[2195] Macrob. Sat. iii. 17. 2; Diod. xxxvii. 3. 5; Ferrero, Rome, i. 23; Herzog, Röm. Staatsverf. i. 425.

[2196] Macrob. ibid. § 3; Schol. Bob. 310; Fest. 242. 12.

[2197] Fest. 201. 31; Cato, Orat. xxvii.

[2198] Gell. ii. 24. 3; Macrob. Sat. iii. 17. 3-5; Athen. vi. 274 C.

[2199] Pliny, N. H. x. 50. 139.

[2200] Macrob. Sat. iii. 17. 6.

[2201] The author may, as Lange, Röm. Alt. ii. 311, 672, assumes, be identical with the Cn. Aufidius who was tribune in that year; Livy xliii. 8. 2. Klebs, in Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encycl. ii. 2288 f., regards the identity as no more than possible.

[2202] Pliny, N. H. viii. 17. 64.

[2203] Cic. Cornel. i. 25 (Frag. A. vii); Ascon. 69.

[2204] Livy xxxiv. 44. 4.

[2205] Mention of this law is made in connection only with the Roscian statute of 67, which is spoken of as a restoration of an earlier act; p. 428 f. below.

[2206] P. 253 ff.

[2207] Cic. Off. ii. 21. 75.

[2208] Cic. Rab. Perd. 3. 8.

[2209] Dig. xlviii. 15.

[2210] Curc. 621 f.; Merc. 664 f.

[2211] In Verhdl. d. sächs. Gesellsch. d. Wiss. xxxvii (1885). 320.

[2212] Ibid. 327.

[2213] Röm. Alt. ii. 663; cf. CIL. i². p. 144.

[2214] Röm. Strafr. 780, n. 4.

[2215] Declam. in Cat. 19. Lange, Röm. Alt. ii. 664 f., prefers to assign it to the tribune of 139; Mommsen, Röm. Strafr. 563, n. 4, doubts its existence.

[2216] Cic. Fam. viii. 12. 3; 14. 4; Suet. Dom. 8. 3 (Scantinius; Ihm); Juv. ii. 44; Quint. Inst. iv. 2. 69. Voigt, in Verhdl. d. sächs. Gesellsch. d. Wiss. xlii (1890), 273, assigns it to 226 or 225. Lange, Röm. Alt. ii. 667 f., places it between 227 and 50. The date 149 rests upon W. W. Fowler’s restoration of the new epitome, 115 f.: “M. Sca(n)ti(ni)us ... am tulit (de) in stupro deprehensi(s).” Quite another matter, however, is referred to in this passage, if Kornemann’s reading is correct: “Sca(n)tius (qui repuls)am tulit in stupro deprehens(us se occidit).” The date of the law, therefore, still remains in doubt.

[2217] Schol. Bob. 233; Cic. Brut. 27. 106; Off. ii. 21. 75; Verr. iii. 84. 195; iv. 25. 56; Val. Max. vi. 9. 10; Tac. Ann. xv. 20; Lex Acil. in CIL. i. 198. 23, 74, 81; Mommsen, ibid. p. 54 f.; Strafr. 708; Lange, Röm. Alt. ii. 321 f., 664; Greenidge, Leg. Proced. 419.

[2218] In general the leges repetundarum were for the protection of Italy as well as of the provinces; cf. p. 376, 377, 442.

[2219] Lengle, Sull. Verf. 17; Greenidge, Leg. Proced. 415 f.

[2220] P. 255, n. 1 (3).

[2221] Macrob. Sat. i. 13. 21; Censor, xx. 6. f.; Livy xliii. 11. 3; Lange, Röm. Alt. i. 353; ii. 223, 676; Mommsen, Röm. Chron. 40 ff.; Matzat, Röm. Chron. i. 46.

[2222] P. 116; cf. Ihne, Hist. of Rome, iv. 308 f.

[2223] Schol. Bob. 319; cf. Cic. Sest. 26. 56: “De tempore legum rogandorum.”

[2224] Livy, new ep. liv. 193 f.: “A. Gabinius verna(e ... rogationem tulit) suffragium per ta(bellam ferri),” indicates servile descent.

[2225] Cic. Leg. iii. 16. 35; cf. 15. 34; Amic. 12. 41; Leg. Agr. ii. 2. 4.

