The Project Gutenberg eBook of Malthus and His Work, by James Bonar

683. Some such view is suggested by Malthus himself, Essay, IV. xiii. p. 473 (cf. Pol. Ec., 1820, p. 475), a passage which it is hard to reconcile with the passages in the Quarterly and in the Pol. Ec. that speak of the necessity of a special class of unproductive consumers.

684. Pol. Econ. (1820), ch. vii. sect. ix. p. 473. Cf. Tract on Rent, p. 48 n.

685. Essay on Pop., III. iii. p. 282 (in relation to Robert Owen). Cf. the whole ch. xiii. of Book III., where he treats of “Increasing Wealth as it affects the Condition of the Poor.”

686. Pol. Econ., l. c. p. 474.

687. Ibid., l. c. pp. 474–5.

688. See above, pp. 245 seq. and 252.

689. See below, Bk. IV., and cf. above, p. 208.

690. See above, p. 142.

691. The passage is quoted in full because by recent critics it is much garbled; e. g. in Progress and Poverty, VII. i. 304 n.

692. Essay, 2nd ed., IV. vi. 531.

693. Lucretius, iii. 951. Cicero’s simile of the theatre open to all comers, but giving each man his own seat, had special application to Property (De Finibus, iii. 20).

694. Epitaph on Fenton.

695. James Grahame’s Population (1816), p. 34. Cf. Quarterly Rev., Dec. 1812, p. 327; Hazlitt, Spirit of the Age, ‘Malthus,’ end.

696. Book III. Part I. ch. iv. (1785).

697. E. g. Godwin, Population (1820), I. iii. 17. The withdrawal was probably due to Sumner. See Otter, Life of Malthus in Pol. Ec. (1836), p. lii.

698. Cf. Essay, 2nd ed., pp. 400, 401, and nn.; 7th ed., p. 298 n. Cf. pp. 295 and 297 n. Cf. also Tooke, above quoted, p. 291.

699. Cf. above, p. 220.

700. On Bounties and the Corn Trade. Cf. High Price of Provisions, p. 3.

701. l. c. p. 23. See above, p. 289. Also Corn Law Catechism, 1839, qu. 244.

702. l. c. pp. 9–11. Cf. the “make up” and “bread money” mentioned in Report of Poor Law Commission, 1834, p. 27.

703. High Price, &c. pp. 19, 20.

704. l. c. p. 27. Cf. above, p. 43.

705. 1st ed., pp. 82, 83; 7th ed., pp. 302–3.

706. Essay, 7th ed., Appendix, p. 493.

707. He borrows, as he himself says, the language of Sir Frederick Eden on the State of the Poor (1797). See Essay on Population, 2nd ed., p. 417 n.; 7th ed., p. 308 n.

708. Letter to Whitbread (1807), pp. 12, 13; cf. Essay, p. 445 ft.

709. Quoted, Essay, III. vi. 308 n.

710. 7th ed., III. vi. 303; 1st ed., p. 365.

711. III. vi. (7th ed.), p. 305.

712. See e. g. Emigration Committee, 1827, qu. 3369, p. 323.

713. Dr. John Moore’s View of Society and Manners in France, Switzerland, and Germany (7th ed., 1789), vol. ii. pp. 144–157.

714. Essay, 7th ed., III. vi. p. 307; Emigration Committee (1827), qu. 3361, p. 323.

715. l. c. pp. 307–8. Cf. above, p. 134.

716. Reports to Local Gov. Bd. on Foreign Poor Laws, 1875, p. 7.

717. Macvey Napier’s Correspondence, pp. 29 seq. Date 30th Sept, 1821.

718. Report of Poor Law Comm., 1834; Remedial Measures, p. 227.

719. Essay on Population, Appendix, p. 492. It was probably this disclaimer of public duty that led Coleridge to complain, “the entire tendency of the modern or Malthusian political economy is to denationalize” (Table Talk, p. 327). Cf. Toynbee, Industr. Revol., p. 24. But it may have been simply the idea that Malthus, like Ricardo, advocated laissez faire; and in this case it is singular he should not have said “Ricardian” instead of “Malthusian.”

