1892. Plin. Nat. Hist. xxxvi. 25.
1893. Dioscor. i. 78.
1894. Poll. i. 149. Athen. i. 50.
1895. Dioscorid. v. 102.
1896. Pausan. ix. 19. 8.
1897. Aristot. Polit. i. 1. Athen. iv. 74.
1898. Athen. v. 26.
1899. Id. vi. 70.
1900. Theoph. Hist. Plant. viii. 8. 2.
1901. Id. v. 2. 12.
1902. Plin. Nat. Hist. xxi. 76.
1903. Ruf. Frag. p. 22, ap. Schneid. ad Theoph. Hist. Plant. ix. 10. 2. Dioscor. iv. 150. Chandler, ii. 276. Polyænus, vi. 13.
1904. Athen. iii. 6.
1905. Dioscor. iv. 32. The reed-agrostis, which grew by the wayside in Babylonia, was said to be fatal to the cattle which fed on it. Id. iv. 31.
1906. Chandler, ii. 228. Steph. de Urb. p. 238. c. Οἱ δὲ ἄνθρωποι οἱ ἐνταῦθα πλέον ὑμίσεις κόχλων ἐς βαφὴν πορφύρας εἰσὶν ἁλιεῖς Pausan. x. 37. 3.
1907. Chandler, ii. 279.
1908. Pausan. x. 36. 1.
1909. Steph. Byzant. de Urb. v. Θεσσαλία. p. 394. a. Poll. vii. 89.
1910. Athen. i. 49. 50.
1911. Oppian. Cyneg. i. 171. Strab. viii. 8. t. ii. p. 226.
1912. Xenoph. Hellen. vi. 14.
1913. Πανάκες Χειρώνιων. Dioscor. iii. 57.
1914. Theoph. Hist. Plant. ix. 10. 2, with the note of Schneider.
1915. Dioscor. iii. 149. The root of this plant, which as has above been seen was eaten in Greece, forms to this day an article of food among the Chinese. The poor even eat it raw, in which case it is said to be not very palateable. Osbeck, Voyage to China, i. 310.
1916. Theoph. de Lapid. § 64.
1917. Senec. Quæst. Nat. iii. 25, who gives as the reason, that the water springs from iron or copper mines.
1918. Theoph. de Lapid. § 64. Plin. Nat. Hist. xxxv. 57.
1919. Lycurg. cont. Leochar. § 8.
1920. Aristot. Hist. Animal. ix. 1. Poll. v. 39. Ælian. de Nat. Animal. iii. 2.
1921. Dioscor. i. 162. Plin. Nat. Hist. xv. 15.
1922. Plin. Nat. Hist. viii. 70.
1923. Theoph. Hist. Plant. ii. 2. 6.
1924. Palmer. Descrip. Græc. Antiq. p. 222.
1925. Dioscor. i. 25. In Venetian times the environs of Naupactos were thought to produce the best wines of all Greece. Coronelli, Mem. de la Morée, p. 231.
1926. Dioscor. iv. 151.
1927. Μελεαγρίδες. Athen. xiv. 70. Suid. t. ii. p. 122. a. Aristot. Hist. Animal. vi. 2.
1928. Virg. Georg. ii. 438. Plin. Nat. Hist. xiv. 25.
1929. Poll. i. 149.
1930. Plin. Nat. Hist. ix. 56. Rondelet. i. 48. Aristot. Hist. Animal. v. 15.
1931. Plin. Nat. Hist. xxxvi. 30.
1932. Lucian, de Sacrif. § 11. Id. Fugitiv. § 24. Id. Icaromenip. § 18. Plin. Nat. Hist., xxxiii. 21. vii. 57. Herod. vii. 112. ix. 75. Xenoph. Hellen. v. 2. 12. Athen. ii. 16. Strab. vii. frag. 17. t. ii. p. 133. Pausan. i. 29.
1933. The mines in the neighbourhood of lake Prasias, produced, in the time of Alexander, son of Amyntas, a talent of silver a day. Herodot. v. 17.
1934. Xenoph. Hellen. v. 2. 17. Plin. vii. 57.
1935. These mines of Scapte Hyle produced to the Thasians, when they possessed a power on the continent, a revenue of eighty talents a year. Herodot. vi. 46. Appian. Bell. Civil. iv. 106.
