[576] Feistmantel (81) p. 59, Pls. I. A–X. A.

[577] ante, p. 284.

[578] Schimper and Mougeot (44) p. 50, Pls. XXIV–XXVI.

[579] Seward (97²).

[580] Scheuchzer (1723), p. 19, Pl. IV. fig. 1.

[581] Volkmann (1720), p. 110, Pl. XIII. fig. 7.

[582] Woodward, J. (1728), Pt. II. p. 10.

[583] Schulze, C. F. (1755), Pl. II. fig. 1.

[584] Suckow (1784), p. 363.

[585] Steinhauer (18), Pls. V. and VI.

[586] Martin (09), Pls. VIII. XXV. and XXVI.

[587] Artie (25).

[588] Brongniart (22), p. 218.

[589] Brongniart (28), p. 34.

[590] Lindley and Hutton (31).

[591] Cotta (50). I am indebted to Prof. Stenzel of Breslau for calling my attention to the fact that Cotta’s work appeared in 1832, but in 1850 the same work was sold with a new title-page bearing this date.

[592] Unger (40).

[593] Petzholdt (41).

[594] Unger (44).

[595] Brongniart (49), p. 49.

[596] E.g. Isoetes, Botrychium, &c.

[597] Mougeot (52).

[598] Göppert (64), p. 183.

[599] ἄρθρον, joint; πίτυς, Pine-tree.

[600] The original specimens described by Göppert are in the rich palaeobotanical Collection of the Breslau Museum.

[601] Williamson (71³), p. 174.

[602] vide Solms-Laubach (96).

[603] Letter, November 1897.

[604] Vide p. 310.

[605] Hick (94), Pl. IX. fig. 1.

[606] On this point vide Williamson and Scott (94), p. 869.

[607] Williamson and Scott, loc. cit. p. 876.

[608] Renault (93), Pl. XLVII. fig. 4.

[609] Stur (87).

[610] The term primary ray may be conveniently restricted to the truly primary interfascicular tissue, and the term principal ray may be used for the outward extension of the primary rays by the cambium [Williamson and Scott (94), p. 878].

[611] Binney (68).

[612] Ettingshausen (55).

[613] The sections of fossil plants described by Binney were presented to the Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge, by his son (Mr J. Binney).

[614] Vide footnote, p. 311.

[615] Williamson (83²), Pl. XXXIII. fig. 19.

[616] Williamson (78), p. 323, Pl. XX. figs. 14 and 15.

[617] Williamson and Scott (94), p. 888.

[618] Hartig (94), pp. 149, 297, etc.

[619] Renault (96), p. 91.

[620] Williamson and Scott, loc. cit. p. 893. Vide specimens 133*–135* in the Williamson Collection.

[621] E.g. specimen 132*** in the Williamson Collection.

[622] Vide Williamson (71), Pl. XXVIII. fig. 38; (71²), Pl. IV. fig. 15; (78), Pl. XXI. figs. 26–28. Williamson and Scott (94), Pl. LXXII. figs. 5 and 6. Renault (93), Pl. XLV. figs. 4–6, etc. Felix (96), Pl. IV. figs. 2 and 3.

[623] Strasburger (91), Pl. II. fig. 40.

[624] Williamson (78).

[625] Williamson (71), p. 507.

[626] Williamson (71²), Pl. I. fig. 1; (78), Pl. XXI. fig. 31.

[627] Lyell (55), p. 368.

[628] Williamson (96), p. 194.

[629] Vide specimens 15–17, etc. in the Williamson Collection.

[630] The stem of fig. 83 is an example of Arthrodendron, but the appearance of the secondary xylem agrees with that in some forms of Arthropitys.

[631] For figures of this type of stem vide Göppert (64); Cotta (50), Pl. XV. (specimens 13787 in the British Museum Collection); Mougeot (52), Pl. V.; Stur (87), pp. 27–31; Renault (93), Pls. XLIV. and XLV. etc.

[632] Williamson (71), (71²), (87), fig. 5.

[633] Williamson and Scott (94), p. 879

[634] Vide Williamson (87²). In this paper Williamson compares the three subgenera of Calamite stems. Renault and Zeiller (88), Pl. LXXV. Renault (93), Pls. LVIII. and LIX.

