FOOTNOTES:
[1] Ward (84).
[2] Göppert (36).
[3] Parkinson (11), vol. I.
[4] For an account of the early views on fossils, v. Lyell (67), Vol. I. Vide also Leonardo da Vinci (83).
[5] Woodward, J. (1695), Preface.
[6] Woodward, J. (1728), p. 59.
[7] Mendes da Costa (1758), p. 232.
[8] Scheuchzer (1723), p. 7, Pl. I. fig. 1.
[9] Parsons (1757), p. 402.
[10] Plot (1705), p. 125, Pl. VI. fig. 2.
[11] Ibid. Pl. VI. fig. 2.
[12] Lhwyd (1760).
[13] Artis (25).
[14] Steinhauer (18).
[15] Schlotheim (04).
[16] Sternberg (20).
[17] Brongniart (28) (282) (49).
[18] Brongniart (39).
[19] Heer (55) (68) (76).
[20] Lesquereux (66) (70) (80) etc.
[21] Zigno (56).
[22] Massalongo (51).
[23] Saporta (72) (73).
[24] Ettingshausen (79). Also numerous papers on fossil plants from Austria and other countries.
[25] Sprengel (28).
[26] Witham (33).
[27] ibid., p. 3.
[28] Witham (33), p. 5.
[29] Nicol (34). See note by Prof. Jameson on p. 157 of the paper quoted, to the effect that he has long known of this method of preparing sections.
[30] Limpricht (90) in Rabenhorst, vol. IV. p. 73.
[31] Knowlton (89).
[32] Corda (45).
[33] Binney (68), Introductory remarks.
[34] Williamson (71), etc.
[35] Solms-Laubach (95), p. 442.
[36] Lindley and Hutton (31).
[37] Woodward (1729), Pt. ii. p. 106.
[38] Humboldt (48), vol. I. p. 274.
[39] Vide Hooker, J. D. (81), for references to other writers on this subject; also Darwin (82), ch. XII.
[40] Darwin (87), vol. III. p. 247.
[41] Brongniart (49), p. 94.
[42] Grand’Eury (77), Potonié (96), Kidston (94), &c.
[43] Ward (92), Knowlton (94), Grand’Eury (90), p. 155.
[44] Old Persian writer, quoted by E. G. Browne in A Year among the Persians, p. 220, London, 1893.
[45] W. R. W. Stephens, Life of Freeman, p. 132, London, 1895.
[46] Rothpletz (94).
[47] Heim (78).
[48] Geikie (93), p. 706.
[49] Hughes (79), p. 248.
[50] Whitney and Wadsworth (84).
[51] Murchison (72), p. 5.
[52] Kayser and Lake (95), p. 88.
[53] Kidston (94).
[54] Geikie (93), p. 825.
[55] Woodward, H. B. (87), p. 197.
[56] Hinde and Fox (95), p. 662.
[57] Kidston (94).
[58] Vide Zeiller (92) for a list of species of Coal-Measure plants found in the pieces of shale included in the core brought up by the borer.
[59] Jukes-Browne (86), p. 252.
[60] Kayser and Lake (95), p. 196.
[61] Neumayr (83).
[62] Woodward, H. B. (87), p. 255.
[63] Kayser and Lake (95), p. 326.
[64] Huxley (93), p. 27.
[65] Discussed at greater length in vol. II.
[66] Woodward, H. B. (95), Figs. 124 and 133 from photographs by Mr Strahan.
[67] Buckland (37) Pl. LVII.
[68] Young, Glen, and Kidston (88).
[69] Gardner (87), p. 279.
[70] Treub (88).
[71] Morton (91), p. 228.
[72] Lyell (45), vol. I. p. 180.
[73] Mantell (44), vol. I. p. 168.
[74] Forbes, H. O. (85), p. 254.
[75] Hooker, J. D. (91), p. 477.
[76] Hooker, J. D. (91), p. 1. There are several good specimens of the black pyritised nipadite fruits in the British Museum and other collections.
[77] Rodway (95), p. 106.
[78] Bates (63), p. 139.
[79] Bates (63), p. 239.
[80] Lyell (67) vol. II. p. 361.
[81] Lyell (67) vol. I. p. 445.
[82] Darwin (90) p. 443.
[83] Challenger (85), Narrative, vol. I. Pt. ii. p. 679.
[84] Bates (63) p. 389.
[85] Challenger (85), Narrative, vol. I. p. 459.
[86] Zeiller (82) and Renault (95).
[87] Heer (76).
[88] Schimper and Mougeot (44).
[89] Sharpe, S. (68) p. 563.
[90] There are still more perfect casts from Sézanne in Prof. Munier-Chalmas’ Geological collection in the Sorbonne. The best examples have not yet been figured.
[91] Saporta (68).
[92] Darwin (90) p. 432.
[93] For figures of fossil plants in amber, vide Göppert and Berendt (45), Conwentz (90), Conwentz (96) &c.
[94] Thomas (48).
[95] Adamson (88).
[96] Williamson (87) Pl. XV. p. 45. A very fine specimen, similar to that in the Manchester Museum, has recently been added to the School of Mines Museum in Berlin; Potonié (90).
[97] The British Museum collection contains a specimen of Stigmaria preserved in the same manner as the example shown in fig. 12.
[98] Lyell (45) vol. I. p. 60.
[99] Lyell (45) vol. I. p. 147.
[100] Warming (96) p. 170.
[101] Bornemann (56), Schenk (67), Zeiller (82).