1937. Herodot. ix. 75. Meurs. Lection. Att. vi. 31.
1938. Æschin. adv. Timarch. § 6. Xenoph. Hellen. vi. 1. 4. Thucyd. iv. 108. Theoph. Hist. Plant. v. 2. 1. The wood grown on the northern slopes of mountains was esteemed toughest, and, therefore, best suited for oars. Id. Hist. Plant. iv. 1. 4.
1939. Athen. i. 47. Iorio, Storia del Commercio, t. iv. l. ii. c. iii. p. 235. Hom. Odyss. ix. 197. Steph. de Urb. v. Μένδη, p. 550. b. In the vineyards of Mendè the husbandmen used to sprinkle the grape clusters with the juice of the wild cucumber, which communicated to the wine a medicinal quality. Athen. i. 53.
1940. Theoph. Hist. Plant. vi. 6. 4. The Greek fable on the birth of the rose is familiar to every reader, but it may not, perhaps, be so well known, that the Mahommedans believe it to have sprung from the sweat of their prophet: “Ut veteres rosam ex sanguine Veneris, sic isti (Turcæ) ex sudore Mahumetis natam sibi persuaserint.” Busbeq. Epist. i. p. 51.
1941. Dioscor. iii. 52. From a passage in Polyænus it would appear, that Thrace carried on habitually a trade with the neighbouring countries in hay and straw. Stratagem. iii. 15.
1942. Dioscor. iv. 45.
1943. Dioscor. iii. 26.
1944. Athen. ii. 20. Theoph. Hist. Plant. i. 6. 13.
1945. Theoph. Hist. Plant. viii. 8. 6.
1946. Dioscor. iii. 55.
1947. Theoph. Hist. Plant. ix. 7. 3. Dioscor. i. 1.
1948. Dioscor. i. 3.
1949. Id. v. 123.
1950. Lys. in Diogit. § 5. Bœckh. Pub. Econ. of Athens, i. 107.
1951. Athen. ii. 68.
1952. Id. vii. 45.
1953. Id. vii. 77.
1954. Id. iii. 87.
1955. Id. vii. 53.
1956. Id. vii. 25.
1957. Herod. vii. 126. Spanh. ad Callim. in Dian. 157. Plin. Nat. Hist. viii. 16.
1958. Xenoph. Hellen. vi. 1. 4.
1959. Theoph. Hist. Plant. iv. 1. 4.
1960. Dioscor. v. 123. 104. Beckmann, Hist. of Inventions, i. 292.
1961. Theoph. de Lapid. § 15.
1962. Plin. Nat. Hist. xxxvii. 25.
1963. Theoph. Hist. Plant. viii. 10. 7.
1964. Demosth. adv. Polycl. § 2. Cont. Lept. § 9. This wheat, however, was considered lighter than that grown in Greece. Theoph. Hist. Plant. viii. 45. 5. Herod. vii. 147. Thucyd. iii. 2. Iorio, Storia del Commercio, t. iv. l. ii. c. iii. p. 219.
1965. Demosth. in Lacrit. § 8. Busbequius, Epist. i. p. 67.
1966. Athen. iii. 84, sqq. § i. 49. Strab. vii. 6. t. ii. p. 112. A species of rhombos, bret, or turbot, is still caught in considerable quantities in the sea of Azof and in the Black Sea. Pallas, Travels in Eastern Russia, iv. 243. Cf. Strab. ix. 2. t. ii. p. 401.
1967. Athen. vii. 6.
1968. Id. vii. 77.
1969. Athen. iii. 84.
1970. Lucian. Diall. Meret. § 14. Somn. seu Gall. § 22. Dioscor. ii. 7. Pallas informs us, that at the present day large quantities of fat and delicate herrings are caught with the trail-net in the Black Sea. Travels in Southern Russia, iv. 242.
1971. Athen. vii. 45.
1972. Id. iii. 64.
1973. The Borysthenes which produced in its pure waters numerous species of delicate fish, abounded likewise with a large kind, cured by the inhabitants with the salt found plentifully at its mouth. Herod. iv. 53. Eustath. ad Dion. Perieg. 311.
1974. Aristot. Meteorol. i. 12, p. 29. A similar mode of fishing is practised on Lake Ontario. “In the winter, when the bay (of Toronto) is frozen over solidly, huts are erected, and holes made in the ice, where the fish are caught by spearing.” Sir R. H. Bonnycastle, Canadas, &c. i. 166.
