852. See his Letter to Godwin, dated October 1818, and quoted in Godwin’s Population, Bk. II. ch. i pp. 116–123, with comments.

853. See above, p. 66.

854. Population, II. x. 244–7.

855. E. g. II. xi. 274, 282, but especially I. iv. 25, and for the third argument, pp. 29, 30, cf. pp. 43–50, &c. Cf. also Godwin to Sinclair in Sinclair’s Correspondence, i. 393.

856. Population tends to double in a bundled years, and there is no risk of over-population except in occasional times of dull trade (Letter of Godwin to Sinclair, Sinclair’s Correspondence, l. c.). A notable exception.

857. Population, II. xi. 251–2.

858. IV. i.

859. II. ii. 127, and cf. above.

860. II. xi. 287, &c., &c.

861. III. iii. 327 seq.

862. Coups d’état in nature. Paul Bert, L’Enseignement Primaire, 1880, p. xxviii.

863. Edinburgh Review, July 1821. Cf. Letter to the Rev. T. R. Malthus by David Booth (1823), who absurdly assumes Malthus to be the reviewer. Though internal evidence dispels this fancy, it shows that Malthus was still believed to write for the Edinburgh Review.

864. Others, in Table Talk and Biogr. Literaria, are chiefly declamation.

865. In these quotations the capitals are in the original, and the italics correspond to underlinings.

866. Arthur Aikin’s Annual Review, vol. ii. (for 1803) pp. 292 seq. Cf. Southey’s Life and Correspondence (ed. 1850), vol. ii. p. 251, 20th Jan. 1804: “Yesterday Malthus received, I trust, a mortal wound from my hand;” cf. vol. vi. p. 399, and vol. ii. p. 294. There is no hint of obligation to Coleridge.

867. Cf. above, ch. iii. pp. 81 seq., and Bk. III.

868. Sic, though it explains a thing by itself.

869. He probably meant 353rd, but his numbers are careless.

870. On margin of p. 364, 2nd paragr.: “Quote and apply to himself.”

871. E. g. on p. 65 opposite to lines 5, 6, “Ass!” a monosyllabic refinement omitted in Southey’s review.

872. First in 1817, 7th ed., pp. 509 seq.

873. One of the charges (p. 18: that Malthus recommends the same remedies as Condorcet) is sufficient to stamp the character of the book—An Inquiry into the Principle of Population, &c., by James Grahame. Its Introduction gives a useful list of writers on both sides; see p. 71. (Edin., 1816.) Simonin repeats Grahame’s charges, with more mistakes of his own. See his Hist. de la Psychologie (1879), pp. 397–9.

874. 7th ed., p. 511. Cf. above, p. 52, and the reply to Godwin’s Reply, Essay, 2nd ed., III. iii. 384.

875. Edinburgh Review, Jan. 1837.

876. Life and Correspondence of Southey, vol. iii. pp. 21–2, and p. 188.

877. Bishop of Gloucester and later of Hereford. Theolog. Works (1832).

878. “The prolificness of human things, otherwise similarly circumstanced, varies inversely as their numbers.”—Sadler, Popn., vol. iii. p. 352 (1830). Reviewed somewhat caustically by Macaulay in Edin. Rev., July 1830. See Trevelyan’s Life of Macaulay, vol. i. p. 126. Cf. Sadler’s ‘Reply’ to Edin. Rev. His weakest point was his use of “inversely.”

879. Malthus, Essay, II. v. (7th ed.), pp. 164, 166; cf. p. 485.

880. G. P. Scrope, M.P., Pol. Econ., 1833, &c. Malthus, Essay, III. iii. (7th ed.), 282–6 (Owen), IV. xii. 457 (Owen), III. xiv. 380 n. (Anderson).

881. John Weyland, junr., F.R.S. The Principles of Population and Production as they are affected by the Progress of Society with a view to Moral and Political Consequences, 1816.

