[198] For other references vide Bornet and Flahault (892).
[199] Duncan (76) and (762).
[200] Similar borings are figured by Kölliker (592), Pl. XVI. 14, in a scale of Beryx ornatus from the Chalk.
[201] Bornet and Flahault (892).
[202] E. G. Wedl (59). Good figures are given in this paper.
[203] Bornemann (86), p. 126, Pls. V. and VI.
[204] Renault (961) p. 446.
[205] Treub (88).
[206] Williamson (88).
[207] Heer (55) vol. I. p. 21, Pl. IV. fig. 2.
[208] de Bary (87) p. 9. A good account of the Schizomycetes has lately been written by Migula in Engler and Prantl’s Pflanzenfamilien, Leipzig, 1896.
[209] 1 µ = 0·001 millimetres.
[210] James (982), translation of a paper by M. Ferry in the Revue Mycologique, 1893.
[211] Zeiller (82).
[212] Renault (951), (961) p. 478, (962) p. 106. (Several figures of the cuticles are given in these publications.)
[213] Renault (961) p. 492.
[214] Renault (952), (961), (962).
[215] Renault and Bertrand (94). See also Renault (952) p. 3, (961) p. 449, Pl. LXXXIX. (962) p. 94, and (963) p. 280, fig. 3.
[216] Renault (952) p. 17, fig. 9, (961) p. 460, fig. 102, and (963) p. 292, fig. 10.
[217] Renault (963) p. 297, fig. 14.
[218] Van Tieghem (77).
[219] Van Tieghem (79).
[220] Vogelsang (74). Vide also Rutley (92).
[221] I am indebted to Prof. Kanthack for calling my attention to an interesting account of Bacilli in small stones found in gall-bladders; a manner of occurrence comparable to that of the fossil forms in petrified tissues. Vide Naunyn (96) p. 51.
[222] Renault (963) p. 277.
[223] Hooker, J. D. (44) p. 457. Pls. CLXVII. CLXVIII. and CLXXI. D.
[224] An American writer has recently discussed the literature and history of Fucoides; he gives a list of 85 species. It is very doubtful if such work as this is worth the labour. (James [93].)
[225] Wille (97) p. 136, also Murray, G. (95) p. 121.
[226] Linnarsson (69) Pl. XI. fig. 3. There are many good specimens of this fossil in the Geological Survey Museum, Stockholm.
[227] Nathorst (812), and (96).
[228] Nathorst (81) p. 14.
[229] Mantell (33) p. 166. Vide also Morris (54) p. 6.
[230] Bateson (88).
[231] Nathorst (81), (86) &c. Dawson (88) p. 26 et seq. Dawson (90) Delgado (86) Williamson (85) Hughes (84) Zeiller (84) Saporta (81) (82) (84) (86) Fuchs (95) Rothpletz (96).
[232] Kinahan (58).
[233] Sollas (86).
[234] Barrois (88). References to other records of this genus may be found in Barrois’ paper.
[235] Zeiller (84). Phymatoderma is probably a horny sponge (vide p. 154).
[236] Newberry (88) p. 82, Pl. XXI. There are some large specimens of this supposed alga in the National Museum, Washington; they are undoubtedly of the nature of rill-marks.
[237] Vide Williamson (85).
[238] Dawson (90) p. 615.
[239] Salter (78) p. 99.
[240] Lapworth (81) p. 176, Pl. VII. fig. 7.
[241] Rothpletz (96).
[242] A term applied to a certain facies of Eocene and Oligocene rocks in Central Europe.
[243] Hall (47) Pl. LXVIII. 1 and 2, p. 261.
[244] Nathorst (83) p. 453.
[245] Seward (942) p. 4.
[246] Kidston (83) Pl. XXXII. fig. 2. Specimens of this form may be seen in the British Museum collection.
[247] Cf. Matthew, G. F. (89). Hall called attention in 1852 to the prevalent habit of describing ‘algae’ from the older strata, without any evidence for a vegetable origin. (Hall [52] p. 18.)