[2226] Cic. Leg. iii. 16. 35 f.; Brut. 25. 97; 27. 106; Sest. 48. 103; Amic. 12. 41; Ascon. 78; Pseud. Ascon. 141 f.; Schol. Bob. 303; Long, Rom. Rep. i. 105-10; Lange, Röm. Alt. ii. 658; Herzog, Röm. Staatsverf. i. 422; Ihne, Hist. of Rome, iv. 340 f.

[2227] Cic. Rosc. Am. 30. 84; Ascon. 46; Val. Max. iii. 7. 9; cf. Cic. Brut. 25. 97; Vell. ii. 10. 1; Val. Max. viii. 1. damn. 7.

[2228] Cf. Lange, Röm. Alt. ii. 344; Ihne, Hist. of Rome, iv. 94.

[2229] See especially Cic. Leg. iii. 15. 34: “Quis autem non sentit omnem auctoritatem optimatium tabellariam legem abstulisse?”

[2230] P. 347.

[2231] P. 184.

[2232] App. Lib. 112 (White’s rendering); cf. Livy, ep. l.

[2233] Livy, ep. lvi; App. Iber. 84.

[2234] App. Iber. 83; cf. p. 188, n. 2, 342, 367.

[2235] Cic. Amic. 25. 96; Lange, Röm. Alt. ii. 335, 688.

[2236] Plut. Ti. Gracch. 8.

[2237] Polyb. vi. 18. 5-8 (Shuckburgh’s rendering).

[2238] The main part of his history was composed before the third war with Carthage; Christ, W., Gesch. d. griech. Litteratur (4th ed. 1905), 585; Cuntz, O., Polybius und sein Werk (1902), 82. It is understood, however, that certain parts were inserted after the beginning of the revolutionary period.

[2239] It is true that the Gracchan trouble opened his eyes to some of the defects in the constitution; but the aristocratic recovery after the tribunate of Tiberius (and perhaps after that of Gaius) confirmed his belief in the fundamental soundness and in the recuperative power of the state.

[2240] P. 360 f.

[2241] Livy xxxv. 10. 12: “Multos pecuarios damnarunt.” In Livy xxxiv. 4. 9 Cato while speaking in defence of the Oppian law, in 195, is represented as mentioning the article which established the limit of five hundred iugera.

[2242] Orig. v. 5.

[2243] These are provisions of an agrarian law passed before the tribunate of Ti. Gracchus (App. B. C. i. 8. 33 f.) but not expressly referred to Licinius and Sextius in any ancient source. The first article seems to assume a greater development of slavery than could be true of the year 367, and the second would belong more naturally to a repetition than to the original enactment; p. 296, n. 4, 334, n. 1.

[2244] Plut. Ti. Gracch. 9.

[2245] App. B. C. i. 9. 37 and 11. 46 states that an additional two hundred and fifty iugera were allowed for each son, and Livy, ep. lviii, sets the maximum at a thousand iugera. Combining the two sources, we reach the probable result given in the text; cf. also (Aurel. Vict.) Vir. Ill. 64. 3; Siculus Flacc. p. 136. 10 (CC is a corruption of ↀ). See Herzog, Röm. Staatsverf. i. 450, n. 3; Greenidge, Hist. of Rome, i. 114; Mommsen, in CIL. i. p. 87.

[2246] Plut. Ti. Gracch. 9; cf. Greenidge, ibid.

[2247] App. B. C. i. 11. 46. It is not stated that these lots should become private property. Appian mentions this article as the only compensation for improvements on the lands surrendered. The fact that article 2 was withdrawn from the bill before it became a law may account for its omission from this source.

[2248] Plut. Ti. Gracch. 9; App. B. C. i. 11.

[2249] CIL. i. 200. 14: “Sei quis ... agri iugra non amplius xxx possidebit habebitve.” In all probability this specification came originally from the Sempronian law.

[2250] Mommsen, in CIL. i. p. 88; Plut. Ti. Gracch. 9; App. B. C. i. 27. 121; Weber, Röm. Agrargesch. 151.

[2251] This is a necessary deduction from a speech of Tiberius quoted by App. B. C. i. 9. 35; cf. 11. 43; Plut. Ti. Gracch. 9. The Lex Agr. of 111 (CIL. i. 200. 21) refers to assignments made by C. Gracchus to Latins and allies as compensation for public lands surrendered by them to the government for colonial purposes; cf. § 31. Doubtless a similar provision was included in the statute of Tiberius. Although viritim assignments had hitherto benefited citizens only, Latins and Italians had been admitted to Latin colonies founded by Rome; Meyer, Gesch. d. Gracch. 91.

