The plan of the year’s work.

(Mechanical Drawing 12 weeks—Group 1, Straight Lines; 2, Circles; 3, Tangents; 4, Planes of Projections; 5, Review; 6, First choice Dado Group of Woodwork—Working Drawing; 7, First choice Cross-lap Group of Woodwork—Working Drawing; 8, Second choice Cross-lap or Dado Group of Woodwork—Working Drawing; 9, Completion of any unfinished drawings and Making stock bills; 10, Figuring stock bills; 11, Structural Design; 12, Decorative Design. (Woodwork the rest of the year—Two Groups, exercises and applications using drawings just made.) (Along with this, information concerning lumbering, etc.)

Essentials of Woodworking, Appendix III, Sections 3, 4, and 6.

The essential points in making Drawings I. (Group I, Problems in Mechanical Drawing.)

(Copies of the different problems of Group I—One each—should be in the hands of the pupils that they may refer to them as the demonstration is being given.)

Border and cutting lines, spacing the views, blocking-out, dimensions, letters, final lines. Projection and relation of views. Visible and invisible edges.

Each pupil solve his problem, freehand carefully on scratch paper first, putting on dimensions. Then carefully to full scale with border and cutting lines but no lettering or dimensions, only sheet number and pupil’s name.

Rapid workers exchange problems and solve as time allows.

The names and relative positions of the three views most used in mechanical drawing?

Send a pupil to the blackboard to make three views of a rectangular block having chamfered edges on one side.

Develop the four principles of projection and relation of views.

Letters and figures, how proportioned? Test pupils at the blackboard.

How does a freehand working drawing differ from a mechanical drawing?

Give fully the order of procedure in making a mechanical drawing.

How do you go about determining the placing and spacing of your drawing?

Essentials, Appendix III, Sections 2 and 5.

The essential points in making Drawing II. (Group II, Problems in Mechanical Drawing.)

Center-lines; circles; cross-sections and cross-hatching; dimensioning circles.

Solution of problems in Group II.

Complete any unfinished problems in I.

Rapids workers exchange problems in Group II and solve as time allows.

The conventions—Scale drawings, why? Figures on the drawing vs. the size of the object?

Seven kinds of lines—their meanings and how made?

When figures cannot be placed between the arrows, what?

What part of a mechanical drawing is to be made freehand?

A broken view? Why used?

Section drawing? Cross-hatching?

Hexagon, octagon, ellipse; how made?

Essentials, Review Sections 34 and 36.

The essential points in making Drawing III. (Group III, Problems in Mechanical Drawing.)

Tangents—Locating centers of arcs and points of tangency.

Solution of problems in Group III.

Complete any unfinished problems in previous groups.

Rapid workers exchange problems in Group III.

The steps in squaring rough stock to dimensions?

The steps when the stock is mill-planed on two surfaces?

A true surface? Selection of first surface? When several parts are to be fitted?

Preliminary tests before beginning to plane?

Planing—Many or few shavings? Roughened grain? Planes used?

Protecting the cutting edge?

Position of the body? Long or short strokes? Starting and stopping the stroke? Feathering the shaving?

Testing broad surfaces with a straightedge?

Testing narrow surfaces with winding-sticks?

Explain precisely how to proceed in removing wind.

Essentials, Review Sections 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32.

The essential points in making Drawing IV. (Group IV, Problems in Mechanical Drawing.)

Planes of projection. Number and prove the solutions.

Solution of problems in Group IV.

Complete any unfinished problems in previous groups.

Rapid workers exchange problems in Group IV.

Face side, face edge? Why? How marked?

Planing first edge? Choice? Two preliminary tests?

How place plane to remove high arris? Planes used? Tests?

Finishing second edge? What determines amount to be removed?

Tests?

Finishing second side? Gaging? Testing?

Planing first end? Tests? Caution about length?

Finishing second end? What limits amount to be planed? Tests?

Essentials, Sections 46, 47.

Numbering and lettering the points in the two views of the test problems preparatory to their solution.

Complete unfinished “Problems.”

Solve test Problems.

Rapid workers may begin drawings for Woodwork Group VII.

Two classes of chisels? Their uses?

Four parts to each class?

Three parts to a mallet? The rule in selecting a pounding tool?

The size of a chisel indicated how?

Caution about holding chisel?

Explain fully the cutting action of a chisel. How it wedges, how this is overcome?

Explain fully horizontal paring.

Essentials, Sections 48, 49, 50, 51.

The essential points in making the working drawings for Woodwork Group VII.

Make a drawing from Woodwork Group VII.

