170. Though, like Coleridge (MS. note in another place), he mentions brandy.

171. 2nd ed., pp. 43, 92; 7th ed., pp. 31, 64. Cf. I. vi., 2nd ed., p. 82 n.; 7th ed., p. 57 n.

172. See above, pp. 35, 36.

173. E. g. 2nd ed., II. ii. 199; 7th ed., p. 135.

174. Compare the suggestive remarks of Rogers, Six Centuries, pp. 270, 271. He thinks that a movement like Lollardism could not have succeeded in times of utter depression.

175. Essay, Book I. ch. v.

176. E. g. cannibalism and late marriages.

177. 2nd ed., p. 46; 7th ed., p. 33. Cf. pp. 290 and 339.

178. In Essays, vol. i., Essay XI., Populousness of Ancient Nations, p. 444 (ed. 1768).

179. Cf. Plato, Repub., ii.

180. 2nd ed., p. 57; 7th ed., p. 41.

181. Behm and Wagner (Bevölk. d. Erde, 1882) give it at 16,300.

182. 2nd ed., p. 57 n.; 7th ed., p. 40 n.

183. Report of Admiral D’Horsey to the Admiralty, 1878.

184. See above, pp. 17, 18.

185. Behm and Wagner say ninety-three.

186. Essay, Book I. ch. vi.

187. See above, p. 83.

188. 2nd ed., p. 68 n.; 3rd ed., p. 115 n. He afterwards altered “totally” to “often entirely,” 7th ed., p. 47 n.

189. Wealth of Nations, Book IV. ch. vii. Part iii. p. 286 (ed. MacC.).

190. 2nd ed., p. 66; 7th ed., p. 46.

191. His own word: 2nd ed., p. 67; 7th ed., p. 47.

192. Gen. xiii. 1–9. Essay, 2nd ed., p. 65; 7th ed., p. 45.

193. See e. g. Mackenzie Wallace: Russia, vol. ii. pp. 48, 90, &c.

194. Essay, 2nd ed., p. 72; 7th ed., pp. 50, 51.

195. Gibbon, ch. ix. p. 175.

196. Tacitus, Germ. 14.

197. 2nd ed., pp. 74, 77; 7th ed., pp. 52, 53.

198. Ch. ix. 176: “indeed the impossibility of the supposition.”

199. Grandeur et Décadence des Romains, ch. xvi. p. 138, ed. 1876.

200. Essay, 2nd ed., p. 76; 7th ed., p. 53.

201. Ibid. Bk. I. ch. vii.

202. 2nd ed., p. 99; 7th ed., p. 68.

203. 7th ed., p. 82.

204. 2nd ed., p. 92; 7th ed., p. 63.

205. 2nd ed., p. 94; 7th ed., p. 65.

206. Ibid. p. 104; 7th ed., p. 72.

207. Coleridge (MS. notes) reminds our author that Mahomet allowed oblations of sand for water.

208. Cf. above, p. 96, &c.

209. 2nd ed., III. xi. 474–5; 7th ed., III. xiv. 381.

210. Especially Book I. ch. x., the chapter on Turkey.

211. Essay, Bk. I. ch. xii., ‘China and Japan.’

212. 2nd ed., p. 162; 7th ed., p. 112.

213. Ibid. p. 175; 7th ed., p. 120.

214. See Essay, Bk. I. chs. xiii., xiv.

215. Sparta is the chief Greek instance.

216. 2nd ed., p. 172; 7th ed., p. 118.

217. 2nd ed., p. 150; cf. pp. 164, 172–3. 7th ed., p. 104; cf. pp. 113, 118.

218. See above, p. 99.

219. 1st ed., p. 119; 7th ed., Appendix, p. 515.

220. Essay, 7th ed., p. 122.

221. 2nd ed., p. 254; 7th ed., p. 246. Cf. 2nd ed., pp. 172, 175, and 67; 7th ed., pp. 118, 120, and 47. Cf. Hume, Pop. of Anc. N., pp. 487, and especially 504.