[102] Solms-Laubach (952).
[103] Nathorst (86) p. 9. See also Delgado (86).
[104] Parkinson (11) vol. I. p. 431.
[105] The British Museum collection contains many good examples of the Solenhofen plants.
[106] There is a splendid silicified tree stem from Tasmania of Tertiary age several feet in height in the National Museum.
[107] Darwin (90) p. 317.
[108] Holmes (80) p. 126, fig. 1.
[109] Marsh (71).
[110] Conwentz (78).
[111] A large piece from one of these South African trees is in the Fossil-plant Gallery of the British Museum.
[112] Barton (1751) p. 58.
[113] Gardner (84) p. 314.
[114] Stokes (40) p. 207.
[115] Witham (81), Christison (76).
[116] Cole (94), figs. 1 and 3.
[117] Harker (95) p. 233, fig. 56.
[118] I am indebted to Dr Renault of Paris for showing to me several preparations illustrating this method of petrifaction.
[119] Cash and Hick (78).
[120] Stur (85).
[121] Thiselton-Dyer (72) Pl. VI.
[122] Carruthers (70).
[123] Schultze (55).
[124] I am indebted to Prof. Lebour of the Durham College of Science for the loan of this letter.
[125] Seward (97).
[126] Williamson and Scott (96) Pl. XXIV. fig. 16.
[127] Bryce (72) p. 126, fig. 23.
[128] An erroneous interpretation of the Arran stems is given in Lyell’s Elements of Geology: Lyell (78) p. 547.
[129] Guillemard (86) p. 322.
[130] Heer (55).
[131] Göppert (36), etc.
[132] Hirschwald (73).
[133] Kuntze (80) p. 8.
[134] Schweinfurth (82).
[135] Solms-Laubach (91), p. 29.
[136] Göppert (57). Some of the large silicified trees mentioned by Göppert may be seen in the Breslau Botanic gardens.
[137] An example referred to by Carruthers (71) p. 444.
[138] Williamson (71) p. 507.
[139] Dealt with more fully in vol. II.
[140] Bentham (70).
[141] See also Bunbury (83) p. 309.
[142] Seward (96) p. 208.
[143] Darwin (90) p. 416.
[144] Solms-Laubach (91) p. 9.
[145] Balfour (72) p. 5.
[146] Grand’Eury (77) Pt. i., p. 3.
[147] 1 Renault and Zeiller (88) Pl. LX. fig. 1.
[148] Williamson (73) p. 393, Pl. XXVII. Described in detail in vol. II. See also Solms-Laubach (91) p. 7, fig. 1.
[149] A good example is figured by Newberry (88) Pl. XXV. as a decorticated coniferous stem of Triassic age.
[150] Potonié (87).
[151] Lindley and Hutton (31) vol. III. p. 4. See also Schenk (88) p. 202.
[152] Saporta (79) (77). Eopteris is included among the ferns in Schimper and Schenk’s volume of Zittel’s Handbuch der Palaeontologie (p. 115), and in some other modern works.
[153] Reinsch (81).
[154] Williamson has drawn attention to the occurrence of such borings and coprolites in Coal-Measure plant tissues. E.g. Williamson (80) Pl. 20, figs. 65 and 66.
[155] Renault (96) p. 437.
[156] Slide No. 1923 in the Williamson collection.
[157] Crépin (81).
[158] Rules for Zoological Nomenclature, drawn up by the late H. E. Strickland, M.A., F.R.S., London, 1878.
[159] Lhwyd (1699).
[160] Knowlton (96) p. 82.
[161] Thiselton-Dyer (95) p. 846.
[162] Saporta (75) p. 193.
[163] Seward (95) p. 173.
[164] Ward (96) p. 874.
[165] Challenger (85) p. 934.
[166] Ehrenberg (36) p. 117, Pl. I. figs. 1 and 4, and Ehrenberg (54) Pl. XXXVII. fig. vii.
[167] Schütt (96) p. 22.
[168] Bütschli (83–87) p. 1028.
[169] Challenger Reports (85) p. 939.
[170] Challenger Reports (91) p. 257.
[171] Hensen (92), Schütt (93) p. 44.
[172] Murray, G., and Blackman, V. H. (97).
[173] Dixon and Joly (97).
[174] Sorby (79) p. 78.
[175] Rothpletz (96), p. 909, Pl. XXIII. fig. 4.
[176] Challenger (85) passim. Schütt (93).
[177] Phillips W. (93).
[178] Kippis (78) p. 115.
[179] Darwin (90) p. 13.
[180] Rothpletz (92).
[181] Walther (88).
[182] Cohn (62).
[183] Murray, G. (952).
[184] Thiselton-Dyer (91) p. 226.
[185] Nicholson and Etheridge (80) p. 28, Pl. IX. fig. 24.
[186] Wethered (93) p. 237.
[187] For figures of the sheaths of Cyanophyceous algae, see Murray (952), Pl. XIX. fig. 5. Gomont (88) and (92); etc.
[188] Brown (94) p. 203.
[189] For references to the papers of Wethered and others, see Seward (94), p. 24.
[190] E. G. Bornemann (87), Pl. II.
[191] Moseley, H. N. (75), p. 321.
[192] Weed (87–88), vide also Tilden (97).
[193] Bornet and Flahault (892) Pl. XI.
[194] Batters (92).
[195] Quekett (54), fig. 78.
[196] Kölliker (59) and (592); good figures in the latter paper.
[197] Rose (55), Pl. I.