[2252] Cf. Lex Agr. in CIL. i. 200. 6: “Extra eum agrum, qui ager ex lege plebive scito, quod C. Sempronius Ti. f. tr(ibunus) pl(ebei) rog(avit), exceptum cavitumque est nei divideretur.” The exceptions numbered from a to g in the text above are taken from the agrarian law of 111. As these exceptions were made in the agrarian law of C. Gracchus, it is here assumed that they were made previously by Tiberius.

[2253] Lex Agr. in CIL. i. 200. 31 f.; cf. Cic. Leg. Agr. i. 4. 10; ii. 22. 58 (land held similarly in Africa).

[2254] Cf. Mommsen, in CIL. i. p. 90.

[2255] In the earliest arrangement of the kind the part was one third, as the name indicates; Livy xxxi. 13. 9; CIL. i. 200. 31 f.; cf. Greenidge, Hist. of Rome, i. 113; Weber, Röm. Agrargesch. 149-51. The word is derived from trientare, as stabulum from stare; Mommsen, in CIL. i. p. 90.

[2256] CIL. i. 200. 14; cf. 25 f. See Mommsen’s comment, p. 91; Frontin. Contr. p. 15; Hygin. Cond. Agr. p. 116. 23; Lim. Const. p. 201. 12; Siculus Flacc. p. 157; Weber, Röm. Agrargesch. 120 f.

[2257] Voigt, in Abhdl. sächs. Gesellsch. d. Wiss. x (1888). 229; Greenidge, Hist. of Rome, i. 113.

[2258] CIL. ibid. 28.

[2259] CIL. 200. 1, 4, 6, 13, 22; cf. Cic. Leg. Agr. i. 7. 21; ii. 29. 81; Att. i. 19. 4; Mommsen, in CIL. i. p. 91; Greenidge, ibid. 112 f.

[2260] CIL. ibid. 24-6; Voigt, ibid. 227. The classification of public land reserved from distribution by the agrarian law of 111 is that of Mommsen, in CIL. i. p. 90 f.

[2261] Cic. Leg. Agr. ii. 12. 31; App. B. C. i. 9. 37; Livy, ep. lviii.

[2262] They are so called in Lex Lat. Bant. 15, in CIL. i. 197; Lex Rep. 13, 16, 22, ibid. 198; Lex Agr. 16, ibid. 200.

[2263] Lex Agr. in CIL. i. 200. 13 f., 17, 21-3; Cic. Att. i. 19. 4; Mommsen, in CIL. i. p. 87. Illegal occupations alone are thereafter mentioned; Cic. Orat. ii. 70. 284; App. B. C. i. 36. 162.

[2264] Plut. Ti. Gracch. 10; cf. Greenidge, Hist. of Rome, i. 121; Strachan-Davidson’s explanation (Appian, p. 13) seems to be incorrect.

[2265] Livy, ep. lviii; Plut. Ti. Gracch. 10-3; App. B. C. i. 12 f.; Cic. N. D. i. 38. 106.

[2266] Livy, ep. lviii; App. B. C. i. 13. 55; Vell. ii. 2. 3; Flor. ii. 2. 6.

[2267] P. 347 f.

[2268] Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 13.

[2269] Livy, ep. lviii: “Promulgavit et aliam legem agrariam, qua sibi latius agrum patefaceret, ut iidem triumviri iudicarent, qua publicus ager, qua privatus esset.”

[2270] CIL. i. 552-5, 583; ix. 1024 f.

[2271] B. C. i. 19. 78 f. The context indicates that in Appian’s opinion the people had nothing to do with the measure.

[2272] Lange, Röm. Alt. ii. 688 (cf. iii. 22) and Greenidge, Hist. of Rome, i. 158, suppose without evidence that Scipio effected his object by means of a law.

[2273] P. 373 below. On the agrarian law of Ti. Gracchus, see further Long, Rom. Rep. i. 159-91; Herzog, Röm. Staatsverf. i. 445-52; Ihne, Hist. of Rome, iv. 382-400; Greenidge, Hist. of Rome, i. 110-28; Neumann, Gesch. Roms, i. 156-84.

