1003. Winkel. Hist. de l’Art. i. 37.

1004. Cf. Sch. Aristoph. Pac. 299.

1005. Plato de Rep. t. vi. p. 15. Winkel. Hist. de l’Art, ii. 544. Goguet. iv. 11. Theoph. de Lapid. 48.

1006. Winkelmann, ii. 544.

1007. On one occasion, moreover, when they happened to be in lack of hods, they gave proof of no less ingenuity in their mode of carrying mortar. In the hasty construction of the fortress of Pylos, by Demosthenes and his companions, the soldiers took the mud, which was to serve as cement, on their bare backs, stooping forward that it might not fall off, and knotting their hands on their loins beneath their burden: καὶ τὸν πηλὸν, εἴπου δέοι χρῆσθαι, ἀγγείων ἀπορίᾳ, ἐπὶ τοῦ νώτου ἔφερον, ἐγκεκυφότες τε, ὡς μάλιστα μέλλοι ἐπιμένειν, καὶ τὼ χεῖρε ἐς τοὐπίσω ξυμπλέκοντες, ὅπως μὴ ἀποπίπτοι. Thucyd. iv. 4. The reader will, doubtless, be struck by the picturesque energy with which the great historian relates this humble fact.

1008. Theoph. de Lapid. § 65, sqq. The κονία, or stucco, was likewise called ἀσβέστος. A wall covered with this substance was called κεκονιαμένος τοῖχος. Schol. ad Theocrit. i. 31.

1009. Theoph. de Lapid. § 67.

1010. Winkelm. Hist de l’Art, ii. 81.

1011. Dioscor. v. 164.

1012. Luc. Contemplant. § 6.

1013. Of this Byzes, who lived in the age of Alyattes and Astyages, Pausanias gives the following account:—τὸ δὲ εὕρημα (viz. that of the tiles) ἀνδρὸς Ναξίου λέγουσιv εἶναι Βύζου, οὗ φασὶν ἐν Νάξω τὰ ἀγάλματα ἐφ᾽ ὧν ἐπίγραμμα εἶναι

Νάξιος Εὔεργός με γένει Λητοῦς πόρε, Βύζεω

Παῖς, ὃς πρώτιστος τεῦξε λίθου κέραμον.

De Situ Græciæ. v. 10. 3. Cf. Poll. i. 12. Another article produced by the same handicraftsmen was the chimney-pots, ὀπαίαι, which appear to have been in almost universal use: ὀπαίαν οἱ Ἀττικοὶ τὴν κεραμίδα ἐκάλουν, ἣ τὴν ὀπὴν εἶχεν. Poll. ii. 54. The nature of the ὀπαία is more exactly explained by the author of the Etymologicon Magnum: κράτης δέ φησιν ἀνοπαῖαν τὴν τὲ τρημένην κεραμίδα τὴν ἐπὶ τῆς ὀροφῆς. iii. 21.

1014. Dioscor. i. 133.

1015. Winkelmann, ii. 68. Xenoph. Œconom. i. 3, seq.

1016. Dion Chrysost. i. 261. ii. 459.

1017. Sch. Aristoph. Pac. 153.

1018. Plat. De Rep. t. vi. p. 353. Pollux. x. 84.

1019. For a knowledge of this fact we are indebted to the elder Pliny: In Belgicâ provinciâ candidum lapidem serrâ, qua lignum, faciliusque etiam, secant, ad tegularum et imbricum vicem: vel si libeat, ad quæ vocant pavonacea tegendi genera, xxxvi. 44. On which Dalecampus has the following note: Docti complures legendum putant, pavita, aut pavimenta, i. e. pavimenti modo facta et constructa. Ego pavonacea interpretor, picturatis lapidum impositorum quadris ad instar pennarum pavonis fulgentia, et splendentia, ut hodie fit in principum ædibus tegulis magnâ colorum varietate nitentibus et conspicuis. See also the note of Hardouin in loc.

1020. Among the frailest dwellings of mankind, with the exception perhaps of the paper houses of the Japanese, we may mention those of the Nasamones described by Herodotus, composed of the stems of the asphodel intertwisted with rushes: οἰκήματα δὲ σύμπηκτα ἐξ ἀνθερίκων ἐνερμένων περὶ σχοίνους ἐστὶ, καὶ ταῦτα περιφορητά. iv. 190. Cf. v. 101.

