the Natives in their own Language) touching their Origination, and his Vindication of the Planters. Sm. 4th, London: Printed for Henry Brome at the Gun in Ivie-Lane. 1660.” The book is rare, selling for $200.00 a copy in 1930.

98. Lord Kingsborough, note 51, calls attention to the well-known fact that William Penn, founder of Pennsylvania, entertained the same belief. The children of the Indians reminded Penn of the children of Jews in their quarter of London, known as Old Jewry.

99. See note p. 210 ante.

100. Kingsborough adds: “Pedro Simon observes that it was customary amongst some of the Indian Tribes for men, after the confinement of their wives, to feign sickness and to receive visitors reclining in bed.” Note 57, p. 374. The same thing is noticed by a later writer.

101. This is the theory at this day held by leading ethnologists. Two curious statements appear in Boudinot’s Star of the West, p. 235: “Charlevoix, in his history of Canada, says that Father Grillon often told him that, after having labored sometimes in the missions in Canada, he returned to France, and went to China. One day, as he was traveling through Tartary, he met a Huron woman whom he had formerly known in Canada. She told him that, having been taken in war, she had been conducted from nation to nation till she arrived at the place where she then was. There was another missionary, passing by Nantz on his return from China, who related the like story of a woman he had seen from Florida in America. She informed him that she had been taken by certain Indians and given to those of a distant country; and by these again to another nation till she had been thus successively passed from country to country; had traveled regions exceedingly cold, and at last found herself in Tartary, and had there married a Tartar who had passed with the conquerors into China and there settled.”

102. Lord Kingsborough ends his reprint and comments here, and concludes by saying that, while Adair had proved his ignorance of the genuine writings of the Spanish historians, yet their frequent agreement with his own relation of facts confirms his veracity.

103. The best accounts of the Catawbas are those of two masters in the field of the history of Southern Indians, Mooney (Siouan Tribes of the East, 67-88) and Gatschet (Migration Legend of the Creeks, 15). John Lederer was among them in 1669-70, and describes them as “a cruel generation and prey upon people”; their women “delight much in feather ornaments, of which they have great variety; but hold Peacocks in most esteem because rare in those parts; the men are more effeminate and lazy.” Discoveries (1672), Harpel reprint (1879), p. 24. Lawson was among them in 1701, and gives them the name of Kadaqua. History of North Carolina, 71 et seq.; and Wm. Byrd in his History of the Dividing Line has several references to them. Their country was on the border of the two Carolinas, on the Catawba River. A remnant still resides in York County, S. C.

104. The great trading path from Virginia to Georgia passed through the country of the Catawbas, and was known as the “Catawba Path.” This brought the tribe into close contact with the whites, which was unfortunate for the redmen, as it tended to their enfeeblement and decline.

105. See accordant comments of Lederer, as early as 1670, in note above.

106. One of several attempts of the governments of South Carolina and Georgia to persuade the Chickasaws, hard pressed by the French and their Choctaw allies, to leave their own country and settle on the Savannah River. In 1742 Gov. Bull, of South Carolina, warned Lord Wilmington that French policy looked to the extirpation of the Chickasaws. The effort to use Adair’s influence on his friends, the Chickasaws, must have been about 1748, when Vaudreuil was concerting plans to attack them, as he did in 1752. The Chickasaws were, indeed, sorely pressed, and their plea went to the “King of Carolina” for the return to the nation of the Eastern Chickasaws then living on the Savannah, in order “to enable us to keep our land. ... We hope you will think of us in our poverty, as we have not had the liberty of hunting for three years. We have had enough to do to defend our lands and prevent our women and children being made slaves of the French.” S. C. Archives (1756) 5 Indian Book, 123. Two years before (1754) the Cherokees, induced by the English of South Carolina, actually sent a delegation to the Chickasaws “in order to escort the remains of that brave people into the Cherokee nation.” All persuasion was resisted, and the Chickasaws held their beloved land.

107. The boundary of the Eastern Chickasaws, mentioned in a preceding note, was described by their chiefs in 1797, while in treaty at Chickasaw Bluff, site of Memphis: “ten miles square of lands in the State of South Carolina, opposite Augusta on the Savannah River and Horse Creek,” a plat of which was, they said, in the possession of the Secretary of War. This band located there about the end of the Oglethorpe campaign against St. Augustine.

108. The South Carolina government urged that of New York to check these attacks; and, in 1750, Governor James Glen threatened to offer a reward for the killing of any Northern Indian in the limits of South Carolina. The next year peace between the two nations was effected at the Albany Conference.

