[2055] Röm. Alt. ii. 161 f., 670; cf. Herzog, Röm. Staatsverf. i. 354.

[2056] Livy xxxiv. 1 ff.; Tac. Ann. iii. 33 f.; Oros. iv. 20. 14; Zon. ix. 17; cf. Ihne, Hist. of Rome, ii. 290.

[2057] P. 356. The lex lenonia mentioned by Plautus (Fest. ep. 143), if indeed it is not a mere joke, should also be classed as sumptuary; cf. p. 528, n. 2.

[2058] Polyb. vi. 56; Plut. Rom. 13.

[2059] Livy xxxiv. 4. 9: “Vectigalis iam et stipendiaria plebs esse senatui coeperat.”

[2060] Livy xxii. 1. 19; Wissowa, Relig. u. Kult. d. Röm. 170.

[2061] Sat. i. 7. 33.

[2062] Livy xxvii. 20. 11.

[2063] Livy xxix. 20. 11.

[2064] Livy xxxiv. 4. 9; Cic. Senec. 4. 10; Orat. ii. 71. 286; Att. i. 20. 7; Fest. ep. 143, including a quotation from Plautus; Tac. Ann. xi. 5; xiii. 42; xv. 20; Frag. Vat. 260 ff. (Ad legem Cinciam de donationibus); Bruns, Quid conferant Vaticana fragmenta ad melius cognoscendum ius Romanum, 112 ff.; Herzog, Röm. Staatsverf. i. 366; Garofalo, in Bull. dell’ ist. di diritt. Rom. xv (1903). 310-2. In the opinion of Lange, Röm. Alt. ii. 191, the law may have resulted in part from the selfishness of the rich, with a view to checking the presentation of gifts among themselves.

[2065] Cic. Leg. iii. 4. 11; Lex Iul. Col. Gen. 93; Mommsen, Ephem. Ep. ii. 139; Bruns, Font. Iur. p. 123.

[2066] Vat. Frag. 294, 298-309; Paulus, Sent. v. 11. 6; Roby, Rom. Priv. Law, i. 526 f.

[2067] Such was the lex Pinaria, which ordered the appointment of a judge on the thirtieth day after an action was instituted (Gaius iv. 15); also the lex Silia creating the legis actio per condictionem, for the recovery of a certain sum of money, extended by the lex Calpurnia so as to apply to any certain object; Gaius iv. 18 f., and comment by Poste; Greenidge, Leg. Proced. see index, s. Lex Calpurnia and Silia; Roby, Rom. Priv. Law, ii. 71; Karlowa, Röm. Rechtsgesch. ii. 594; Röm. Civilprocess, 230 ff.; Voigt, Röm. Rechtsgesch. i. 44 ff. On the probable date, Lange, Röm. Alt. see indices, s. v.—The lex Crepereia, having to do with a legis actio before the centumviral court, set the sponsia at a hundred and twenty-five sesterces; Gaius iv. 95.—The lex Aebutia tended to substitute for the legis actio the formulary process of later time; Gaius iv. 30 f.; Gell. xvi. 10. 8; Greenidge, ibid. 93, 170 ff.; Roby, ibid. ii. 347; Karlowa, Röm. Civilproc. 216, 324; Voigt, ibid. 124 ff. Lange assigns these laws to the period of the war with Hannibal, Voigt to earlier time.

To the year 214 Lange, Röm. Alt. ii. 660, assigns the lex Atinia on the usucapio of stolen property; Gell. xvii. 7; Just. Inst. ii. 6. 2; Dig. xli. 3. 4. 6; cf. Roby, ibid. i. 475.—No date can be found for the lex Licinnia de actione communi dividundo; Marcianus, in Dig. iv. 7. 12.

[2068] Livy xx, Frag.; Krüger and Mommsen, in Hermes, iv (1870). 371-6; Tac. Ann. xii. 6. Livy states that a marriage of a patrician with a relative of the sixth degree caused a riot of the plebs, which drove the patres for refuge to the Capitol.

[2069] Ulpian, Frag. v. 6; cf. De gradibus cognationum.

[2070] Plut. Q. R. 6; Livy xlii. 34. 2 (case of a man’s marrying his cousin shortly after the war with Hannibal); Lange, Röm. Alt. i. 126; ii. 659 f.; Marquardt, Privatl. d. Röm. 30 f.