1021. Theoph. Hist. Plant. v. 55.

1022. Theoph. Hist. Plant. v. 2. 1.

1023. Id. iv. 1. 2.

1024. See a curious figure of the axe, Mus. Chiaramont, pl. 21. Of the time of fruit-bearing in forest trees, see Theoph. Hist. Plant, iii. 4. 4. The same naturalist remarks, that the ilex, in Arcadia, was perpetually covered with acorns, the old ones not falling off till the new ones appeared. The yew and the pine blossom, he observes, a little before midsummer, and the bright yellow flowers of the latter, are extremely beautiful in form. Ib.

1025. Geopon. i. 6. 4. iii. 1. 2. iii. 10. 4. iii. 15. 3. Theoph. Hist. Plant. v. 1. 2.

1026. Theoph. Hist. Plant. v. 2. 4.

1027. Lucian. Jup. Confut. § 11, who elsewhere commemorates the practice of carpenters, who shut one eye that they may see the better. Icaromenip. § 14.

1028. Theoph. Hist. Plant. v. 4. 7.

1029. Id. v. 6. 4.

1030. Aul. Gell. Noct. Apt. xv. 1.

1031. Auger-handles and small mallets were made of oleaster, box, elm, and ash; large mallets of pine wood. Theoph. Hist. Plant. v. 7. 8.

1032. Schol. Aristoph. Nub. 179.

1033. Antich. di Ercol. t. i. tav. 24, p. 181.

1034. Μίλτος τεκτονικὴ. Dioscor. v. 12.

1035. In this country the pitch pine (πίτυς) was rare, but it abounded in Elis. Theophrast. Hist. Plant. iii. 94.

1036. Id. v. 4. 6.

1037. Id. v. 3. 5-7. 4-4, seq.

1038. Athen. ix. 67.

1039. Theoph. Hist. Plant. iii. 10. 1, seq.

1040. Theophrast. Hist. Plant. iii. 8. 4. v. 7. 7.

1041. Id. v. 6. 1.

1042. Id. v. 5. 4-6.

1043. Schol. Aristoph. Eq. 462. Poll. i. 253.

1044. Theoph. Hist. Plant. iii. 16. 3.

1045. Id. iii. 10. 1.

1046. Id. v. 6. 2.

1047. Athen. iii. 55.

1048. Beckmann decides for the negative, i. 247.

1049. Antich. di Ercol. t. ii. tav. 12, p. 79. t. iii. pp. 227. 231.

1050. Herod. iv. 64.

1051. Plut. Arat. § 25.

1052. Beckmann, History of Inventions, ii. 170, sqq.

1053. Sch. Aristoph. Pac. 1168.

1054. Id. 1055. 789.

1055. Cf. Dutens, Orig. des Découv. p. 258. Aristoph. Pac. 17, seq. Eq. 432, cum Schol.

1056. Beckmann, iv. 75, seq.

1057. Cf. Bœckh, Pub. Econ. of Athens. i. 1441, whose laborious researches on this subject lead to no result.

1058. This tree, which bore fruit in Egypt, only flowered in Rhodes. iii. 3. 5.

1059. Ælian. De Natur. Animal. ap. Schneid. ad Theoph. Hist. Plant. iv. 2. 5. t. iii. p. 284. The account of this tree given by Dioscorides contains a brief allusion to the fact related at length by Ælian, that it was poisonous in its original country, together with some other particulars nowhere else I believe stated. Περσέα δένδρον ἐστὶν ἐν Ἀιγύπτῳ, καρπὸν φέρον ἐδώδιμον, εὐστόμαχον· ἐφ᾽ οὗ καὶ τὰ λεγόμενα κρανοκόλαπτα φαλάγγια εὑρίσκεται, μάλιστα δὲ ἐν Θηβαΐδι. Δύναμιν δὲ ἔχει τὰ φύλλα λεία ἐπιπλαττόμενα ξηρὰ, αἱμοῤῥαγίαν ἱστᾷν, τοῦτο δὲ ἱστόρησαν τινες ἐν Περσίδι ἀναιρετικὸν εἶναι, μετατεθὲν δὲ εἰς Ἀιγύπτον, ἀλλοιωθῆναι καὶ ἐδώδιμον γενέσθαι. i. 187.