Rapid workers make drawing of second choice Woodwork Group VII.

Vertical paring? How? Position of hands? Amount to be cut at each stroke? Position of worker relative to the line to be cut?

Oblique and curved line paring? Direction of the cut with reference to the grain?

Paring chamfers? Paring along the grain? Across the grain?

Firmer gouge? Bevel inside or outside? How is its size determined?

Position of the hands in roughing out? In finishing stroke? How produce shearing cut?

Essentials, Review Sections 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57.

The essential points in making working drawings for Woodwork Group VIII.

Complete unfinished drawings of Group VII.

Make a drawing from Woodwork Group VIII.

Rapid workers make another selection from Group VIII.

Why grind tools?

How much angle? How determined?

Why move the tool across the stone?

The effect of frequent change of angle?

In which directions should the stone turn with reference to the tool? Why?

Why use water on a stone?

Two kinds of oilstone?

Advantages of coarse and of fine?

Advantages of manufactured stones?

Why use oil on stones?

How avoid wearing stone uneven? How level an uneven stone?

Explain fully steps in whetting plane-iron or chisel.

Holding tool? Angle in whetting as compared to angle in grinding? How get tool at correct angle? The movement? Wire edge? How removed? If a still keener edge is desired?

How is a gouge whetted?

Explain fully how to tell when a tool is sharp.

Essentials, Read Sections 62, 63.

Sharpening scraper.

Complete any unfinished drawings.

Make other selections in either Groups VII or VIII.

Order of procedure in laying out duplicate parts?

Advantages of this method over that of laying out each part singly? Illustrate?

Why use a scraper? Common mistake of beginners about mill-planed stock?

Position of the hands in scraping?

The steps in sharpening a scraper?

Essentials, Sections 76, 77.

The essential points in making stock bills.

Finish any unfinished drawings and make out stock bills for working drawings made.

Joinery? What is meant by the term?

Illustrate how direction of grain affects the planning of the relation of the parts.

Why join faces together rather than other surfaces?

What about consecutive measurements? Gaging, lining, etc.?

What is meant by superposition?

In fitting parts together how tell where the different parts belong?

What is visualizing? How may one make it easier to visualize?

Knife vs. pencil in laying out?

Sawing joints in hard wood? In soft wood?

Essentials, Review Sections 14, 64.

The essential points in figuring costs from stock bills made in last lesson.

Finish any unfinished stock bills and figure costs.

Back-saw? Purpose? Crosscut-saw or rip-saw? Set?

Explain fully how to hold, start, cut, stop cutting across the grain.

Explain fully when cutting along the grain. (Cutting tenons.)

Accurate sawing to a line? Explain?

How saw when paring is to be done?

Sandpapering, when? Why?

Sandpaper block? Its purpose? Size as compared to paper?

Sanding arrises? When? How?

Sanding curved surfaces?

Sanding parts that go to make up joints? Why not?

Numbers on the back of sandpaper sheet?

Essentials, Sections 58, 61.

The essential points in structural and decorative design of some project involving groove or cross-lap joint or both, elected by the class, (book-rack, etc.) or assigned by instructor.

Each boy make at least three modifications in outline and decoration of project elected by class, or assigned by instructor.

Rapid workers will finish any unfinished work.

Explain fully the manner of laying out and working a cylinder.

How does a carpenter lay out a cylinder with the steel square?

What is meant by modeling in woodwork?

State the steps in laying out and working a hammer-handle.

Essentials, Review Sections 71, 72.

None.

Finish any unfinished work.

Rapid workers make a full sized pattern of designed part and fill in decorative design.

Make a dimensioned working drawing of the project designed last lesson.

Make out stock bill for the same and figure estimate of cost on the reverse side.

Screws—How made and sold?

How is the size designated?

How are blued screws made? What are the two kinds of screws?

How are the wood parts prepared for wood-screws? In soft wood? In hard wood?

Essentials, Read Sections 78, 79.

The essential points in making Dado Exercise.

All pupils square up exercise piece and begin making the joints.

Note:—No definite size is required for exercise piece but it must be square and true.

Dado? What is this joint used for? Grooves?

Develop fully the steps taken in making the dado.

Develop fully the steps taken in making the stub tenon and mortise.

Essentials, Sections 73, 74, 75.

Talk on getting out stock. Look over small pieces first.

Use narrowest boards that will do; 12″ boards are scarce; keep them for taboret tops, never use them for legs.