222. 7th ed., pp. 163, 387, 394; 2nd ed., pp. 113, 287, 292. Cf. 1st ed., pp. 118–19, 123 n.

223. 2nd ed., p. 178; 7th ed., p. 122.

224. 7th ed., p. 380, top.

225. 2nd ed., p. 175; 7th ed., p. 120.

226. 2nd ed., p. 175; 7th ed., p. 120.

227. 2nd ed., p. 180; 7th ed., p. 124. “It is therefore upon these causes alone,—independently of [2nd ed. says ‘besides’] actual enumerations,—on which we can with certainty rely.”

228. Dr. Wallace, Dissertation, p. 55, had given Attica in its palmy days a population of 608 to the square mile; England in the nineteenth century has only 445, and crowded Belgium 487.

229. Essay, 1st ed., p. 54; 7th ed., pp. 120, 122; cf. pp. 262, 434. Cf. Wealth of Nations, IV. vii. 254, 255.

230. Essay, 2nd ed., p. 598; 7th ed., p. 476.

231. l. c. cf. 2nd ed., pp. 175, 178; 7th ed., pp. 120, 122.

232. Essay on Population, 2nd ed., p. 180; 7th ed., p. 124.

233. E. g. II. iii. 152, 1; IV. ix. 304, 2 (ed. MacC.).

234. E. g. 7th ed., pp. 307, 434, 473–4.

235. Taine, Angleterre, pp. 176, 232–3.

236. Ibid. p. 233.

237. Wealth of Nations, III. iv. 183, 2, &c.

238. Bacon, Nov. Org., I. xlv.

239. See below, Bk. IV.

240. Except the hog, adds Gibbon, Decl. and F., ch. ix. p. 171 n.

241. See above, p. 48.

242. The phrase on p. 216 of 2nd ed. (p. 148 of 7th), “in the preceding summer of 1788,” is probably a slip. We do not hear elsewhere of any visit so early. See below, Bk. V.

243. See above, p. 49. Cf. 2nd ed., p. 281; 7th ed., p. 173, &c.

244. For his other movements and other details of his life, see Bk. V. (Biography).

245. 2nd and 7th edd., Bk. II. ch. i.

246. Essay, 2nd ed., p. 189; 7th ed., p. 129.

247. The Russian figures being incredible. See later, p. 133.

248. 2nd ed., p. 184; 7th ed., p. 126.

249. 2nd ed., pp. 188, 189; 7th ed., pp. 128, 129. Cf. Thornton’s chapter (II.) on the “Social Effects of Peasant Proprietorships,” Peas. Prop. (ed. 1874), p. 55.

250. In 6th ed., 1826. See 7th ed., p. 144.

251. English Blue Book on Foreign Poor Laws, 1875, p. 109.

252. Statesman’s Year Book, 1880, p. 439.

253. Essay, 7th ed., p 112.

254. E. g. that of Essay, 7th ed., p. 130.

255. Essay, 7th ed., p. 139; cf. pp. 151, 152.

256. Ibid. p. 152.

257. Essay, Bk. II. ch. ii.

258. Ibid. Bk. II. ch. iii.

259. 2nd ed., pp. 213–14; 7th ed., pp. 146, 147.

260. 2nd ed., pp. 214–15; 7th ed., p. 147, foot.

261. Ibid. p. 218; 7th ed., p. 150. Cf. above, p. 30.

262. 2nd ed., p. 219; 7th ed., p. 151. Compare Price, Observations, p. 280 note; and especially Hume, Pop. of Anc. N., p. 445 (ed. 1768).