1060. Theoph. Hist. Plant. iv. 2. 5. Cf. Clusii. Hist. Rar. Plant. i. 2.

1061. Theoph. Hist. Plant. v. 3. 3. Cf. Gitone, Il Costume Antico e Moderno di tutti i Popoli. t. i. p. 94, tav. 15.

1062. Theoph. Hist. Plant. iii. 11. 12, seq.

1063. Id. v. 3. 3.

1064. This tree was supposed particularly to delight in the perpetual snows of the Cretan Ida. Theoph. Hist. Plant. iv. 1. 3.

1065. Hist. Plant. v. 4. 2.

1066. Theoph. Hist. Plant. v. 37, seq. Cf. Plin. Hist. Nat. 30. Diod. Sicul. v. 46. This wood, on account of its extraordinary durability, was much used in the roofing of ancient temples. Many suppose it to be the Arbor Vitæ. Clus. Hist. Rar. Plant. i. 24. p. 36, seq.

1067. Theoph. Hist. Plant. v. 4. 3.

1068. Theoph. Hist. Plant. iv. 2. 7.

1069. Schol. Aristoph. Eq. 530.

1070. Plat. De Rep. t. vi. 86. Plin. viii. 39. xxxv. 36. xxxiii. 54. Poll. i. 7. See the note of the Milanese editor of Winkelmann, Hist. de l’Art, t. i. p. 31, seq.

1071. Plut. Alex. § 14. Herod. ii. 131. Pausanias supplies a list of the different kinds of wood used in the most ancient statues. viii. 17. 2.

1072. Theoph. Hist. Plant. v. 3. 7.

1073. Id. v. 3. 6.

1074. Cf. Theoph. Hist. Plant. v. 9. 8.

1075. Plut. Alex. § 14.

1076. Theoph. Hist. Plant. iii. 9. 7.

1077. Schweigh. Anim. in Athen. t. vi. p. 52. Schol. Arist. Eq. 1207. Casaub. ad Theoph. Char. 310. Poll. vii. 79. Plat. Tim. t. vii. pp. 52. 61. Luc. Amor. § 39. Arist. De Mund. c. vi.

1078. Creuzer. Commentat. Herodot. Ægypt. et Hellen. i. § 7. p. 62, seq. Raoul Rochette, Cours D’Archéologie, p. 342, seq.

1079. Theoph. Hist. Plant. iii. 10. 4-13. 1. v. 7. 5. Philost. Icon. i. 31. p. 809.

1080. Theoph. Hist. Plant. iii. 15. 2. v. 7. 7. Common baskets too were made of the leaves of the dwarf-palm, Id. i. 6. 11, and various domestic utensils from the roots of the papyrus. Id. iv. 8. 4.

1081. Athen. vi. 15.

1082. Schol. Aristoph. Acharn. 428.

1083. Athen. vi. 157. That the trade of lantern-making was of considerable importance in the ancient world may be inferred from the great number of lanterns made use of in fortified cities, either when actually besieged, or when apprehensive of sudden attacks from the enemy. See on this subject a long and interesting passage in Æneas Tacticus, cap. xxvi. p. 81, seq. Ed. Orell. Cf. cap. xxii. p. 67, seq.

1084. Athen. xii. 57.

1085. Luc. Cynic. § 9. Somn. seu Gall. § 14.

1086. Origine des Découvertes, p. 194.

1087. Histoire de l’Art. p. 34.

1088. Εὐεργης δὲ καὶ ὁ ἔλεφας γίνεταὶ βρεχόμενος αὐτῳ. Dioscor. ii. 109.

1089. Theoph. Hist. Plant. iii. 7. 1.

1090. Id. de Lapid. § 42. Plin. Nat. Hist. xxxvi. 44. Tournefort, Voyage, t. i. p. 209.

1091. Gitone, Il Costume, pl. 20.

1092. Casaub. ad Theoph. Char. 170, seq. Suid. v. σκύταλον, t. ii. p. 768. b. Poll. iv. 170. v. 18. x. 113.

1093. Luc. Dial. Meret. xi. § 3. The Celastron, an evergreen, and the Mya, were also used for walkingsticks. Theoph. Hist. Plant. v. 7. 7.

1094. Theophrast. Hist. Plant. i. 3. 2, seq.

1095. Theoph. Hist. Plant. iii. 13. 4. 14. 4. Old men sometimes flourished a pair. Sch. Aristoph. Plut. 272. Generally, however, they were content, even in winter, with one, and were, therefore, compared by the poets to three-legged stools. Hesiod. Opp. et Dies, 533. Æschyl. Agam. 80. Eurip. Troad. 275. For the thick, heavy staff affected by old men see in Zoëga (Bassi Rilievi, tav. 40) a basso rilievo representing the Death of Meleager.