[2071] Livy xxxix. 9. 7.

[2072] Lange, Röm. Alt. ii. 659 f.

[2073] Cf. Lange, ibid. i. 231; Karlowa, Röm. Rechtsgesch. ii. 27. It supplemented the Twelve Tables, v. 1 f. (Gaius i. 144; ii. 47; Schöll, Duod. Tab. Rel. 126).

[2074] Cic. Off. iii. 15. 61; N. D. iii. 30. 74; Varro, L. L. vi. 5; Lex Iul. Munic. 112.

[2075] Plaut. Pseud. 303; Rud. 1382.

[2076] The author may have been the Plaetorius who carried a law concerning the urban praetor; p. 342, n. 1; Karlowa, Röm. Rechtsgesch. ii. 306, thinks it the result of continual war, which while giving young men experience in military affairs, deprived them of the opportunity to acquaint themselves with the management of property.

[2077] Livy xxiii. 31. 10.

[2078] P. 310.

[2079] Livy xxvi. 33. 10-4. For the decree of the plebs, § 14: “Quod senatus iuratus, maxima pars, censeat, qui adsient, id volumus iubemusque.”

[2080] Ibid. ch. 34.

[2081] Livy xxii. 10. 1.

[2082] It is given in full by Livy xxii. 10; cf. xxxiii. 44. 1 f.; xxxiv. 44. 1-3.

[2083] The consular law of Ti. Sempronius Longus, 215, appointing duumviri, one of them the builder, Q. Fabius, for dedicating the temple of Venus Erucina; Livy xxiii. 30. 13. f.—The lex granting Q. Lutatius Catulus permission to dedicate the Capitoline temple, 78; Cic. Verr. II. iv. 31. 69; 38. 82; CIL. i. 592.—The rogation of the praetor Caesar, 62, which threatened to deprive Catulus of the function; Suet, Caes. 15; Dio Cass. xxxvii. 44. 2.

[2084] In consequence of a pestilence a pretorian law of P. Licinius Varus, 208, placed the games in honor of Apollo in the class called stativi—those which were celebrated annually on stated days; Livy xxvii. 23. 7; xxx. 38. 10 f.; cf. Wissowa, Relig. u. Kult. d. Röm. 241; Fowler, Roman Festivals, 179 f.

[2085] Livy xxv. 5. 2, for the first instance and for the pontifical presidency. Such a departure in favor of the people was hardly possible in the period of comitial stagnation preceding the tribunate of Flaminius, 232; and the law must have been passed, or at least amended, after the institution of the last two tribes; for it specified definitely seventeen tribes; Cic. Leg. Agr. ii. 7. 16. On this measure, see Mommsen, Röm. Staatsr. ii. 27 f.; Wissowa, Relig. u. Kult. d. Röm. 437; Lange, Röm. Alt. ii. 131. Pais, L’elezione del pontefice massimo, etc. (1908), maintains on the contrary that the plebiscite in question was passed about 254, and that it resorted to seventeen tribes as the legal half of the total number (33) then existing. On the use of the word comitia, see p. 130 above.

[2086] The first recorded instance occurs at the date mentioned; Livy xxvii. 8. 1-3.

[2087] Cf. Cic. Sest. 46. 98.

[2088] P. 391.

[2089] P. 234, 305, 306.

[2090] Livy, ep. xx; Dig. i. 2. 2. 32. Lange, Röm. Alt. i. 784; ii. 152, 654, conjecturally identifies it with the Plaetorian plebiscite, which assigned two lictors to the urban praetor when acting as judge, and defined his jurisdiction; Censorin. 24. 3.

[2091] Livy xxvii. 36. 14; p. 306 above. In 171 because of the impending Macedonian war the consular lex Licinia Cassia permitted the consuls to name their tribuni militum (Livy xliii. 31)—a precedent followed thereafter in emergencies.

[2092] P. 305; Polyb. vi. 15. 6.

[2093] Livy xxvii. 22. 6. On the comparatively frequent use of the promagistracy during the war with Hannibal, see Ihne, Hist. of Rome, iv. 310.

[2094] Livy xxii. 25; Herzog, Röm. Staatsverf. i. 355.