109. Lawson in 1701: They were “a very large nation, containing many thousand people.” History of North Carolina (1903 ed.) p. 20.

110. The name as given by Gallatin (Archaeologia Americana, II, 90) is, properly, Tsalakies. Mooney goes more into detail: “In the Lower dialect, with which the English settlers first became familiar, the form is Tsa-ragi. In the other dialects the form is Tsa-lagi.” Myths, 182; with Gatschet in accord, Migration Legend, 24. De Soto chroniclers wrote it: Chalaque. The present standard form, Cherokee, dates back at least to 1708. Mooney says (Myths, 15) that the name by which the Cherokees call themselves is Yunwiya, signifying “real or principal people”; and that on ceremonial occasions they frequently speak of themselves as the Kituhwagi (or Cuttawa). The Tennessee River was in very early times called the Cussate (Moll Map, 1715).

111. Mooney says seemingly refers to the fact that the tribe occupied a cave country; followed by Hodge, Handbook, I, 245, “cave people.” But Starr, the Cherokee historian, agrees with Adair: A-che (fire) ahgi (he takes). Early History, 7.

112. Gatschet: Otari (above) Erati (low). Mooney, Otari or Atari (mountain).

113. Among the traders in 1730-35 were: Anthony Deane, said to have been a learned man, Cornelius Dougherty, Eleazar Wiggan, Alexander Long, Ludovick Grant, a man of intelligence and influence, David Dowie, Joseph Cooper and Gregory Haines.

114. In 1715 Col. Chicken was assured that the Valley Towns alone had by count 2,370 fighting men, one-half the number equipped with guns.

115. Of 1760-61.

116. Compare the accordant account of DeBrahm in Williams, Early Travels in the Tennessee Country, 193; also 477.

117. Flowing towards territory claimed by the French. Thus, it seems, came also the name of French Broad River, in Western North Carolina and East Tennessee.

118. Also the Catawbas in the same and in the following year. On small-pox: Du Prazt, History, 305; Hamilton, Colonial Mobile, 209 et seq. In September, 1739, chiefs of the Cherokees complained that their people had been poisoned by bad rum brought in by traders, but on inquiry it was ascertained that unlicensed traders had during the preceding summer carried small-pox to their nation. Harris, Memorials of Oglethorpe, 214.

119. Guinea negroes.

120. The Indians made much use of the root of the white nettle, which because of its caustic and detergent properties, was used for cleansing ulcers and proud-flesh. Bartram’s Observations, 45. But the “mountain alum” appears to be cranesbill (geranium maculatum) an astringent, recognized as such by medical authorities today.

121. Hospital for sailors.

122. For map showing the upper part of this path, Williams, Early Travels in the Tennessee Country, 114.

123. Mooney, Myths, 459; Williams, Memoirs of Timberlake, 73.

124. The Ustitlu legend. Ibid.

125. The upper or Flanders Path is described by Crane, The Southern Frontier, 135.

126. By way of supplement to and corroboration of Adair, in respect of this very remarkable man, Christian Gottlieb Piber, who declared in a petition that he had a wife and four children in Saxony, the following brief account by Ludovick Grant is given, because not so well known as others. Priber landed at Charles Town, but, it seems, made his way to a district in the country. Grant says that Priber went from Amelia Township on Santee River into the Cherokee nation; that he called himself a German but was certainly an agent of the French; that he lived in the town of Telliquo (Great Tellico); that he trimmed his hair in the Indian manner and painted as they did, going, generally, naked, except for a shirt and flap; that he told the Cherokees that they had been tricked out of a great part of their lands, and in the future they should make no concessions, and should trade with the English and French alike, and they would then be courted by both. He proposed a new system of government, under which all things should be held in common; even their wives should be so, and the children looked upon as those of the public and taken care of as such. Priber urged that the “seat of government be moved nearer to the French at Coosawattee, where in ancient times a town stood belonging to the Cherokees; and that they should admit into their society Creeks and Catawbas, French and English, all colours and complexions; in short, all who were of their principles.” Priber wrote a letter to the South Carolina government, signed by him as “prime minister,” which opened the eyes of South Carolinians to the danger of his continuing longer among the Indians. Grant confirms Adair as to the journey to the Alabama Fort of the French on his way to Mobile and as to his arrest. “His negro who jumped into the river to make his escape, they shot dead.” Grant fixed the length of Priber’s stay as “about three years [Adair says five and the true period was six or seven years] among the Cherokees”—a “most notorious rogue and iniquitous fellow who if he had been permitted to live much longer in that country would undoubtedly have drawn that nation over to the French interest.” Relation, in S. C. Hist. Mag., X, 54. See also letter from Fredrica in S. C. Gazette of Aug. 15, 1743: “The Creek Indians have at last brought Mr. Priber prisoner here; he is a little ugly man, but speaks all languages fluently ... he talks very prophanely against all religions, but chiefly the Protestant; he was for setting up a town at the foot of the mountains among the Cherokees, which was to be a city of refuge for all criminals, debtors and slaves. ... There was a book found upon him in his own writing ready for the press, which he owns and glories in and believes it is by this time printed, but will not tell where, in which ... he lays down the rules of government which the town is to be governed by, to which he gives the title of Paradise. He enumerates many whimsical privileges and natural rights ... particularly dissolving marriages and allowing community of women and all kinds of licenciousness; the book is drawn up very methodically, and full of learned quotations; it is extremely wicked, yet has several flights full of invention, and it is a pity so much wit is applied to so bad a purpose.” A comparison of the “Red Empire” with the Russian Soviet of the present day is more than suggested. See further on Priber: Crane, A Lost Utopia, Sewanee Review, Jan’y, 1919; Mereness, Travels in the American Colonies, 248; Williams, Early Travels in the Tennessee Country, 154 et seq., and Mooney, Myths, 36.