1975. Athen. ii. 13. Cf. Bœckh. Pub. Econ. of Athens, i. 66.
1976. Didym. ap. Geopon. x. 68. 1. Plin. Nat. Hist. xv. 22.
1977. Dioscor. ii. 105.
1978. Lucian. Navig. § 23. Theoph. Hist. Plant. v. 2. 12.
1979. There are in modern times few countries where horses are cheaper and more numerous than in Colchis:—“Il n’y a point d’homme si pauvre dans la Colchide qui n’ait un cheval, car il ne coute rien à entretenir; entre les gentilshommes il y eu a qui en nourrissent deux cens et le prince en a cinq mille.” Lamberti, Relation de la Mingrelie, Voyages au Nord, t. vii. p. 193.
1980. Aristoph. Nub. 109. The woods of Colchis abound still in pheasants and partridges. Busbequius, Epist. iii. p. 205. Lamberti, however, relates, that the race of partridges was almost extinct in Colchis, through the abundance of birds of prey. Voyages au Nord, t. vii. p. 192.
1981. Thucyd. iii. 2. Plut. Sympos. v. 7. 1. Eurip. in Alcest. 675.
1982. There was likewise in Pontos a honey of a bitter taste, (Dion. Chrysost. i. 289, seq.) collected, according to Dioscorides (ii. 103), and Pliny (Nat. Hist. xxi. 44), from the purple flowered dwarf rhododendron which abounds on the northern shores of the Black Sea, more particularly in the vicinity of Trebizond. (Tournefort, t. iii. p. 74, sqq.) This, apparently, was the honey that produced effects so extraordinary upon the Ten Thousand, (Xenoph. Anab. iv. 8. 20,) and had the reputation of causing temporary madness. The shrub above named must be carefully distinguished from the common rhododendron which yields no honey. Della Rocca, i. 352, seq. Another cause of the bitterness of the Colchian honey is assigned by Lamberti: “Ils mettent quelquefois leur miel dans des écorces de citrouilles amères, ce qui a peut-être donné sujet à Strabon, [l. xi. c. 2. t. ii. p. 409, Tauchnitz.] d’en parler comme il a fait, et il est vrai aussi que celui qu’on ramasse dans les montagnes, dans le tems que le laurier-rose est en fleur, fait vomir ceux qui en prennent: si bien que les païsans, faute d’autre remède, s’en servent pour se purger.” Voyages au Nord, t. vi. p. 197.
1983. Dioscor. iii. 2. It has been conjectured by Prosper Alpinus that the Rha was brought to Pontos from the banks of the Volga, as Ammianus Marcellinus in fact, relates: Rha vicinus est amnis, in cujus superciliis quædam vegetabilis ejusdem nominis gignitur radix, proficiens ad usus multiplices medelarum, l. xxii. c. 8, p. 340.
1984. See the whole question ably discussed by Prosper Alpinus, De Rhapontico, cap. ii. p. 9.
1985. Ἡ δὲ ἰχθυόκολλα λεγομένη κοιλία ἐστὶν ἰχθύος κητώοὺ Dioscor. iii. 102.
1986. Africanus, ap. Geopon. v. 24. 2. vii. 24. 4. Dioscor. iii. 7. Plin. Nat. Hist. xi. 119.
1987. Dioscor. i. 9.
1988. Theoph. Hist. Plant. ix. 17. 4. Dioscor. 26, seq.
1989. Dioscor. i. 14. Damogeron. ap. Geopon. vii. 13. 1. Plin. Nat. Hist. xii. 13.
1990. Σκορδίον. Dioscor. iii. 125.
1991. Dioscor. iii. 48. Pollux, vi. 106.
1992. Dioscor. i. 68. Cf. iii. 47. Cyzicos, likewise exported beans. Theoph. Hist. Plant. viii. 10. 3.
1993. Id. iii. 26.
1994. Id. i. 5.
1995. Dioscor. v. 136. See a representation of the halcyonion in Forskal, Flora Ægyptiaca-Arabica, tab. 27, d. e.
1996. Dapper, Description des Isles de l’Archipel. p. 497.
1997. Dioscor. v. 137. Cardan, misunderstanding Serapion, has taken the adarces to be a stone, which error is corrected by Scaliger, de Subtilitate, Exercit. 130, p. 446.
1998. Cf. Strab. l. xii. t. ii. p. 818.
1999. Theoph. Hist. Plant. ix. 16. 4. Dioscor. v. 61.
2000. Γεννᾶται δὲ ἐν τῇ Ἀγαρίᾳ τῆς Σαρματικῆς. Dioscor. iii. 1. On its uses cf. Prosp. Alpin. de Medicin. Ægypt. iv. 15, p. 340. Brand, Journal of an Embassy to China, in Harris, vol. i. p. 230.