[2095] Polyb. iii. 87. 6; Livy xxii. 8. 5 f.

[2096] Cf. Herzog, ibid. i. 358 f.; Mommsen, Röm. Staatsr. ii. 169.

[2097] Livy xxvii. 20. 11-3; 21. 1-4; Plut. Marcell. 27. It is surprising that in 204 the question of abrogating the proconsular imperium of Scipio through a plebiscite was discussed in the senate; Livy xxix. 19. 6.

The grant of a burial place “virtutis caussa senatus consulto populique iussu” (CIL. i. 635) to a C. Poplicius Bibulus was not to this Bibulus but to some unknown person of the same name near the close of the republic.

[2098] P. 360.

[2099] Livy xxvii. 21. 10; xxx. 19. 9.

[2100] Lange, Röm. Alt. i. 850, 861; ii. 151, 654.

[2101] Livy xxvii. 6. 7; cf. p. 298 above. Two other dispensations from laws by act of the people are recorded for the latter part of this century: (1) the plebiscite of 203, which exempted C. Servilius from the law prohibiting the election of a man to the plebeian tribunate or aedileship in the lifetime of a father who had filled a curule office (Livy xxx. 19. 9); (2) a plebiscite of 200 for permitting L. Valerius Flaccus to take the oath of office for the aedileship as a proxy for his brother, who being flamen Dialis was forbidden to swear; Livy xxxi. 50. 7-9.

[2102] Cf. Herzog, Röm. Staatsverf. i. 369.

[2103] VI. 11. 1.

[2104] VI. 51. 3.

[2105] Ibid. § 5.

[2106] Ibid. § 7.

[2107] Polyb. vi. 56.

[2108] Ibid. 11. 11.

[2109] VI. 18.

[2110] VI. 12.

[2111] VI. 13.

[2112] P. 217, n. 5.

[2113] A plebiscite of M’. Acilius and Q. Minucius, 201, ordered the senate to negotiate peace with Carthage; Livy xxx. 43. 2. Tribal ratification may be assumed for every treaty, and for that reason is generally not mentioned in this volume.

[2114] Polyb. vi. 14.

[2115] Polyb. vi. 12. 4.

[2116] VI. 15. 9 f.

[2117] Ibid. § 11.

[2118] VI. 16. 1 f. Polybius speaks of the decisions of the senate; but since that body as a whole was not a court, and since there was no appeal from either the special or the standing quaestiones, he must be thinking here of the consilia of the magistrates, which also were composed of senators.

[2119] VI. 16. 3. Doubtless he has in mind the Claudian statute of 219; p. 335.

[2120] VI. 16. 4 f.

[2121] VI. 17. 9.

[2122] P. 33, 173.

[2123] Polyb. vi. 18. 5-8; Sall. Iug. 41.

[2124] Livy xxxii. 27. 6. A law may be assumed for this act.

[2125] Livy xl. 44. 2; cf. Mommsen, Röm. Staatsr. ii. 198, n. 4; more accurately, Lange, Röm. Alt. ii. 259, 655; Klebs, in Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encycl. ii. 2728.

[2126] Cf. Arnold, Rom. Prov. Administr. 47.

[2127] Cato, Orat. xxv; Fest. 282. 28; Non. Marc. 470; Livy xl. 59. 5.

[2128] Livy xxxiii. 42. 1; cf. Cic. Orat. iii. 19. 73; Lange, Röm. Alt. ii. 211 f., 675; Wissowa, Relig. u. Kult. d. Röm. 357, 446. The people continued occasionally to create temporary magistracies and commissions. A lex Plaetoria for the appointment of duoviri aedi dedicandae (CIL. vi. 3732) probably belongs to 151; cf. Mommsen, Röm. Staatsr. ii. 621, n. 1.

[2129] Livy xl. 44. 1. Cf. in general on the leges annales, Fest. ep. 27; Cic. Phil. v. 17. 47; Leg. iii. 3. 9; Ovid, Fast. v. 65 f.; Tac. Ann. xi. 22; Arnob. ii. 67. A rogation of similar import was offered by a certain M. Pinarius Rusca (Cic. Orat. ii. 65. 261), who is perhaps to be identified with a praetor of that name in 182; Livy xl. 18. 2; Mommsen, Röm. Staatsr. i. 529, n. 1.