1096. Dioscor. i. 135.

1097. To this fact Aristophanes jocularly alludes, where he describes the ears of the Demos as opening and closing under the influence of eloquence. Equit. 1344, seq.

On this passage the Scholiast observes: σκέπασμά τι, ὅπερ αἱ γυναῖκες παρὰ τοῖς Ἀθηναίοις ἔχουσι θέουσαι ὑπὲρ τοῦ μὴ καίεσθαι τὰς ὄψεις ὑπὸ τοῦ ἡλίου. ἐκτείνεται δὲ καὶ συστέλλεται πρὸς τὸν κατεπείγοντα καιρόν.

1098. Hope, Costumes of the Ancients.—Gitone, Il Cost. Ant. e Mod. pl. 17. pl. 67.

1099. Aristoph. Eq. 1384. cum Schol.

1100. Sch. Aristoph. Nub. 312.

1101. Poll. iv. 70. Sch. Aristoph. Ran. 133. Cf. Raoul Rochette, Cours D’Archéol. p. 136. In lieu of trumpets the Indians, we are told, made use of certain whips, by the flourishing and cracking of which in the air they produced a kind of rude music. These strange sounds were accompanied by the low and terrible roll of their great drums, which still continue to delight the ear of the Hindùs. Suid. v. σάλπιγξ, t. ii. 709. b. For the common form of the trumpet see Gitone, Il Costume, tav. 81. Zoëga, Bassi Rilievi, tav. 9.

1102. Poll. iv. 71.

1103. Cf. Aristot. Problem. xix. 23.

1104. Cf. Philost. Icon. i. 20. p. 794.

1105. The borders of this lake must at all times have presented a most picturesque appearance, tufted as they were with thickets of the willow and the eleagnos, while a variety of terrestrial and aquatic plants descended its banks and spread themselves far into the water, as the pipe and the common reed, the white nymphæa, the typha, the phleos, the cyperos, the menyanthos, the icmè, and the ipnon. Theoph. Hist. Plant. iv. 10. 1.

1106. Theoph. Hist. Plant. iv. 11. 8. Dioscor. i. 94. The κάλαμος συριγγίας is the Saccharum Ravennæ of Sibthorp, Flora Græca, tab. 52, where it is observed, that it is found “in Peloponneso coprosè; ad littora Ponti Euxini propè Fanar.”

1107. Theoph. Hist. Plant. iv. 11. 9.

1108. The form of the modern pipe is thus described by Chandler, who, after having spoken of the taborer, adds “this was accompanied by a pipe with a reed for the mouth-piece, and below it a circular rim of wood, against which the lips of the player came. His cheeks were much inflated, and the notes so various, shrill, and disagreeable, as to remind me of the composition designed for the ancient Aulos or flute, as was fabled by Minerva.” Travels, &c. i. 49.

1109. Cf. Gitone, Il Costume, tav. 65.

1110. Theoph. Hist. Plant. iv. 11. 6, seq.

1111. Schol. Aristoph. Acharn. 827, seq. Cf. Plat. De Rep. t. vi. p. 386.

1112. Theoph. Hist. Plant. iv. 3. 3. Poll. iv. 74.

1113. Poll. iv. 74. Comm. t. iv. p. 720. Ælian. De Nat. Animal. xii. 44.

1114. Poll. iv. 75.

1115. Id. iv. 75.

1116. Athen. iv. 76. Poll. iv. 76.

1117. Athen. iv. 75. Hesych. v. γιγγρίσι.

1118. Poll. iv. 76.

1119. Suid. v. σύριγξ, t. ii. p. 844. a.

1120. Cf. Dion Chrysost. i. 263.

1121. Jul. Scalig. Poet. i. 20, p. 78, seq.

1122. Athen. iv. 75. Pignor. de Serv. p. 88, seq. Vitruv. ix. 9.

1123. A rude species of lyre is still in use in Asia Minor. Chandler, Travels, &c., i. 149.

1124. Athen. xv. 50. Herod. iv. 192.

1125. Theoph. Hist. Plant. v. 7. 6.

1126. Schol. Aristoph. Vesp. 574.

1127. Schol. Aristoph. Nub. 958.

1128. Luc. adv. Indoct. § 10.

1129. Id. § 8.

1130. Athen. iv. 35. Poll. iv. 61. Anab. vii. 3. Meur. Lect. Att. iv. 20.

1131. Athen. xiv. 40.

1132. Id. 36.

1133. Poll. iv. 59.

1134. Etym. Mag. 605. 45.

1135. Poll. iv. 60.

1136. There was likewise an instrument of four chords. Etym. Mag. 514. 34.

1137. See a representation of this instrument, with a portrait painted on the bottom of it. Antich. di Ercol. t. iv. p. 151.