882. So Arnold Toynbee, Industrial Revolution, p. 107.

883. Ch. iii. p. 21. He adds, as his second: “This tendency can never be destroyed.”

884. Essay, Appendix, p. 517.

885. Propos. iii and iv.

886. Essay, l. c. p. 521, a very strong passage.

887. Append. p. 526.

888. Pop. and Prod., pp. 82 seq.

889. 7th ed., I. ii. 12 n.; 2nd ed., p. 16.

890. Tour in Southern Counties of England, 1767, p. 342.

891. Between 1767 and 1820. Cf. above (England).

892. Travels in France, pp. 408–9 (ed. 1792) and al.

893. Essay on Pop., 7th ed., pp. 449, 451 seq.; Annals of Agriculture, no. 239, pp. 219 seq. (quoted in Essay, App. pp. 496–7). Young had reproached Malthus for denying the right to relief.

894. Travels in France, ed. 1792, pp. 438–9.

895. App. to Essay, pp. 499, 500. It is not true that “Owen was right as against Malthus when he regarded a certain amount of comfort as the indispensable condition of a moral life, and thought that a considerable increase of man’s powers of production was possible” (Held, Soc. Gesch. Englands, pp. 351–2). Malthus himself did both.

896. The Plan is quoted by Cobbett, Pol. Reg., Dec. 14, 1816. Malthus (Pol. Ec. (1820), pp. 434, 435, (1836) p. 378) thinks that “co-proprietorship” of Government with the landlords, after the scheme of the Economists and on the analogy of Oriental “sole proprietorship,” might become too ready an engine of taxation for a military despotism.

897. See above, pp. 87, 112, &c.

898. Essay, 7th ed., p. 284.

899. E. g. by Bagehot, Econ. Stud. (1880), pp. 135 seq., and by Southey in Aikin’s Annual Review above quoted.

900. III. iii. 286. This and the rest of his argument (even its application to Civil Liberty) is to be found in Aristotle, Politics, ii. 3 and 4, but esp. 5. δεὶ δὲ μηδὲ τοῦτο λανθάνειν, &c.

901. Essay on Pop., 7th ed., p. 282.

902. See above, p. 24.

903. Genesis of Species, 2nd ed., 1871, p. 5.

904. The puzzling effect of counting up one’s great-grandfathers and great-grandmothers up to the twentieth degree or so is described by Blackstone as quoted by Godwin (Popn.) and re-quoted by Hazlitt (Spirit of the Age, 1825, p. 273, ‘Godwin’). The puzzle is less if we remember that our remote ancestors must have married into each other’s families, or rather were scions in the end of the same families. We cannot go back to a single pair except through the “prohibited degrees.”

905. We are to understand, therefore, that Malthus and the author agree that population needs a check, and are simply not agreed what the checks are to be.

906. See below, p. 392.

907. See above, p. 370. The sixteen positions not touched in their own place will be met by a reference to the following places in this book: i. to p. 20, add Essay, 2nd ed. Bk. III. ch. iii. p. 383, ii. to p. 37, iii. to p. 338, iv. to pp. 51, 78, v. to p. 80, vi. to p. 83, viii. to p. 113, ix. to p. 376, x. to p. 67, xi. to pp. 231, 297, see Essay, 7th ed. p. 381, xii. to pp. 70, 75, 91, xiii. to p. 393, xiv. to pp. 91, 270, xv. to p. 294, xvi. to p. 69, and xvii. to p. 75.

908. Das Kapital, 7ter Abschn. 23tes Kap. pp. 653 seq. (ed. 1872); cf. 646 seq.

909. The language of Ricardo, ch. xxxi. p. 236 (quoted by Marx, p. 656 n.). Cf. above, p. 297. Cf. also Marx, pp. 427 foll.

910. Cf. what Prof. Rogers says in Six Centuries, p. 229, of the attempt made in the fifteenth century to increase the “residuum” of agricultural labour for the benefit of the farmers and landlords. Also above, p. 164 n.