720. Essay, 2nd ed., IV. vii. p. 538; 7th ed., IV. viii. p. 530.

721. Essay, 2nd ed., p. 539.

722. E. g. Report of Commissioners, p. 13.

723. Report, pp. 227–8.

724. Report, p. 228.

725. Even if he were a poor ratepayer, voting a sum of which his richer neighbour would pay the larger share.

726. Essay, 2nd ed., p. 490; 7th ed., p. 394; cf. pp. 392 top and 396.

727. Essay, 7th ed., IV. x. pp. 442–3; cf. p. 161.

728. 7th ed., IV. i. p. 390. Cf. above, p. 37.

729. Not quite logical, if the test of a virtuous action is its tendency to produce happiness.

730. Ibid., IV. i. p. 390.

731. 2nd ed., pp. 489, 490, 501; 7th ed., pp. 390, 401. Cf. Paley, M. and P. Phil., I. vi., II. iv.; Tucker, Light of Nature (1st ed., 1768), vol. ii. ch. xxix., esp. § 12.

732. Essay, 7th ed., IV. i. 391. Kant’s test of a moral law, so far as it was not purely dogmatic, was most easily illustrated, or he would have said parodied, by this Utilitarian argument.

733. Essay, 2nd ed., p. 487; 7th ed., p. 392.

734. Ibid., 2nd ed., p. 488; 7th ed., pp. 392–3; cf. p. 398.

735. Ibid., 1st ed. (1798), p. 211.

736. The passage in A Tale of the Tyne, which left no trace on Miss Martineau’s own memory, but so faithfully expounded Malthus that he called on purpose to thank her for it (Autobiogr., i. 253), is easily identified in the light of these extracts as ch. iii. p. 56 of ed. 1833.

737. 2nd ed., pp. 491–2; 7th ed., p. 395. See above, p. 36.

738. 2nd ed., p. 494; 7th ed., p. 397. Cf. above, p. 38.

739. The phrase in Essay, 7th ed., p. 401.

740. Not to be confused with his contemporary, Josiah Tucker, Dean of Gloucester, the forerunner of Adam Smith.

741. 1727 to 1774, the year of his death. Betchworth, now absorbed in Mrs. Hope’s estate of Deepdene, was on the farther side of Dorking from Albury and the Rookery.

742. This lucid epithet is ascribed to George III.

743. A point of difference has been noted above (p. 39) and below (p. 330). He differs from Bentham also, who would not gratify the passions but destroy them. See Held, Soc. Geschichte, p. 213.

744. Essay, 7th ed., IV. x. 441.

745. Ibid., IV. i. 391.

746. See above, p. 35.

747. 7th ed., p. 441 ft.

748. Ibid., p. 442 top.

749. Essay, III. ii. 279, explains in this way the popular prejudice which, in one case at least, visits the same sin more severely in a woman than in a man.

750. Essay, 7th ed., IV. x. 442.

751. Ibid., IV. ii. 401. Cf. Paley, Moral Philos., Vol. I. Book II. ch. iv. p. 65, there quoted, and Tucker, L. of N. (1st ed.), vol. ii ch. xxix., especially §§ 5–7 and 12.

752. Essay, 7th ed., IV. x. 443, 444 ft.

753. Ibid., IV. viii. 432, 433, compared with p. 492.

754. Essay, 7th ed., App. pp. 492–3. Cf. 7th ed., p. 280: “Self-love is the mainspring of the great machine.”

756. Edin. Rev., 1810 (Aug.), an article on Ingram’s Disquisitions on Population, and [Hazlitt’s] Letters in Reply to Malthus. As the relations of Malthus to the Review were close at this time, and as the arguments and the style are remarkably like our author’s, there is at least a strong probability that he wrote the article, Jeffrey after his custom providing it with a head and tail to disguise the authorship. Cf. Cockburn’s Life of Jeffrey, Vol. I. 301, 302, cf. 285.