127. Col. Fox. Before he was sent in Ludovick Grant had been commissioned to make the arrest. His Relation gives the account: “I sometime after went up into the Townhouse to try what could be done; but I found that he [Priber] was well apprized of my design and laughed at me, desiring me to try it, in so insolent a manner that I could hardly bear it.... After which Coll. Fox was sent up on the same service with several persons to attend and assist him; and, having endeavoured by several messages and letters to decoy and draw him out of Town, but all in vain, he at length laid hold of him in the Townhouse, for which he liked to have suffered. The Indians took it very much amiss and told him that as the Country was their own they might do what they thought proper ... wishing him [Fox] to get out of their Country directly.” S. C. Mag. of History, X, 54 et seq.

128. The subsequent history of the Cherokees corroborates Adair’s statement as to the attitude of the town of Great Tellico. It was there that Lantagnac plotted for the downfall of Ft. Loudoun. Williams, Early Travels in the Tennessee Country, 177.

129. Gov. James Glen, Adair’s dislike of whom is here and elsewhere fully apparent.

130. Gov. Wm. Henry Lyttleton.

131. Gov. Dinwiddie: “We have had 148 Cherokees, 124 Catawbas etc. at Fort Loudown [Winchester, Va.].... The Cherokees have been guilty of many disorders in marching through this Country and killed a Chickasaw Warrior.” Papers, II, 633, 641, 663, 673. Cherokees were used with good results as scouts; a party of six reported a sally of the French from Fort DuQuesne (Pittsburgh) and Col. George Washington (June, 1757) feared that Fort Cumberland would fall. Fernow, Ohio Valley in Colonial Days, 150 et seq. The Chickasaws also sent warriors to aid the British and Americans. They at Ft. Loudoun (in Virginia) were under Washington, who wrote of them: “Those Indians who are coming should be showed all possible respect, and the greatest care should be taken of them, as upon them much depends. It is a critical time, they are very humorsome, and their assistance very necessary. One false step might lose us all that, but even turn them against us.” Morton, Story of Winchester, 76.

132. On this occurrence consult Virginia House of Burgesses Journals, 1758-61, p. 6 et seq.; Koontz, The Virginia Frontier, 1754-1763, 92, and Carroll’s South Carolina Collection, II, 97.

133. For Lantagnac’s intrigues in behalf of the French: Williams, Early Travels in the Tennessee Country, 177 et seq.

134. They raided on the Yadkin River and threatened to attack the Moravian towns: Moravian Records, I, 232.

135. Probably the Eastern band on the Savannah River.

136. Incidents at Ft. Prince George in Upper South Carolina.

137. See for Georgiana, p. 484 M post.

138. Col. Archibald Montgomery succeeded to the title and peerage in October, 1769; thus is shown Adair’s revision of his work to that date, at least.

139. The retreat of Col. Montgomery led to the downfall of Fort Loudoun.

140. Under Col. Wm. Byrd III. The biting comment of Adair was justified. Williams, Memoirs of Lt. Timberlake, 14. Timberlake was with Byrd.

141. Adair was in active service as captain of the Eastern Chickasaws—but he modestly and barely refers to the fact. See the editor’s Introduction to this volume.