[2130] This interval is assigned to the lex Villia by none of the ancient authorities, but is found to be the practice after its enactment; Mommsen, Röm. Staatsr. i. 526 f.

[2131] Cic. Phil. v. 17. 47.

[2132] Cf. Plut. Cat. Mai. 8.

[2133] Wex, in Rhein. Mus. iii (1845). 276-88; Nipperdey, in Abhdl. sächs. Gesellsch. d. Wiss. zu Leipzig, v. (1870). 1-88; Lange, Röm. Alt. i. 707; ii. 259-61, 655; Mommsen, Röm. Staatsr. i. 529 f., 537; Herzog, Röm. Staatsverf. i. 386 f., 664 ff.; Madvig, Röm. Staat. i. 335 ff.; Kübler, in Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encycl. iv. 1114.

[2134] They were not in force in 196 (Livy xxxiii. 42. 1) or in 194 (Livy xxxiv. 53. 1 f.; xxxv. 9. 7). On the other hand Cicero’s description (Dom. 20. 51; Leg. Agr. ii. 8. 21) of these laws as veteres should place them a hundred years or more before his time. The two passages of Cicero are the only sources; cf. Lange, Röm. Alt. i. 919; ii. 315 f., 655; Herzog, Röm. Staatsverf. i. 835. Mommsen, Röm. Staatsr. i. 501, thinks they may have resulted from the Gracchan agitation.

[2135] CIL. i². p. 146; Obseq. 18.

[2136] Orat. xxxvi.

[2137] Livy, ep. lvi (mentioned in connection with the year 134); Long, Rom. Rep. i. 85-7. Long does not consider the date settled; but see Mommsen, Röm. Staatsr. i. 521; Greenidge, Hist. of Rome, i. 485; Kübler, in Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encycl. iv. 1117.

[2138] Lange, Röm. Alt. i. 712; ii. 316, 655.

[2139] Livy xl. 19. 11; Schol. Bob. 361; Lange, Röm. Alt. i. 717; ii. 257, 663; Ihne, Hist. of Rome, iv. 92; Herzog, Röm. Staatsverf. i. 391; Hartmann, in Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encycl. i. 1801, Mommsen, Strafr. 867, n. 2.

[2140] Polyb. vi. 56. 4; Livy, ep. xlvii; Lange, Röm. Alt. i. 717; ii. 312, 663; Ihne, Hist. of Rome, iv. 92; Hartmann, ibid.

[2141] P. 250.—Of minor importance is the lex Rutilia, 169, which besides confirming the earlier statute for the election of twenty-four military tribunes (p. 342) defined the rights of the tribuni “rufuli” and “a populo” respectively; Fest. 261. 29; ep. 260; cf. Livy vii. 5. 9; xxvii. 36. 14; Marquardt, Röm. Staatsv. ii. 365.—The rogation of Ti. Sempronius, tr. pl. in 167, for granting the imperium to certain promagistrates for the day of their triumph has been considered above; p. 335, n. 2.

[2142] Lex Ant. de Termess. in CIL. I. 204. ii. 13-7; cf. Livy xxxii. 27. 3 f. (cutting down such expenses in Sardinia); xxxiv. 4; cf. Lange, Röm. Alt. ii. 207, 673; Ihne, Hist. of Rome, iv. 307.

[2143] Cato, Orat. lxix, in Gell. xx. 2. 1; cf. Livy xxxii. 8. 3; xli. 14. 11; Lange, Röm. Alt. ii. 280, 673.

[2144] App. Lib. 135; Cic. Leg. Agr. ii. 19. 51. Appian and Cicero speak of a senatus consultum only; but a lex Livia is vouched for by the Lex Agr. of 111; CIL. i. 200. 81; cf. Mommsen, Röm. Staatsr. ii. 643; Marquardt, Röm. Staatsv. i. 465.

[2145] Livy xxxiii. 25. 6. A lex Maevia, seemingly on Asiatic affairs, supported by Cato but otherwise unknown, belongs perhaps to 189; Cato, Orat. lxxv.

[2146] Livy, ep. xlix; new ep. l. 98-100; Cic. Brut. 23. 89; Att. xii. 5. 3; Val. Max. viii. 1. absol. 2.

[2147] Cic. Off. iii. 30. 109.