Use try-square and straight-edge and saw to the lines carefully ripping first then crosscutting to the ripped part only. Leave on the board all but just what you need. Use your stock bill. If others are waiting for stock, saw only one piece and work on that while they are getting a piece. Watch your thicknesses. Never discard a piece that has been partly worked, without permission. Bevels or chamfers are made after joints. Mill-marks must come off before parts to joints are fitted; why?

Finish the exercise pieces, leave them on instructor’s desk to be graded and begin on Group VII—first choice.

Instructor will want to see the pieces after the various steps.

Glue? Of what and how made?

Glue-pots? Describe. Why two pots?

How prepare glue for use? Why soak it?

How apply the glue? Thick or thin? Why warm the wood?

Cold glues? Advantages and disadvantages? Why do they thicken and how thinned? In cold weather?

Clamps? Why used? Two kinds?

Names of four parts to hand clamp? How adjust?

How could a good substitute be made for cabinet clamp?

Why glue size end grain? What is glue size?

Rubbed glue joint is how made?

Essentials, Sections 147, 148.

None.

Continue with Group VII Woodwork.

Two reasons for putting finish on wood?

Six kinds of materials used?

Brushes? Of what made?

Dusters? The edges of tracing brushes?

Cleaning shellac brushes? Varnish brushes?

Care of brushes from day to day?

The best alcohol or shellac cans? Cans for delicate woods?

Cleaning wire?

Essentials, Section 149.

The essential points in using brush. Section 149.

(That no point may be omitted have one boy with open book enumerate the steps, Section 149.)

Continue Group VII, Woodwork.

State the seven steps in using a brush.

Feathering strokes? What? How taken?

Edges or surfaces first? Working out over edges?

Picking up surplus liquid?

What is the order in working finish on internal corner, panels, stiles, rails?

Horizontal or vertical position preferred?

Tracing? What?

Essentials, Sections 150, 151.

The essential points in applying filler.

Continue Group VII, Woodwork.

Fillers? Two kinds and their uses?

Are fillers absolutely necessary? Explain.

Liquid filler? How applied and where used mostly?

Why is shellac used on close grained woods in fine cabinet work for first coat instead of filler or varnish?

Paste filler? Of what made? The cause of contrasts in the grain of filled wood?

Four steps in filling a coarse grained surface?

How long ought filler to stand before applying other coatings?

Caution about excelsior and rags used in filling?

Essentials, Review Sections 152, 153.

None.

Continue Group VII, Woodwork applying finish as needed.

Three kinds of stains?

Advantages and disadvantages of water stain?

Advantages and disadvantages of oil stain?

Advantages and disadvantages of spirit stain?

How is water stain applied? How thinned?

How is oil stain applied? How thinned?

How is spirit stain applied? How thinned?

Fumed oak? What is it and how obtained?

Is waxing an old or new finish? How made by our ancestors?

Advantages and disadvantages of wax finishes?

State five steps in applying a waxed finish.

Essentials, Sections 154, 155, 156.

The essential points in shellacing preparatory to waxing.

The order in producing a waxed finish with and without shellac; with and without water stain.

Continue Group VII.

The two kinds of varnish?

Why do varnishes vary in price?

What are rubbing varnishes?

Necessary conditions for good varnishing? Why these conditions?

Shellac? Where found? What is it? How prepared?

Two kinds of shellac?

White shellac, how made and where used especially?

Orange shellac, advantages and disadvantages?

Caution about applying shellac?

Why is shellac sometimes used before varnish and wax?

Describe method of producing egg-shell gloss shellac finish.

Essentials, Section 113. Instructor explain the mounted specimens of wood illustrating tree structure.

None.

Continue Group VII.

Tree structure? A tree is cut in three directions for study, what are they? How does each section lie?

If a young sprout should be cut across what three layers of tissue?

If tissue is magnified how would it appear to be composed?

If the end of a log is examined how will it have changed from that of the sprout?

Name six divisions of tissue of the log beginning at the center.

What makes the rings and why are some light and some dark?

Is a year’s growth composed of the dark or the light rings or both? Why are the centers of the rings sometimes out of the log’s center?

General divisions of tissue are Pith, Wood, Bark.

How is heart-wood formed? Its purpose?

How is sap-wood formed? Its purpose?

Where does the actual growing take place?

What layers of tissue are on either side of the cambium?

What is the inner side of the bark called?

What is cortex?

Medullary rays? Of what composed? Purpose?

What makes grain in sawed lumber?

Knots?

Essentials, Section 114.

None.

Continue Group VII.

What is the life blood of a tree called?

Beginning with the tree in early spring, explain the movement or lack of movement of the sap.

The effect upon the tree of the sap’s movement in the spring?

What part do the leaves perform in the digestive process?