142. Edmund Atkins, formerly a Charles Town merchant, in partnership with John Atkins. S. C. Gazette, Oct. 4, 1746. He was, also, member of the Council of State in 1748.

143. Hamilton says that the true Indian name was Yaha Tasky Stonake, called by the English The Mortar and by the French Le Loup. Colonial Mobile, 229. He was under French influence, and gave the British and colonials much trouble because of his power among his people, the Creeks, and his influence with one element of the Overhill Cherokees in the fateful year 1760. See N. C. Col. Rec., VI, 259 et seq.; 313, as to his aiding in the downfall of Ft. Loudoun. After the surrender of the garrison, The Mortar was taken over the fort by the Cherokees and shown the “great guns”—the cannon. Before setting off to his own country The Mortar and his gang of Creeks broke into the Little Carpenter’s house and plundered it, evidently to punish the Cherokee chief for the part he had taken in behalf of the English. The Mortar was accompanied home by a group of the Cherokees. That he was influential, at the incitement of Lantagnac, in the downfall of Ft. Loudoun, is manifest.

144. This savage attack on Atkins occurred among the Creeks in the Alabama Country (Cussatah Town) Sept. 28, 1759. He was struck by a Cherokee on the head with a tomahawk but escaped without fatal injury. The intrigues of the French soon brought the Overhill Cherokees to flagrant outbreak against the English.

145. It has been suggested that The Mortar began the settlement to which resorted the disaffected of the Creeks and Cherokees—later known as Chickamaugas, always a lawless band, rather than a tribe.

146. The best authorities on the Creeks are Hawkins and Swanton, in the books cited ante and post.

147. A doctrine preached later by Thomas Jefferson when President.

148. Perhaps Galphin. The account is corroborated by Swanton, Early History of Creeks, 421, 437.

149. Ft. Toulouse, near the junction of the Coosa and Tallapoosa Rivers.

150. Probably “John Ross, Indian Trader,” mentioned as grantee of land at Augusta, in Ga. Col. Recs., VI, 229.

151. It would be interesting to know in what year Adair penned these lines.

152. Or Tombekbe, now Jones Bluff of Tombigbee River, where the Alabama Great Southern crosses the stream in West Alabama; established by Bienville, 1735.

153. The Koasati Indians, once located on Tennessee River below the present Chattanooga, are treated of in Swanton’s Early History of the Creeks, 201-207, 211.

154. The Boiling Pot or Suck in Tennessee River, near Hale’s Bar, near Chattanooga.

155. George Galphin and Lachlan McGillivray (McGilwray in the Dedication of Adair’s book).

156. By Matthew Roche, of the “Sphynx Company,” for which see later. A letter of Adair was incorporated in the pamphlet, and it may not be doubted that Adair figured not a little in the preparation and composition of its contents.

157. Capt. John Stuart, who was rescued by Attakullakulla at the downfall of Ft. Loudoun, was principal superintendent of Indian affairs at the South, from 1762 to the end of the colonial era.

158. Evidently “on”—a misprint.

159. The records abound in proofs of the awe in which the Chickasaws were held by the other tribes of the Southern and Northern Indians.

160. Described by Lord Adam Gordon in 1764, Wolf King was a sensible old man, who said he might be one hundred years old. Mereness, Travels in the American Colonies, 385.

161. The Shawnees were hereditary enemies of the Cherokees, but usually allies of the Creeks. By capture or intermarriage there was quite an admixture of Shawnee blood among the Cherokees. The small party referred to in the text may have been one of this character.

162. The reference seems to be to Gov. James Glen, who made such an effort.

163. Lachlan McGillivray. The archives at Columbia bear out Adair’s statements on this point.

164. Bienville gave their number of warriors in 1725-26 as 8,000 and the Colonial Records of Georgia state a higher number. There had been a frightful loss of life in the numerous wars fought with the Chickasaws under French incitement. In wars with the Creeks, 1765-1771, they lost about three hundred warriors, Gallatin, Synopsis, etc., 100. Cushman draws a brighter picture of the Choctaws, but Milfort makes a distinction between the Northern and Southern Choctaws, giving to the former superior qualities. The earliest mention of them is found in the De Soto narratives, 1540.

165. The reference is to the firms of Baynton, Wharton & Morgan, and Franks & Co.

166. George Johnstone.

167. Adair was not well up on North Carolina geography. The Yadkin does not flow into the Cape Fear River.

168. Charles Stuart, seemingly a brother of John Stuart, was deputy superintendent.