911. Marx, ibid., p. 659.

912. Misprinted in Marx as 254.

913. See above, pp. 137, 188, &c.

914. See above, p. 335.

915. See above, pp. 299, 335, &c.

916. Das Kap., p. 549 n.

917. Das Kap., p. 641 n.

918. The passage omitted is neither true nor decent.

919. G. M. Ortes Reflessioni sulla popolazione (1790).

920. Das Kap., p. 549 n.

921. Cf. above, p. 382, and Malthus, Essay, 2nd ed. III. iii. 386, where he says that Duty and Interest must work together.

922. ‘Theory of Population,’ in Westminster Rev., April 1852, pirated by the German Professor Trall in 1877 (Eine neue Bevölkerungstheorie), and substantially maintained by its author (Mr. Herbert Spencer) in Principles of Biology, Vol. II. Part vi., ‘Laws of Multiplication.’

923. Essay, 7th ed., p. 269.

924. Above, p. 377.

925. E. g. Hazlitt, Reply to Essay on Population, p. 20.

926. W. R. Greg, Enigmas of Life, 8th ed., 1874, pp. 58 seq. This was nearly Godwin’s position in his first reply.

927. Sadler on Population, and Reply to Edinburgh Review. Godwin, Population, Bk. VI. ch. ii., &c.

928. Carey (H. C.), Princ. of Social Science (1858), vol. i. ch. xiv.; cf. above, p. 74 seq. H. George, Progress and Poverty, pp. 115, 116. Sadler, p. 70, &c.

929. Godwin, Sadler, &c.

930. Sadler, pp. 354–5, &c. Cf. Adam Smith, W. of N., I. viii. 36. See above, pp. 82, 83.

931. Godwin, see above, p. 361. Southey, Life and Corresp., III. 188. Bagehot, Econ. Studies, pp. 133 seq. Cf. George, II. ii. 94. Above, pp. 362, 381.

932. Besant, Law of Population, ch. iii. Cf. Malthus, pp. 407 seq. (IV. iv.); Cobbett, Taking Leave of his Countrymen (1817), p. 6; Political Register, 4th Jan. 1817, p. 26, &c., &c. Above, p. 329.

933. Godwin, Population, passim. George, II. ii. 102, 109. Above, pp. 111, 112.

934. Godwin, ibid.; George, pp. 138, 259, &c., &c.; Coleridge, MS. note to p. 358 (of Essay, 2nd ed.), where for “physical constitution of our nature” he would read, “in the existing system of society.” So verbatim Southey in Aikin’s Ann. Rev. l. c.

935. Doubleday, True Law of Population (1841). Above, p. 65. See Herbert Spencer, Biology, Vol. II. pt. vi. ch. xii. pp. 455, 480, &c. The physiologists have amply refuted Doubleday.

936. Herbert Spencer. See above, p. 393. W. R. Greg, Enigmas. Above, p. 394.

937. New Malthusians. See above, p. 24.

938. See above, pp. 365 seq. The orthodoxy of Malthus is proved not by a few orthodox sentences which can be gleaned from him (as from Bacon), or even by the discovery of flaws in the received doctrine, but by the whole logic of the essay.

939. See above, pp. 365 seq.

940. See above, p. 336.

941. See above, p. 328.

942. See above, p. 96.

943. The authorship of the article is shown by Macvey Napier’s Letters sub dato, and that of the biogr. preface by Empson’s art., p. 472.

944. “Daniel Malthus, 17, Sydenham de parochia Sti Giles Londini Armigeri filius” (Matriculation entry, Easter term, 1747).

945. See Gibbon’s Memoirs, p. 46 (ed. Hunt and Clarke), and Jeffrey’s Life, i. 40.

946. Cf. Wealth of Nations, V. i. art., pp. 341 foll.

947. Biogr. pref. to Pol. Econ. (1836), p. xxvi.

948. The name Malthus itself is probably Malt-hus, or Malthouse (cf. Shorthouse, Maltby), which still occurs as a surname in England. Francis (or, some say, Thomas) Malthus wrote on ‘Fireworks, fortification, and arithmetic,’ in French and in English, 1629.