Chlorophyll? Assimilation?

The sap circulation from mid-summer to the end of summer?

Effect upon the leaves?

What becomes of the descending sap?

Does the upward movement of the sap and the downward movement of the changed sap take place at the same time?

Do the leaves drop because the sap descends or does the sap descend because the leaves drop off?

Essentials, Sections 115, 116, 117. Instructor explain mounted specimens illustrating shrinkage.

None.

Continue Group VII.

Pupils, finishing projects in Group VII now, may get out stock and begin squaring it up for Group VIII.

Respiration is another name for breathing. How does it apply to plants?

Animals breath in oxygen and breath out carbonic acid gas.

How about plants?

Carbonic acid gas is poisonous. Is it harmful to have plants in the house? Explain.

How do trees breathe?

Transpiration? What is it and where and why does it take place?

What per cent. of living cell is water? Where is the water contained?

Which has more water sap-wood or heart-wood?

Which is stronger green or seasoned wood?

Shrinkage? What makes a plank cut from a tree shrink?

Could a plank shrink without having water in the interior of the cells?

Explain why a plank shrinks across the grain but not along as the eye can see.

Two reasons a log shrinks more along the rings than along the radii.

The effect of this greater shrinkage along the rings?

Which shrinks more, sap-wood or heart-wood? Effect on a plain sawed board? (On a quarter-sawed board?)

Which shrinks more soft or hard wood?

Essentials, Sections 118, 119, 120. Instructor explain mounted specimens illustrating grain formations—straight, curled, bird’s eye.

None.

Continue Group VII.

Pupils, finishing projects in Group VII now, may get out stock and begin squaring it up for Group VIII.

What is the weight or specific gravity of wood? Oak or pine?

Why does wood float then?

Upon what two things does the weight of any given piece of wood depend? Does it ever vary? Why?

Why are some kinds of wood heavier than others similarly seasoned?

Is a heavy piece stronger than a light piece of the same size?

What is meant by strength, elasticity, hardness, toughness, cleavability?

What is meant by straight grain? Cross-grained? Twisted?

Causes?

What makes bird’s eyes in some woods?

Essentials, Sections 80, 81, 82.

Recall steps in squaring up rough stock, use of winding sticks and other tests.

The essential points in laying out and working cross-lap joint by first method.

All pupils lay aside present work and square up stock for, and make, cross-lap exercise piece.

When joint is completed finish any unfinished work of Group VII, then begin Group VIII.

Cross-lap joint? Why plane stock for the two parts in one piece?

What about the face marks in case this is done? Why?

The difference in the two methods given?

State the ten steps in making the joint by the first method.

In the second method how are the grooves and their widths determined?

What about the location of the grooves with reference to the faces?

What about the faces in gaging for depth of groove? Why?

Essentials, Sections 121, 122 to the bottom of page 130.

None.

Finish exercise piece and continue as in lesson 24.

Lumbering? Two kinds and their differences?

The camp; selecting trees; felling; trimming; cutting to length?

Skidding?

Transportation of logs to mill?

By cars, splash dam, rafts, river driving.

Milling? Location; log-booms; soaking logs in mill-pond?

Three kinds of saws? Advantages and disadvantages of each?

Timbers, planks, and boards?

Essentials, Sections 122 continued, 123, 124.

None.

Continue Group VIII.

Lumbering? At the mill? The log-slide, inspection, measuring, kicking logs out of slip on log-deck.

Sawing process in detail? 1. Log placed on carriage and dogged and slab with a few boards taken off. 2. A half turn and slab and few boards taken. 3. A quarter turn and nearly all sawed up. 4. Half turn and all sawed up.

The live rolls? Edgers? Trimmers or jump saws? Butting saws?

Slasher? It is used on slabs. What becomes of slabs?

Quarter-sawing? Why and how?

Why do quarter-sawed boards not warp like plain sawed?

Uses for waste wood? Burners?

Essentials, Sections 125, 126, 127.

None.

Continue Group VIII.

How is sawed lumber transported?

Two methods of seasoning? Why and how stick lumber?

Air seasoning? Time required? Depends upon what?

Kiln drying? Why? Temperature of kiln?

How do soft and hard woods differ as to methods of seasoning? Time required for each?

Checks in hard wood? Why? How prevented?

Case hardening? Why? How prevented?

Clear lumber? Dressed lumber? Abbreviation for dressed lumber?

How is lumber computed and sold? Shingles, lath, and moldings?

How would you specify lumber in an order?

Essentials, Review Appendix III, Sections 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and Sections 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34.

None.

Group VIII.