[2148] Livy xl. 38. 9; cf. 59. 1 (179 B.C.).

[2149] Val. Max. ii. 8. 1; Oros. v. 4. 7; cf. Cic. Pis. 26. 62; Livy xxxvii. 46. 1 f.; xl. 38. 9; Gell. v. 6. 21; Lange, Röm. Alt. ii. 262, 676; Mommsen, Röm. Staatsr. i. 133.

[2150] P. 293.

[2151] Livy xxxii. 29. 3 f. These colonies were actually founded in 194; Livy xxxiv. 45. 1; Vell. i. 15. 3.

[2152] Livy xxxiv. 53. 1 f. The former was founded in 192; Livy xxxv. 40. 5.

[2153] Lex Agr. of 111, in CIL. i. 200. 43; Livy xxxiv. 45.

[2154] Livy xxxvii. 57. 7.

[2155] Livy xxxix. 55. 5. On the colonies of 181, see Livy xl. 29. 1; 34. 2; Vell. i. 15; CIL. i. 538, in which nothing is said either of the senate or of the people.

[2156] I. 41. 1.

[2157] P. 307, 311.

[2158] It was in the capacity of administrator of public property that the senate controlled this field. The only other instance of popular legislation in this period touching state economy was the plebiscite of M. Lucretius, 172 (Livy xlii. 19. 1 f.; cf. xxvii. 11. 8; Gran. Licin. xxviii), for renewing the tribunician law of 210, which directed the censors to farm the vectigalia of Campania; p. 337 above.—In 169 a tribunician rogation of P. Rutilius threatened to annul the censorial contracts (Livy xliii. 16. 6) as a rebuke to the censors for their arbitrary management of the business. When this object was secured, the bill was allowed to drop. It is true, as Ihne, Hist. of Rome, iv. 24, n. 1, remarks, that no one questioned the right of the people to cancel an administrative act of the censors; but it was quite another thing to find a college of tribunes unanimously disposed to interfere. The significant fact is that in all the time between the peace with Hannibal and the tribunate of Ti. Gracchus no important financial act was passed by the comitia.

[2159] Livy xxxv. 7; cf. Lange, Röm. Alt. ii. 221, 660.

[2160] A rogatio Iunia concerning usury, known only through Cato’s opposition to it (Orat. vi), belongs to this period—perhaps to 195 (Livy xxxiv. 1. 4; xxxv. 41. 9 f.) or to 191 (Livy xxxvi. 2. 6).

[2161] Livy, ep. xli.

[2162] Cic. Verr. II. i. 41. 104 ff.; Rep. iii. 10. 17; Gaius ii. 274; Dio Cass. lvi. 10. 2; Pseud. Ascon. 188; Gell, vi (vii). 13; xx. i. 23; p. 90 above.

[2163] Gaius ii. 226 and Poste’s comment; Lange, Röm. Alt. ii. 298, 660; Greenidge, Leg. Proced. 95, 128; Roby, Rom. Priv. Law, i. 345. It took the place of a lex Furia of earlier date for limiting to one thousand asses the amount which a legatee or, in view of death, a donee could accept; Gaius, ibid.; Karlowa, Röm. Rechtsgesch. ii. 940 ff. Voigt, Röm. Rechtsgesch. i. 502, places the lex Furia between 203 and 170.

[2164] Cato, Orat. lxviii, lxxv; Lange, Röm. Alt. ii. 660; Voigt, Die lex Maenia de dote vom Jahre 568 der Stadt; Röm. Rechtsgesch. i. 789-801, attempts to determine the contents as well as the date; cf. Arndts, in Zeitschr. f. Rechtsgesch. vii (1868). 1-44.

[2165] Livy xxxvii. 36. 7 f.; cf. Cic. Verr. II. i. 5. 13.

[2166] Ibid. § 9; p. 57 f., 334 above.

[2167] P. 340.

[2168] Livy xxxviii. 36. 5 f.

[2169] Cic. Brut. 20. 79; cf. Mommsen, Röm. Staatsr. iii. 135, n. 1.

[2170] A pretorian law of Valerius Flaccus, 98, for the purpose is mentioned by Cic. Balb. 24. 55; cf. CIL. vi. 2181 f.; Pais, Anc. Italy, 309. Naturally before the establishment of the right of the people in this matter (p. 283, 304) the grant was made by the consuls and the censors.