949. Except perhaps in a letter quoted by Otter, biogr. pref. p. xxvii. (date 1788).

950. l. c. p. xxv.

951. l. c. pp. xxv and xxvi, which show, however, that at fifty-seven the strength had failed a little.

952. “He was not born to copy the works of others.”—Letter in Gentl. Mag., Feb. 1800. See above, p. 7, and Otter, p. xxii.

953. Otter, pp. xxi, xxii.

954. So he urges Robert continually to “apply his tools.” “I hate to see a girl working curious stitches upon a piece of rag.”—Otter, p. xxvi.

955. Gentl. Mag., Jan. 1800, p. 86; cf. Feb. 1800, p. 177; Otter, p. xxvi.

956. Monthly Mag., March 1800, Otter, p. xxii. What and where were the pieces we are not told.

957. Written in 1772, and republished in Mrs. Barbauld’s series of British Novelists, 1820. Graves lived at Claverton from 1750 till his death in 1804, in his ninetieth year. He became Fellow of All Souls in 1730, and may have known Daniel Malthus at Oxford.

958. Whom he names and quotes freely. Tucker, in Light of Nature, shows the same open dislike of them, but with much more good-humour and taste.

959. In 1780 or thereabouts.

960. Wakefield’s Life (1804), vol. i. p. 214. It is curious to remember that Marat is said to have been an usher at a Warrington School a short time before this.

961. Wakefield’s Life, i. p. 344.

962. Elected in 1776. See Life, i. p. 111 ft.

963. Otter, l. c. p. xxvii. ft.

964. Letter in App. II. to Wakefield, Life, ii. pp. 454–463. A comparison of this letter with Wakefield, Life, ii. p. 334, and Otter, l. c. p. xxiv. ft. (“by his own acknowledgment”), makes it almost certain that the letter is by Malthus.

965. E. g. with such very different men as Watson, Bishop of Llandaff, and Thomas Paine.

966. Though at college he took several prizes for Latin and Greek and English Declamations. We may hope that his defect of utterance had not become pronounced at that date, or that the declamations were not always declaimed.

967. Wakefield, Life, ii. p. 9.

968. Otter, l. c. p. xxv.

969. Otter himself was fourth wrangler in 1790, and E. D. Clarke junior optime in the same year.

970. Otter, l. c. p. xxviii.

971. l. c. p. xxvii.

972. l. c. p. xxviii.

973. On the road leading out of Albury towards Guildford, a snug little low-roofed house clinging to a hill slope, less ambitious than the Rookery, but not without its pleasant garden walks, trees, and shrubberies.

974. See above, p. 7.

975. Of which the genesis has been sufficiently described above, Bk. I. ch. i.

976. One of his sources is shown by Essay, IV. ix. 438: “In some conversations with labouring men during the late scarcities.” Cf. the tract on The High Price of Provisions, p. 10, &c.

977. See above, pp. 48, 49 (abroad), and p. 195 (in Ireland).

978. Clarke (E. D.) (Life by Otter, vol. ii. p. 15) refers to a letter from Malthus, asking about the Foundling Hospital at St. Petersburg (date March 1800). Cf. ibid., p. 39: “As for Malthus, tell him he is not worth writing to. He is wrapped up in other matters and obliterating all traces of his pilgrimage.... He is a great deal trop de plomb pour un tourist” [sic]. So he draws on Mackintosh when the latter is in India, in 1804. See Mackintosh’s Life (1836), p. 215.

979. E. g. Ricardo, Senior, and Dr. Thos. Chalmers (who paid him a flying visit in October 1822: Life by Hanna, vol. ii. p. 358), and Francis Horner (Memoirs and Corresp., e. g. vol. i. p. 406). In i. 436 of his Memoirs Horner speaks of having gone with John Whishaw, the barrister, to visit Malthus at Haileybury in 1808, and takes occasion to praise his mere love of truth above the eloquence and versatility of others, though that, he says, may look like a decision in favour of dulness.