[248] Credner (87) p. 431.
[249] Saporta (84) p. 45, Pl. VII.
[250] Solms-Laubach (91) p. 51.
[251] A monograph on the Diatomaceae has recently been written by Schütt for Engler and Prantl’s systematic work. See also Murray, G. (97) and Pfitzer (71).
[252] Darwin (90) p. 5.
[253] Weed (87).
[254] Wilson (87).
[255] Ehrenberg (54).
[256] Noll (95) p. 248.
[257] Hooker, J. D. (44) vol. I. p. 503.
[258] Murray, J. and Renard (91) p. 208.
[259] Nansen, Daily Chronicle, Nov. 2, 1896.
[260] Schütt (93) p. 10.
[261] Ehrenberg (36) p. 77.
[262] Cayeux (92), (97).
[263] Shrubsole and Kitton (81).
[264] I am indebted to Mr Murton Holmes for specimens of these London Clay Diatoms.
[265] Rothpletz (96) p. 910, fig. 3, Pl. XXIII. fig. 203.
[266] Schütt (96) p. 62.
[267] Castracane (76).
[268] Heer (76) p. 66, Pl. XXIII. and (53) p. 117, Pl. VI.
[269] Stefani (82) p. 103.
[270] The Chlorophyceae have recently been exhaustively dealt with by Wille (97) in Engler and Prantl’s Pflanzenfamilien.
[271] Vide p. 142.
[272] Murray G. (95) p. 123.
[273] Göppert (60) p. 439. Pl. XXXIV. fig. 8.
[274] Zeiller (84).
[275] Murray G. (92) p. 11; also (95) p. 127.
[276] Damon (88) Pl. XIX. fig. 12.
[277] Vide also Rothpletz (96) p. 894.
[278] Ellis (1755) Pl. XXXIII. α p. 86.
[279] Fuchs (96) Pl. VIII. fig. 3.
[280] Murray G. (95) Pl. III. figs. 1 and 2.
[281] Rothpletz (90), and (91) Pls. XV. and XVI.
[282] Bornemann (87) p. 17, Pl. II. pp. 1–4.
[283] Lamouroux (21) Pl. XXV. fig. 5, p. 23.
[284] Munier-Chalmas (79).
[285] For references to genera of calcareous algae previously referred to Foraminifera, vide Sherborn (93).
[286] Lamarck (16) p. 193.
[287] Defrance (26) Pl. XLVIII. fig. 2, and Pl. L. fig. 6.
[288] Carpenter (62) p. 179, Pl. XII. figs. 9 and 10.
[289] Michelin (40–47) Pl. XLVI. fig. 24.
[290] Munier-Chalmas (79).
[291] Lamouroux (21) Pl. XXV. fig. 6, p. 23.
[292] Harvey (58) Vol. I. Pl. XXII. fig. 3.
[293] Fuchs (94).
[294] Lamouroux gives a figure of Acetabularia, and includes this genus with several other algae in the animal kingdom (Lamouroux [21] p. 19), Pl. LXIX.).
[295] Solms-Laubach (953).
[296] D’Archiac (43) p. 386, Pl. XXV. fig. 8.
[297] Solms-Laubach loc. cit. p. 33, Pl. III.
[298] D’Archiac (43) p. 386, Pl. XXV. fig. 8.
[299] Michelin (40) p. 176, Pl. XLVI. fig. 14.
[300] Carpenter (62) p. 137, Pl. XI. figs. 27–82.
[301] Solms-Laubach loc. cit. p. 32.
[302] Ibid. p. 34, Pl. III. fig. 13.
[303] Andrussow (87).
[304] Solms-Laubach (953) p. 11.
[305] Carpenter (62) Pl. XI. fig. 32.
[306] Reuss (61) p. 8, figs. 5–8.
[307] Ellis (1755) Pl. XXV. C.
[308] Solms-Laubach (91) p. 38 gives a detailed description with two figures of a recent species of Cymopolia.
[309] Murray G. (95).
[310] Wille (97).