757. Cf. Wealth of Nations, I. x. 48, 49.

758. Edin. Rev., 1810 (Aug.), p. 475.

759. Paley, Mor. and Pol. Phil., I. vii. 9; cf. Malthus, Essay, IV. ii. 397, &c. Cf. above, p. 39.

760. Paley, ibid., I. iv. 14.

761. See above, p. 37. The passages there cited completely refute Held’s assertion that “Malthus appealed to Utility in the teeth of his belief in the Bible” (Sociale Geschichte Englands, Book I. ch. ii p. 234).

762. Mor. and Pol. Phil., vii. 10.

763. “Any condition may be denominated ‘happy’ in which the amount or aggregate of pleasure exceeds that of pain.”—Paley, M. and P. Ph., I. vi.

764. Essay, 7th ed., III. vi. 305.

765. See Mr. Sidgwick’s Method of Ethics, p. 385 ft.

766. Quoted from The Crisis, by Empson, Edin. Rev., Jan. 1837, p. 482.

767. Report of the Crofters Commission, 1884, p. 9.

768. Essay, IV. iii. 407.

769. It would help the social reformer to learn, e. g. from clergymen, guardians of the poor, and police magistrates, what exact proportion of the destitution within their experience has been due, (a) to the fault of the victim, (b) to the fault of his parents, (c) to the fraud or oppression of others, and (d) to the mere accidents of trade.

770. 7th ed., p. 280.

772. Scenes of Clerical Life, p. 250.

773. 7th ed., p. 404.

774. p. 464, 1817. As early as 1803 (Essay, 2nd ed., IV. xi 689) Malthus had recommended Savings Banks.

775. 7th ed., p. 397. Cf. p. 407, &c.

776. 7th ed., p. 405. To make the whole picture complete we must add what is said above (ch. i.) on the place of man on the earth, and also (Bk. III. chs. ii. and iii.) on industrial society as it might be.

777. See above, p. 298.

778. Mackintosh changed but never recanted. See Macaulay’s Essays.

779. Essay, 7th ed., IV. vi 420–1.

780. W. of N., I. i.

781. More strictly, what grows of itself is natural; what makes it grow of itself is Nature.

782. See e. g. Essay, p. 390.

783. Life of Godwin, ii. 266.

784. Southey wished some “Crusader” like Rickman to write economical articles for the Quarterly and keep out Malthus (Life and Letters, vol. iii. p. 188).

785. Essay, III. vii. 318; written in 1817.

786. 2nd ed., IV. vi.; 7th ed., IV. vi. and vii. He must have remembered, when he wrote these words, the imprisonment of his poor tutor Gilbert Wakefield for a seditious pamphlet (1799–1800). See below, Bk. V.

787. 7th ed., p. 417.

788. 7th ed., p. 426: written in 1817. For the tendency of the French before the Revolution to look to Government for everything, see e. g. Dyer’s Modern Europe, vol. iv. ch. lii p. 304.

789. 7th ed., p. 418.

790. Essays Moral and Political, vol. i. p. 49; ‘The British Parliament.’

791. Malthus, Essay, 2nd ed., p. 502; 7th ed., p. 402. Cf. a striking passage in the review of Newenham, Edin. Rev., July 1808, pp. 348–9.

792. E. g. 7th ed., pp. 438–9 and 478. Cf. above, p. 56. Horner’s letter to Malthus in. Feb. 1812 (Mem. of Horner, vol. ii. pp. 109–10) shows it was an active sympathy. Malthus agreed to act as a “steward” at one of Lancaster’s meetings in London.

793. 2nd ed., pp. 556–7; opponents “may fairly be suspected of a wish to encourage their ignorance as a pretext for tyranny.”

794. 7th ed., p. 439; 2nd ed., pp. 555–6.