263. Essay, ibid.

264. Essay, 2nd ed., p. 220; 7th ed., p. 151.

265. Ibid. p. 221; 7th ed., p. 152.

266. Essay, 2nd ed., pp. 216–17; 7th ed., p. 149.

267. Ibid. 7th ed., Bk. II. chs. iv. to x., as rearranged in the 3rd ed.

268. Six Centuries of Work and Wages, pp. 118, 119.

269. Essay, 2nd ed., II. v. p. 245; 7th ed., II. iv. p. 159. Cf. 2nd ed., p. 320; 7th ed., p. 206.

270. Ibid. 2nd ed., p. 347; 7th ed., p. 260.

271. Ibid. 2nd ed., p. 348; 7th ed., p. 260.

272. See above, p. 18.

273. So in substance Cairnes in his rehabilitation of the Wages Fund. Leading Principles, pp. 196 seq. Cliffe Leslie passim.

274. Essay, 2nd ed., p. 240; 7th ed., p. 155.

275. Ibid. p. 247; 7th ed., p. 160.

276. “Partout où il se trouve une place où deux personnes peuvent vivre commodément, il se fait un mariage.”—Esprit des Lois, Bk. XXIII. ch. x. (not XXII., as in 7th ed.).

277. Essay, 2nd ed., p. 247; 7th ed., p. 160.

278. Ibid. 2nd ed., p. 221; 7th ed., p. 152.

279. Essay, 2nd ed., pp. 248–9; 7th ed., pp. 161–2.

280. Ibid.

281. 2nd ed., p. 246; 7th ed., p. 159. The Italics are the author’s.

282. Ibid. p. 247; 7th ed., p. 160.

283. Ibid.

284. 2nd ed., p. 205; 7th ed., p. 139.

285. Essay, 2nd ed., pp. 387 seq.; 7th ed., pp. 287 seq.

286. Ibid.

287. Essay, 2nd ed., p. 391; 7th ed., pp. 289–90.

288. Ibid.

289. Essay, 2nd ed., p. 393; 7th ed., p. 291.

290. 2nd ed., p. 395; 7th ed., p. 292.

291. Ibid.

292. Appointed in March 1826, in the last thirteen months of Lord Liverpool’s Government. Malthus came before them on 5th May, 1827. See Third Report of Emigration Committee, pp. 9, 10, and for his evidence pp. 311 seq.

293. 1st Report, 1826 (May); 2nd, 1827 (April). The free use of technical terms is not surprising, for political economy was then a popular study. For examples see 1st Report, pp. 46, 57; 2nd Report, pp. 63, 102; 3rd Report, pp. 261, 308.

294. 2nd Report.

295. 3rd Report, 1827 (June).

296. p. 9.

297. Cf. below, ch. vii. (on Ireland), especially pp. 197 and 199.

298. 3rd Report, p. 315, qu. 3257.

299. The Emigration Committee recommended that the help of the state should only be given on condition of a local initiative and local contribution.

300. See e. g. qu. 3370.

301. 7th ed., p. 292.

302. W. of N., I. viii. 36 (MacC.’s ed.). “Other” is not a slip; the writer is conscious of his cynicism.

303. Essay, III. iv. 293, of which the concluding paragraph was added in 1817.

304. Essay, 7th ed., Bk. II. ch. v.

305. 2nd ed., pp. 275–6; 7th ed., p. 169.

306. Or “Leyzin,” as Malthus spells it.

307. Essay, 2nd ed., p. 271; 7th ed., p. 166.

308. Average sixty-one years.

309. 2nd ed., p. 274; 7th ed., p. 168.

310. 2nd ed., p. 280; 7th ed., p. 173, top. The remark savours of paradox.

311. Ibid. p. 280, foot; 7th ed., p. 173.

312. Ibid. p. 281; 7th ed., p. 173.

313. See above, p. 127.

314. Compare above on “oscillations,” p. 147, and below, Bk. II. chs. ii. and iii.

315. Essay, 7th ed., Bk. II. chs. vi., vii.

316. 2nd ed., p. 285; 7th ed., p. 175.

317. 2nd ed., p. 296; cf. 7th ed., p. 182 n. “Indeed in adopting Sir F. d’Ivernois’s calculations respecting the actual loss of men during the Revolution, I never thought myself borne out by facts, but the reader will be aware that I adopted them rather for the sake of illustration than from supposing them strictly true.”