[311] Munier-Chalmas (77).
[312] Cramer (87) (90).
[313] Solms-Laubach (91) (93) (953).
[314] Church (95).
[315] Gümbel (71).
[316] Benecke (76).
[317] Defrance (26) p. 453.
[318] Munier-Chalmas (77) p. 815.
[319] Munier-Chalmas ibid.
[320] Defrance (26) Pl. XLVIII. fig. 1.
[321] Stolley (93).
[322] Deecke (83).
[323] Benecke (76) Pl. XXIII.
[324] Solms-Laubach (91) p. 42.
[325] Rothpletz (94) p. 24.
[326] Lamarck (16) p. 188.
[327] Carpenter (62) Pl. X.
[328] Gümbel (71). Vide also Solms-Laubach (91) p. 39.
[329] Stolley (93).
[330] Schlüter (79).
[331] Saporta (91) Pl. XXXII. &c.
[332] Solms-Laubach (93), Pl. IX. figs. 1, 8.
[333] Cramer (90).
[334] Rothpletz (922) p. 235.
[335] Steinmann (80).
[336] Solms-Laubach (91), p. 40. fig. 3. Vide also Deecke (83) Pl. I. fig. 12.
[337] Brongniart (28) p. 211.
[338] Bornemann (91) p. 485. Pls. 42 and 43.
[339] Seward (952) p. 367.
[340] Report of the Trial (62).
[341] Bertrand and Renault (92) p. 29.
[342] Bertrand (93), Bertrand and Renault (92) (94), Bertrand (96), Renault (96). Additional references may be found in these memoirs.
[343] Batters (92). Vide also Schmitz (97) p. 315.
[344] Hauck (85) in Rabenhorst’s Kryptogamen Flora, vol. II.
[345] Kent (93) p. 140.
[346] Agassiz (88) vol. I. p. 82.
[347] Walther (85).
[348] Ibid. (88) p. 478.
[349] Philippi (37) p. 387.
[350] Rosanoff(66) Pl. VI. fig. 10.
[351] Rothpletz (91) Pl. XVII. fig. 4.
[352] Früh (90) fig. 12.
[353] Kjellman (83).
[354] Holmes and Batters (90) p. 102.
[355] Hauck (85). Rosanoff (66). Rosenvinge (93) p. 779. Kjellman (83) p. 88. Solms-Laubach (81).
[356] Unger (58).
[357] A microscopic section of the Vienna Leithakalk is figured in Nicholson and Lydekker’s Manual of Palæontology (89) vol. II. p. 1497.
[358] Gümbel (71) Pl. II. fig. 7, p. 41.
[359] Hauck (85) p. 272.
[360] Rothpletz (91) Pl. XVII. fig. 4.
[361] Vide Walther (88) p. 499; also Jukes-Browne and Harrison (91) passim. I am indebted to Mr G. F. Franks, who has studied the Barbadian reefs, for the opportunity of examining sections of West-Indian coral-rock.
[362] Brown A. (94).
[363] Brown A. (94) p. 147.
[364] ibid. p. 200.
[365] e.g. Saporta (82) p. 12.
[366] Turner (11) vol. II. p. 51.
[367] Rothpletz (96).
[368] Penhallow (96) p. 45.
[369] Dawson (59).
[370] Vide ‘Academy’ 1870, p. 16.
[371] Carruthers (72).
[372] Penhallow (89).
[373] Barber (92).
[374] Solms-Laubach (952).
[375] Penhallow (96).
[376] loc. cit. p. 83.
[377] Dawson (59), also (71) p. 17.
[378] Penhallow (89) and (96) p. 46.
[379] Barber (92) p. 336.
[380] Penhallow (89) and (93).
[381] Dawson (81) p. 302.
[382] Barber (92).
[383] Hicks (81) p. 490.
[384] Lake (95) p. 22.
[385] Solms-Laubach (952).
[386] A similar method of fossilisation has been noted by Rothpletz in the case of the Lower Devonian alga Hostinella. [Rothpletz (96) p. 896.]