[635] Renault (96), p. 125; (93), Pl. LIX. fig. 2.

[636] Lindley and Hutton (31), Pls. CXIV., CXC. etc. Most of the specimens figured by these authors are in the Newcastle Natural History Museum. For notes on the type-specimens of Lindley and Hutton, vide Howse (88) and Kidston (90²).

[637] Weiss (88), Stur (87), etc.

[638] Vide, p. 367.

[639] Ante, p. 260.

[640] Hick (95).

[641] Brongniart (22), p. 235.

[642] Schlotheim (20).

[643] Brongniart (28), p. 159.

[644] Lindley and Hutton (31), Pl. CXC.

[645] Ettingshausen (55).

[646] Schimper (69), p. 323.

[647] Grand’Eury (90).

[648] Martin (09), Pl. XX. figs. 4 and 6.

[649] Schlotheim (20), p. 397.

[650] Sternberg (25), p. xxviii.

[651] Brongniart (28), p. 154.

[652] Lindley and Hutton (31), Pl. CXCI.

[653] Ettingshausen (55), p. 28.

[654] Schimper (69), Pls. XXII. and XXVI. fig. 1.

[655] For other lists and synonyms, vide Zeiller (88), p. 368, and Kidston (86), p. 38 and (93), p. 316, also Potonié (93), p. 162.

[656] Sternberg (20).

[657] Brongniart (28), p. 155.

[658] Lehmann (1756), p. 127. Vide also Volkmanns (1720), Pl. XV. p. 113.

[659] Potonié (93), pp. 169 et seq., Pl. XXIV.

[660] Dawson (71).

[661] Nicholson (69) Pl. XVIII. B. Nicholson’s specimens are in the Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge.

[662] Schlotheim (20), p. 397.

[663] Sternberg (26), p. xxviii.

[664] Brongniart (28), p. 156.

[665] Lindley and Hutton (31), Pl. CXXIV.

[666] Binney (68), Pl. VI. fig. 3.

[667] Stur (87), Pl. XVI b, and Pls. IV b and XIII.

[668] Scheuchzer (1723), p. 63, Pl. XIII. fig. 3.

[669] Potonié (93), p. 166.

[670] Vide pp. 351 et seq.

[671] Renault (96), p. 66; (93), Pl. XXVIII.

[672] One of the finest specimens of Annularia stellata is figured by Stur (87), Pl. XVI b; it is in the Leipzig Museum. Vide also Schenk (83), Pl. XXXIX.; Germar (44), Pl. IX.; Renault and Zeiller (88), Pls. XLV. and XLVI. There are some well-preserved impressions of A. stellata in the British Museum from Radstock, Newcastle and elsewhere.

[673] Zenker (33), Pl. V. pp. 6–9.

[674] Heer (65), fig. 6, p. 9, and other authors.

[675] Weiss (76), p. 27, Pl. III. fig. 2.

[676] Lhwyd (1699), Pl. V. fig. 202.

[677] Sterzel (82).

[678] Vide Weiss (76), Pl. III. and Weiss (84), p. 178.

[679] Williamson (71), p. 487, Pls. XXV. and XXVI.

[680] Ibid. (78), p. 319, Pl. XIX.

[681] Cash and Hick (81), p. 400.

[682] Williamson (81), vide also Spencer (81).

[683] Spencer (83), p. 459.

[684] Williamson (83), p. 459, Pls. XXVII.–XXX.

[685] Renault (85).

[686] Lindley and Hutton (31), Pls. LXXVIII. and LXXIX. (The specimens are figured in a reversed position.)

[687] Binney (68), p. 5, fig. 1.

[688] Grand’Eury (77), Pls. I. and II.; (87), Pls. XXVII., XXVIII.

[689] Weiss (84), Pls. II.–IV., VIII. and IX.

[690] Stur (87), Pls. III., VI., VII., etc.; Zeiller (86), Pl. LIV.

[691] Weiss (76), (84).

[692] For references, vide Kidston (86), p. 58.

[693] Artis (25), Pl. V.

[694] Williamson and Scott (95), p. 694.

[695] Williamson (83²), Pl. XXIX. fig. 7.