980. E. g. the reservoir, p. 106; but the most extravagant is perhaps the botanical figure, on p. 273, where he says that “the forcing manure,” employed to cause the French Revolution, has “burst the calyx of humanity.” Macaulay uses a similar metaphor of precisely the same event, in the Essay on Burleigh.

981. His own command of metaphor made it the easier for him to turn the edge of an opponent’s. See e. g. his handling of Weyland’s Giant, Musket-ball, and Swaddling-clothes, in Essay, Append. pp. 514–521.

982. Engraved by Fournier for the Dictionnaire de l’Économie Politique, art. ‘Malthus.’

983. See below, p. 418 n.

984. Gentl. Mag., March 1835, p. 324.

985. Essay (7th ed.), II. iii. 148, where “winter of 1788” is perhaps for 1798, though it is 1788 in the second and all subsequent editions; or else “preceding” may be wrong. Cf. High Price of Prov., p. 2.

986. Cf. above, pp. 48, 127, which should be read in conjunction with this Biography.

987. Life of Clarke, vol. ii. p. 183. We know from a footnote in the essay itself (7th ed., p. 194) that part of it at least was written in 1802.

988. Stanhope, Life of Pitt, iii. p. 36; cf. p. 53. “Our election at Cambridge was perfectly quiet.”

989. Life of Clarke, ii. 203–4 n.

990. Earl of Carlisle, the poet. See Engl. Bards and Scotch Reviewers.

991. Otter, l. c. p. xxvi. Cf. Essay, 1st ed., pp. 210–12. Gentl. Mag., April 1804, p. 374. A compliment which Otter pays him (in an obituary in the Athenæum, 10th Jan. 1835), that his servants stayed long with him, would fall more naturally to his wife.

992. Mr. Sargant (Life of Owen, p. 85) says, on the authority of Mr. Holyoake, that Malthus visited New Lanark in its palmy days. Owen’s work then was after Malthus’ own heart; he was reforming the world by beginning with one individual corner of it. Cf. Essay, III. iii. 282 ft.

993. See below, p. 423.

994. Memoirs of Horner, i. 436–7; cf. p. 406. Cf. Miss Martineau, Hist. of Peace, Introduction, II. i. 257.

995. He was made a member of the French Institute, and, in 1833, one of the five foreign Associates of the Acad. des Sciences Mor. and Pol., and a member of the Royal Academy of Berlin (Otter, l. c. p. xli.). See Chas. Comte, Notice, and Garnier, Dict. de l’Éc. Pol.

996. Bain, Life of James Mill (1882), p. 199.

997. All that is certainly known of the bulk of his contributions to the Edin. Review is that, like those of James Mill and Mackintosh, they do not occur before the twentieth number of it (in July 1807). See Bain, Life of James Mill, p. 75 n. Horner mentions (Memoirs, Vol. I. p. 437) the article on Newenham’s Population of Ireland, 1808, and another (of which he had seen the MS.) Feb. 1811 (Vol. II. p. 68). But see above, p. 285, note.

998. The apocryphal story of his eleven daughters is given and exposed by Garnier, Dict. de l’Éc. Pol., art. ‘Malthus.’

999. Otter’s son-in-law. “Hal” in his childhood was asked what he would have done if, like the Good Samaritan, he had found a man half dead by the roadside; he answered (on the analogy of flies), “I should have killed him outright.” Contrast the child’s answer with his father’s remarks on the same parable in Essay, IV. xi. 447.

1000. Clergy List, 1881.

1001. Moore’s Memoirs, Journals, &c. (ed. Russell, 1853), vol. iii. p. 148, date Sept. 1820. Moore himself speaks of meeting Malthus and his wife when he was on a visit to Mackintosh at Haileybury in May 1819. Ibid., ii. 315.

1002. Volksvermehrung, p. 9. Kautsky sometimes trips, but he is more accurate than most of Malthus’ foreign biographers. Chas. Comte (in his Notice historique sur la vie et les travaux de M. T. R. Malthus, read to Acad. of Mor. and Pol. Sciences, 28th Dec., 1836) converts Haileybury into Aylesbury (p. 31).