[2171] Cic. Balb. 9. 24.

[2172] Cf. the bestowal of citizenship upon the Carthaginian Muttines by a plebiscite ex auctoritate patrum in 210; Livy xxvii. 5. 7; Varro, in Ascon. 13.

[2173] See the literature on the ius postliminii in Schiller, Röm. Staatsalt. 618. There were certain cases of restoration of citizenship, however, which were thought to require a comitial vote; Cic. Balb. 11. 28. But on this question opinions differed; cf. Mommsen, Röm. Staatsr. iii. 656, n. 1.

[2174] Cf. the lex Plautia Papiria, in Cic. Arch. 4. 7: “Data est civitas Silvani lege et Carbonis: Si qui foederatis civitatibus adscripti fuissent, si tum, cum lex ferebatur, in Italia domicilium habuissent et si sexaginta diebus apud praetorem essent professi”; also Balb. 8. 19 (singillatim); CIL. ii. 159; iii. 5232 (viritim); Mommsen, Röm. Staatsr. iii. 132.

[2175] Gell. xvi. 13. 6; Cic. Balb. 8. 21. Heraclea and Naples preferred their freedom; Cic. ibid.; Fam. xiii. 30. 1.

[2176] Mommsen, Röm. Staatsr. iii. 133.

[2177] This spirit expressed itself in the lex Minicia of unknown date, though probably anterior to the social war. It ordered that children born of a union between a Roman and a person of a nationality with which there was no conubium should follow the condition of the alien parent; Gaius i. 78 f.; Ulp. v. 8; Karlowa, Röm. Rechtsgesch. ii. 182.

[2178] Livy xxxix. 3. 5 f.

[2179] Livy xli. 9. 9-11; Neumann, Gesch. Roms, i. 21, 115; Herzog, Röm. Staatsverf. i. 964, n. 1; Meyer, Gesch. d. Gracch. 92, n. 1.

[2180] Mommsen, Röm. Staatsr. iii. 435 f.; cf. however Lange, Röm. Alt. ii. 27; Herzog, Röm. Staatsverf. i. 993.

[2181] Lange, Röm. Alt. i. 705; ii. 27.

[2182] Livy ix. 46; Plut. Mar. 5.

[2183] Livy xxxix. 19. 5 f.; Cic. Sest. 52. 110; Phil. ii. 2. 3. A law of Augustus, 18 B.C., permitted all excepting senators to marry freedwomen; Dio Cass. liv. 16. 2; lvi. 7. 2. Conubium had not been impossible, but had been considered disgraceful both by society and by the law.

[2184] Cf. Livy x. 21. 4; Lange, Röm. Alt. i. 515; ii. 27; p. 60 above.

[2185] P. 334.

[2186] Livy, ep. xx; cf. Mommsen, Röm. Staatsr. iii. 436, n. 3. The statement of the epitomator is that by the censors “Libertini in quattuor tribus redacti sunt, cum antea dispersi per omnes fuissent, Esquilinam,” etc. It refers either to the censorship of Flaminius (Herzog, Röm. Staatsverf. i. 995) or far less probably to the one immediately preceding. On the city tribes, see p. 64.

[2187] P. 205 f.

[2188] Suet. Claud. 24; Livy vi. 46. 6; Pliny, N. H. xxxiii. 2. 32; cf. Mommsen, Röm. Staatsr. iii. 422; Herzog, ibid. i. 977.

[2189] Plut. Flamin. 18.

[2190] Lange, Röm. Alt. ii. 234; Mommsen, Röm. Staatsr. iii. 436 f. This interpretation seems necessary notwithstanding Herzog, Röm. Staatsverf. i. 884.

[2191] As in 217; Livy xxii. 11. 8.

[2192] In general, see Ihne, Hist. of Rome, iv. 26-38; Mommsen, Röm. Staatsr. iii. 420 ff.; Herzog, Röm. Staatsverf. i. 976 ff., 992 ff.; Lange, Röm. Alt., see index, s. Libertini. On the censorial distribution of the libertini in 179, see p. 85, n. 3.

[2193] P. 338.

[2194] Lange, Röm. Alt. ii. 174, 211, 670; Ferrero, Rome, i. 23.