[696] Williamson and Scott (95), Pls. XV.–XVII.

[697] For figures vide Williamson, loc. cit., Williamson and Scott, and Renault (85), (93).

[698] E.g. Schenk (90) in Zittel’s Handbuch, p. 237.

[699] Williamson and Scott, loc. cit. p. 689.

[700] de Bary (84), p. 474; van Tieghem (91), p. 720.

[701] Renault (96), pp. 118, 126; (93), Pl. LV.

[702] Carruthers (67), Pl. LXX.

[703] Sternberg (25), Pl. XLVIII. and LI.

[704] Brongniart (49), p. 51.

[705] Binney (68), p. 23, Pls. IV. and V.

[706] Schimper (69), p. 330.

[707] For figures and descriptions of this type of cone vide Williamson (73), (80), (89); Hick (93), (94) and Williamson and Scott (94).

[708] Weiss (84), Pls. XXII.—XXIV.

[709] Williamson and Scott (94), p. 911, Pls. LXXXI. and LXXXII.

[710] Vide Heinricher (82); Bower (94), p. 495; Campbell (95), pp. 396, 503.

[711] Williamson (81), Pl. LIV.

[712] An excellent figure illustrating the co-existence of heterospory and secondary thickening is given by Williamson and Scott, loc. cit., Pl. LXXXII. fig. 36.

[713] Weiss (76), p. 103.

[714] Williamson (71²).

[715] Ibid. (88²).

[716] Williamson and Scott (94), p. 900.

[717] Weiss (84), Pl. XXI. fig. 4.

[718] Williamson (74), Pl. V. fig. 32.

[719] Williamson (88²), Pl. IX. fig. 20.

[720] E.g. Renault (82), Pl. XIX. fig. 1; (96), Pl. XXIX. figs. 1 and 4.

[721] Williamson (88²), Pl. VIII. figs. 1 and 4.

[722] Renault (93), Pl. XXIX. fig. 7.

[723] Solms-Laubach (91), p. 325.

[724] Weiss (84) p. 161. Solms-Laubach, loc. cit. p. 326.

[725] E.g. Volkmannia Ludwigi Carr., also Volkmannia elongata Presl. [Solms (91), p. 332 and Weiss (76), p. 108].

[726] E.g. Brukmannia Grand’Euryi Ren. [Renault (76)].

[727] Weiss (84), p. 190.

[728] Weiss (76), p. 1.

[729] Weiss (84), p. 161.

[730] Renault (82), p. 139; (76).

[731] Solms-Laubach (91), p. 330.

[732] Schenk (88), p. 132; (83), p. 232.

[733] Weiss (84), p. 161.

[734] E.g. Volkmannia gracilis Sternb. [Renault (76), Pl. II.].

[735] Schimper (69), p. 332. Vide also Renault and Zeiller (88), p. 420.

[736] Renault (82), p. 120, Pl. XIX.; (93), Pl. XXIX. figs. 8–14; (96), p. 77.

[737] Weiss (84), p. 98, Pl. XX. etc.

[738] Sterzel (82).

[739] Renault and Zeiller (88), Pl. XLVI. fig. 7.

[740] Kidston (86), p. 47; (93), p. 319. Vide also Renault (93), Pl. XXVIII.

[741] Renault and Zeiller (88), Pl. XLV.

[742] Solms-Laubach (91), p. 339. Weiss (84), p. 159.

[743] Weiss (84), Pl. XX. fig. 6.

[744] Weiss (84), Pl. XX. fig. 7; Pl. XXI. fig. 4.

[745] Ibid. Pls. XIV. and XV. Cf. also Stur (87), Pls. VI. and VII b, and Lesquereux (84), Pl. XC. fig. 1.

[746] Grand’Eury (90), pp. 205, 208. Renault and Zeiller (88), Pl. LI.

[747] Vide Unger (50), p. 63.

[748] Weiss, loc. cit.

[749] Solms-Laubach (91), p. 328.

[750] Schenk (83), p. 234.

[751] Weiss (76), p. 88; (84), p. 162. Solms-Laubach, loc. cit. p. 334, fig. 47.

[752] Renault (96), p. 132.

[753] Zeiller (88), Pl. LIV. fig. 4.