318. 7th ed., p. 188.

319. 7th ed., p. 176; cf. p. 175.

320. 7th ed., pp. 177, 181 n.

321. Ibid., p. 178 and n.

322. Not above suspicion. See 7th ed., p. 176 n.

323. The military advantage of an increasing population is pointed out also in the article on Newenham’s ‘Ireland,’ Edin. Rev., July 1808, p. 350.

324. Cf. Josiah Tucker, On Trade, p. 17 (3rd ed., 1753).

325. Essay, 2nd ed., p. 297 n; 7th ed., p. 185, which omits one clause. Cf. 2nd ed., pp. 290–1; 7th ed., pp. 179, 180.

326. 2nd ed., p. 291; 7th ed., pp. 179, 180. Cf. the often-quoted passages about the bleak rock and the garden, written (be it remarked) before and not after the Revolution, in Arthur Young’s Travels in France (Bury St. Edmunds, 1792), pp. 36, 37, 42; cf. p. 341.

327. E. g. 5th, 1817; 7th ed., ch. vii.

328. 7th ed., p. 188.

329. Arthur Young, Travels in France, pp. 410, 437.

330. Essay, 7th ed., p. 189.

331. Cf. Fyffe, Mod. Europe, i. 124.

332. Essay, 7th ed., p. 189.

333. A characteristic utilitarian touch. 2nd ed., p. 295, top; 7th ed., p. 183.

334. Ibid.

335. 2nd ed., p. 294; 7th ed., p. 183.

336. Essay, 7th ed., p. 320 (III. vii.).

337. Levasseur, France avec ses Colonies (1875), p. 842. According to Anderson, Chron. Ded., Vol. III. p. xliii, some said twenty, others seventeen. But Mr. Kitchin cites Vauban to show that there had been a decline in population from fifteen to thirteen millions between the beginning of the war of Succession and the end of it (1702, 1713).—History of France, vol. iii. p. 342. Cf. Fox Bourne’s Life of Locke, i. p. 350; Vauban’s Dîme Royale, pp. 162–3.

338. Josiah Tucker, Essay on Trade (3rd ed., 1753), p. 14. There may be rhetorical exaggeration in his statements. “The subordination of the common people is an unspeakable advantage to the French in respect to trade. By this means the manufacturers [workmen] are always kept industrious. They dare not run into debauchery; to drunkenness they are not inclined. They are [practically by the law of military service] obliged to enter into the married state, whereby they raise up large families to labour, and keep down the price of it; and consequently, by working cheaper, enable the merchant to sell the cheaper.”

339. Wealth of Nations, IV. iii. pp. 220–1.

340. See above, p. 155. Levasseur makes it twenty-five; Arthur Young, who considers France over-populated by five or six millions, makes it twenty-six (Travels in France, pp. 468–9; cf. p. 474). Price had made it thirty.

341. Grounds of an Opinion, &c., p. 12. See below, Bk. II. ch. i.

342. Census as given in Annuaire de l’Économie Politique (1882), p. 899.

343. Political Economy (1820), pp. 433 seq. Cliffe Leslie (Mor. and Pol. Essays, 1879, p. 424) attributes the few births to the very Law of Succession of which Malthus was afraid.

344. In the country districts at least. On the relation of luxury to trade, &c., see below, Bk. II. ch. iii. p. 268.

345. E. g. by M. Levasseur in La France avec ses Colonies (1875), p. 853.

346. Appendix to Wealth of Nations, note iv. p. 465.

347. Levasseur, l. c. pp. 845, 846 ft.

348. Times, Jan. 1883.

349. English Registrar-General’s 45th Report, for 1882, pp. cii, cvii.

350. Levasseur, La France, l. c.

351. E. g. Times, l. c.

352. Essay, 7th ed., IV. xiii. p. 474; 2nd ed., IV. xi. p. 594.

353. 2nd ed., II. ix.; 7th ed., II. viii, ix.