1138. On the potter’s wheel, see Suidas. v. κωλιάδος κεραμῆες. t. i. p. 1511. b.

1139. Aristoph. Acharn. 901, seq.

1140. Athen. xi. 37.

1141. Pausan. ix. 19. 8.

1142. Schol. Aristoph. Lysist. 2. Chandler, Travels, ii. 166. Lucian observes somewhat jocularly that in some parts of Africa the natives were driven to the use of ostrich’s eggs for goblets, because no potter’s clay was found in their country. De Dipsad. § 7. Cf. Plin. Nat. Hist. x. 1. Bochart. Hierozoic. Compend. ii. 16.

1143. Herodot. iii. 6. A large branch of the potter’s business consisted in the manufacture of earthen pipes used in conveying water to towns and cities. See Chandler, Travels, &c. i. 22. seq. 133.

1144. Schol. Aristoph. Pac. 614.

1145. Winkelmann, Hist, de l’Art. t. i. p. 30, seq.

1146. “Morning Chronicle,” July 17, 1838, p. 3, where we find an account of several of these jars dug up at Exeter.

1147. Athen. vi. 15.

1148. These were filled with the ἀρύταινα, a brazen ladle. Schol. Arist. Eq. 1087. Æropos, king of Macedonof Macedon, was an amateur lamp-maker, devoting his leisure hours to the manufacture of diminutive lamps and tables, just as other kings used to unbend their minds, after the enjoyment of luxury, by painting, playing the flute, or wielding the turning-lathe. Plut. Demet. § 20.

1149. Herodot. ii. 62. Cf. Sophocl. Aj. 285, sqq.

1150. Aristoph. Eq. 1301. Vesp. 1001.

1151. Vid. Plin. xiii. 27. xvi. 70, cum not. Hard.—Antipat. ap. Anthol. Græc. vi. 249.

1152. Anacreon, 10. Athen. viii. 50. Suid. v. κοροπλάθοι t. ii. p. 1500. a.

1153. Plat. Tim. t. vii. p. 81.

1154. Large glass cups. Luc. Quomed. Hist. sit Conscrib. § 25. In the Antichita di Ercolano we see represented a glass vase so completely transparent, that the eggs with which it is filled are seen as distinctly as through water. t. ii. p. 111. Cf. t. iii. p. 287.

1155. Petron. Satyr, p. 99. Cf. Treb. Poll. Gallien. § 12. p. 321. Caylus supposes them to have mixed a small portion of lead with their glass. t. ii. p. 355.

1156. The allusions of ancient authors to these vases are few. They are mentioned, however, in a letter of Adrian to the Consul Servianus: “Calices tibi allassontes versicolores transmisi, quos mihi sacerdos templi obtulit, tibi et sorori meæ specialiter dedicatos, quos tu velim festis diebus conviviis adhibeas.” Vopisc. in Vit. Saturnin. cap. viii. Casaubon, in his note on this passage, speaks of these cups in the following terms: Allassontes qui colorem mutant sicut palumborum colla. The murrhine vases, the nature of which so many have attempted to explain, if they were not after all a species of glass, appear at least to have had many analogous qualities; and the following description of Pliny is calculated to create the highest idea of their beauty: “Splendor his sine viribus: nitorque verius quam splendor. Sed in pretio varietas colorum subinde circumagentibus se maculis in purpuram candoremque, et tertium ex utroque ignescentem, veluti per transitum coloris, in purpura, aut rubescente lacteo. Sunt qui maxime in iis laudent extremitates et quosdam colorum repercussus quales in cœlesti arcu spectantur.” Nat. Hist. xxxvii. 8.

1157. Winkelmann, Hist. de l’Art. i. 48.

1158. Winkel. Hist. de l’Art. i. 51. See Beckmann, Hist. of Inventions, vol. i. p. 240.

1159. Athen. xi. 28. Cf. Schol. Aristoph. Nub. 756.