2001. Dapper, Description des Isles de l’Archipel. p. 497.
2002. Dioscor. v. 121.
2003. Theoph. de Lapid. § 55. From the country of the Agathyrsi a species of diamond appears to have been obtained in great abundance. Ammianus Marcellinus, xxii. 8, p. 341. Dion. Perieg. 319. Priscian. Perieg. 311. Plin. Nat. Hist. iv. 20. Pompon. Mel. ii. 1.
2004. Theoph. de Lapid. § 58.
2005. Peyssonnel, Observations Historiques et Géographiques sur les Peuples barbares qui ont habité les bords du Danube et du Pont Euxin, p. 68, sqq.
2006. Hom. Il. β. 857. Heyne, ad loc. t. iv. p. 430.
2007. Aristot. Auscult. Mirab. t. xvi. p. 185. Eustath. ad Dion. Perieg. 767. Æschyl. Prometh. Vinct. 301. Xenoph. Anab. v. 5. 1. Steph. Byzant. de Urb. p. 753. a. Salmas. ad Solin. p. 1085. Suid. v. χάλυβες. t. ii. p. 1108. d. Apollon. Rhod. ii. 1005, sqq. v. 374, seq. Valer. Flacc. iv. 610. Ammian. Marcellin. xxii. 8, p. 338. Pollux. vii. 107. x. 186. Strab. xii. 3. t. iii. p. 27. Tauchn.
2008. Theoph. de Lapid. § 52.
2009. Συλλέγεται δὲ ἐν τῇ Καππαδοκίᾳ ἐν σπηλαίοις τισί. διυλίζεται δὲ καὶ φέρεται εἰς Σινώπην καὶ πιπράσκεται. ὅθεν καὶ τὴν ἐπωνυμίαν. Dioscor. v. 111. Strab. xii. t. ii. p. 814. Casaub.
2010. Theoph. de Lapid. § 52.
2011. Τὰ μὲν οὖνοὖν Κόμανα εὐανδρεῖ, καὶ ἔστιν ἐμπορεῖον τοῖς ἀπὸ τῆς Ἀρμενίας ἀξιόλογον· συνέρχονται δὲ κατὰ τὰς ἐξόδους τῆς θεοῦ πανταχόθεν, ἔκ τε τῶν πόλεων καὶ τῆς χώρας, ἄνδρες ὁμοῦ ταῖς γυναιξὶν ἐπὶ τὴν ἑορτήν· καὶ ἄλλοι δὲ κατ᾽ εὐχην ἀεί τινες ἐπιδημοῦσι, θυσίας τε ἐπιτελοῦντες τῇτῇ θεῷ. Strab. xii. 3. t. iii. p. 43. Heeren, Researches on the Commerce and Politics of the Ancients, i. 121. Similar gatherings, partly religious, partly commercial, still take place among the Mahommedans at Mecca, and among the Hindoos at various places, particularly at Haridwârâ, where two millions and a-half of pilgrims have sometimes been known to assemble. Hindoos, i. 224. Asiatic Researches, vi. 311, sqq.
2012. Gold was likewise obtained from a place on the shores of the Propontis, lying between Lampsacos and Abydos. Xenoph. Hellen. iv. 8. 37. On the mines found here, Schneider has the following note: “Auri metalli Lampsacena memorat Plinius 37, sectione 74, et Polyænus ii. 1. 26. Abydena nusquam reperi dicta. Forte fuerint in agro medio inter Lampsacum et Abydum stadiis 170, distantem à Lampsaco, teste Strabone.” Cf. Theophrast. de Lapid. § 32.
2013. Peyssonnel, Observations Historiques, &c., p. 342. Ovid. Metam. xi. 3. 1, sqq. Winkel. Hist. de l’Art. ii. 67. Cf. Tibull. lib. iii. 3. 13.
2014. Vitruv. x. 7. Chandler Travels, i. 143, seq.
2015. Strab. xii. t. ii. p. 865. Casaub.—Chandler, i. 160. ii. 86. 108. Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, iii. 236.