795. Miss Martineau, Hist. of Peace, I. vii. 117–18.

796. Essay, 7th ed., IV. ix. 440, 441.

797. Held, Soc. Gesch., p. 215.

798. See above, pp. 95, 96, &c.

799. See above, p. 340.

800. Essay, 7th ed., IV. x. 446–7.

801. Emigr. Comm. (1827), qu. 3310.

802. IV. xiii. 474. Potatoes are a godsend to such, he says in another place (Edin. Rev., July 1808, p. 344).

803. See above, Bk. II. ch. i.

804. See above, p. 301.

805. E. g. Essay, IV. ix. 433.

806. In Germany poor scholars from the country are often, when attending the University, billeted for bread and butter on the well-to-do citizens; and learning proves on the whole so inconsistent with laziness, that the practice does not make them unwilling to earn their own living afterwards.

807. A protective duty is indirect relief of the protected industry, but as a rule the protected are secured against indolence by their own domestic competition; and the fault of protection lies elsewhere than in encouragement of indolence.

808. Rénan, Qu’est ce qu’une Nation?

809. Cf. above, p. 225.

811. The reaction against Rousseau and Godwin may partly account for the absence of Cosmopolitanism.

812. See above, ch. i.

813. Some one has said, “Was man nicht definiren kann, zieht man als Organismus an;” and we had been told, long before, that a simile is either “idem per idem” or “idem per aliud,” either of them a logical fallacy.

814. Essay, Bk. IV. ch. x. p. 445. “Every man has a right to do what he will with his own.” But the question is:—What is his own?

815. Professor T. H. Green, Liberal Legislation and Freedom of Contract, Oxford, 1881.

816. τὴν φιλίαν ἀναγκαῖον ὑάρη γίνεσθαι. Ar. Pol., II. ii.

817. See above, p. 310.

818. Discourse on the Christian Union. See Essay on Population, 7th ed., p. 254 n.; Price, Observations, p. 206 n.

819. From Matth. vi. 10, and Psal. cxxii. 2 seq.

820. See esp. pp. 12–18, and 20 (4th ed., 1790).

821. Pt. II. Essay V. pp. 228 seq. Life, ii. 292. Cf. ii. 64.

823. Thoughts, p. 10 and n. Cf. pp. 43, 45. In Progress and Poverty (p. 93, ed. 1881) we are told that Godwin “until his old age disdained a reply” to Malthus.

824. Thoughts, p. 61.

825. Ibid., p. 67.

826. Ibid., pp. 72–3.

827. Life of Godwin, i. 324.

828. See above, p. 208 n. In the 5th edition he turns his back on Godwin and addresses Owen.

829. So Coleridge (MS. note to p. vii. of his quarto copy of the essay): “And of course you wholly confute your former pamphlet, and might have spared yourself the trouble of making up the present quarto.”

830. Edin. Rev., 1802, on Dr. Rennel’s Discourses, Syd. Sm., Works, i. p. 8.

831. p. 18. Compare De Quincey’s answer to Hazlitt in London Magazine, 1823 (vol. viii. pp. 349, 459, 569, 586).

832. Senior, Lect. on Pop., p. 35.

833. Population, I. iv. p. 27 (1820).

834. Cf. also speech on 9th April, 1816. Hansard, sub dato, p. 1109.

835. See above, p. 75. Cf. also above, pp. 142 seq., on Emigration.

836. Godwin, Popn., I. xiii. 106. Cf. I. iv. 22, II. ii. 142, VI. vi. 585.

837. Hawick, 1807, especially p. 84.

838. Sadler, Popn., I. i. 15 (1830).

839. Append. to 3rd ed., 1806; 7th ed., p. 485; cf. pp. 395, 446, and al.

840. See Appendix to ed. 1826, 7th ed., p. 627.

842. l. c. p. 259.

843. Life, ii. 259, 260. Cf. what Godwin writes to Sir John Sinclair, July 1821 (Sinclair’s Correspondence, i. 393).

844. l. c. p. 271.

845. Morgan and Rosser, e. g. See Life, ii. 272–5; cf. p. 280.