2016. Strab. xii. t. ii. p. 814. Plin. Nat. Hist. xxxvi. 45.
2017. Plin. Nat. Hist, xxxvii. 25. Theoph. de Lapid. § 19. On which see the note of Sir John Hill, p. 76.
2018. Γαγάτης. Dioscor. v. 146. Plin. Nat. Hist. xxxvi. 34. Aldrovand. de Metall. iii. 19. Scalig. de Subtilitat. Exercit. civ. 3, p. 383. Florent. ap. Geopon. viii. 8. Orpheus, de Lapid. 468.
2019. Martin Mathée, Notes sur Dioscoride, p. 503.
2020. Valmont de Bomare, Dictionnaire d’Histoire Naturelle, t. iii. p. 414. Anselm. Boet. Gemm. et Lapid. Hist. ii. 164, p. 336, observes, that jet is sometimes found in Britain, and our antiquarian, Camden, speaks of its being sometimes dug up from pits near Okewood in Surrey. Britannia, col. 163.
2021. Theoph. de Lapid. § 47. Dioscor. v. 111.
2022. Sir John Hill, Notes on Theophrast. p. 190, seq.
2023. Plat. Tim. t. vii. p. 118. Plin. Nat. Hist. xxxvi. 45.
2024. Theoph. de Lapid. § 58.
2025. Dioscor. v. 123. The alum also of Egypt appears to have been extensively exported, and held in high estimation by Physicians. Celsus, v. 38. 12.
2026. Dioscor. v. 126.
2027. Plin. Nat. Hist. xxxi. 41. Strabo, speaking of these salt-springs of Tatta, relates a somewhat extraordinary circumstance: ἡ μὲν οὖν Τάττα ἁλοπήγιον ἐστιν αὐτοφυές· οὔτω δὲ πειρπήττεται ῥᾳδίως τὸ ὕδωρ παντὶ τῷ βαπτισθέντι εἰς αὐτὸ, ὥστε στεφάνους ἁλῶν ἀνέλκουσιν, ἐπειδὰν καθῶσι κύκλον σχοίνινον· τά τε ὄρνεα ἁλίσκεται τὰ προσαψάμενα τῷ πτερώματι τοῦ ὕδατος παραχρῆμα πίπτοντα δὶα τὴν περίπηξιν τῶν ἁλῶν. xii. 6. t. iii. p. 58.
2028. Dioscor. v. 130. Celsus, ii. 33, p. 94.
2029. Dioscor. i. 92.
2030. Cf. Suid. v. Κολοφωνία, t. i. p. 1487, seq.
2031. Plin. Nat. Hist. xxxv. 57.
2032. Dioscor. i. 97.
2033. Theoph. Hist. Plant. ix. 2. 5.
2034. Dioscor. iii. 69. Cf. Theoph. Hist. Plant. vii. 3. 2. Caus. Plant. iv. 15. 2. Sibth. Flor. Græc. tab. 243.
2035. Μάρον. Dioscor. iii. 49. Theophrast. de Odor. § 33, seq. Plin. Nat. Hist. xii. 53.
2036. Dioscor. i. 25. Schol. Aristoph. Av. 301.
2037. Vit. Sequest. p. 29. Virg. Georg. iv. 127. Martial. iii. 65.
2038. Galen. de Antidot. c. xiii. Spanh. Observ. in Callin. in Apoll. 83. t. ii. p. 102. Horat. Satir. ii. 4. 68. Plin. Nat. Hist. xxi. 17.
2039. Dioscor. i. 25.
2040. Dioscor. iv. 48. Pollux, vii. 56. x. 42. iv. 154.
2041. Cf. Scalig. de Subtilitat. Exerc. cxciv. 7. p. 631, seq.
2042. Cf. Serapion. c. cccxi. ap. Beckmann, ii. 170.
2043. Garidel, Histoire des Plantes qui naissent aux environs d’Aix. p. 254.
2044. Γιγγιδίον. Dioscor. ii. 167. Artedia squammata. Sibthorp, Flora Græca, tab. 268.
2045. Florent. ap. Geopon. ix. 3. 1.
2046. Dioscor. i. 9.
2047. Dioscor. iii. 160. Sibthorp, Flora Græca, tab. 141.
2048. Geopon. viii. 21. 1.
2049. Dioscor. iv. 179. iii. 126, 127.
2050. Id. iii. 8. Celsus, v. 27. 10.
2051. Id. i. 132. Celsus, v. 28. 16.
2052. “Est autem optimum (hyssopum) Cilicium e Tauro monte, dein Pamphyliam, ac Smyrnæum.” Plin. Nat. Hist. xxv. 87. Dioscor. v. 50. iii. 30. Columell. xii. 35.