[2274] Livy, ep. lviii; Vell. ii. 2. 3: “Octavio collegae pro bono publico stanti imperium abrogavit”; Plut. Ti. Gracch. 12; App. B. C. i. 12; Cic. Leg. iii. 10. 24; Dio Cass. Frag. 83. 4.

[2275] P. 360.

[2276] Cf. Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 12; Ihne, Hist. of Rome, iv. 80, 395; Long, Rom. Rep. i. 185 ff. Greenidge, Hist. of Rome, i. 125-7, and Pöhlmann, in Sitzb. d. bayer. Akad. 1907. 465 ff., contend for its legality.

[2277] P. 233 f.

[2278] P. 255.

[2279] Plut. Ti. Gracch. 16; Dio Cass. Frag. 83. 7. These sources are obscure and somewhat inconsistent. The proposals of Tiberius can, better than in any other way though not with absolute certainty, be inferred from the laws of his brother.

[2280] P. 360.

[2281] P. 307 f.

[2282] Livy, ep. lix; Cic. Amic. 25. 96.

[2283] B. C. i. 21. 90: Καὶ γάρ τις ἤδη νόμος κεκύρωτο εἰ δήμαρχος ἐνδέοι ταῖς παραγγλείαις, τὸν δῆμον ἐκ πάντων ἐπιλέγεσθαι. White translates, “For in cases where there was not a sufficient number of candidates, the law authorizes the people to choose from the whole number then in office”; and scholars usually suppose that in the first clause reference is to candidates. But if tribunus, the equivalent of δήμαρχος, stood in the law, it must have signified tribune, not candidate; and in that case παραγγελίαις, however Appian may have understood it, must be the equivalent of renuntiationibus, “announcements of votes.”

[2284] Cf. Strachan-Davidson, Appian, p. 23. It was under the second contingency that C. Gracchus was reëlected tribune without being a candidate; Plut. C. Gracch. 8. The third time, though as some averred he had a majority of votes, the presiding tribune dared reject them; ibid. 12; Meyer, Gesch. d. Gracch. 94, n. 3. Fowler’s suggestion (Eng. Hist. Rev. xx. 217) that the law permitted but one reëlection of an individual is on the whole unlikely.

[2285] Cic. Leg. iii. 16. 35; Herzog, Röm. Staatsverf. i. 461; Greenidge, Hist. of Rome, i. 163 f.

[2286] The measure was being agitated at the time to which Cicero referred the dialogue On the Republic, iv. 2; cf. Q. Cic. Petit. Cons. 8. 33; Lange, Röm. Alt. ii. 657; iii. 25. On the Claudian law, see p. 335 above.

[2287] P. 358.

[2288] Lex Acil. Rep. 23, 74, in CIL. i. 198; Zumpt, in Abhdl. d. Akad. zu Berlin, 1845. 1-70, 475-515; Lange, Röm. Alt. ii. 664; iii. 26; Greenidge, Leg. Proced. 420; Hist. of Rome, i. 135, 211. The Latin Lex Bantina (CIL. i. 197), identified by some with the Lex Iunia, seems rather to belong to the tribunate of C. Gracchus; p. 379.

[2289] Cic. Off. iii. 11. 47; Brut. 28. 109; Fest. 286. 10; Long, Rom. Rep. i. 237 f.; Greenidge, Hist. of Rome, i. 166 f.

[2290] App. B. C., i. 21, 34. 152; Val. Max. ix. 5. 1; Ihne, Hist. of Rome, iv. 418-21; Long, ibid. 241; Herzog, Röm. Staatsverf. i. 462; Greenidge, ibid. 167 ff.; Meyer, Gesch. d. Gracch. 93; Fowler, in Eng. Hist. Rev. xx. 422.

[2291] In March, April, and May, according to Kornemann, Gesch. d. Gracch. 44.

[2292] On the order of his enactments, see Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 38; Greenidge, Hist. of Rome, i. 210; Herzog, Röm. Staatsverf. i. 466; Meyer, Gesch. d. Gracch. 95, n. 4; Kornemann, Gesch. d. Gracch. 42 ff.; Fowler, in Eng. Hist. Rev. xx. (1905). 216 ff. Meyer calls attention to the fact that while Appian, B. C. i. 21 f., states the enactments in substantially correct order, he wrongly identifies the date of reëlection—midsummer 123—with the date of entrance upon his second term—December 10, 123—in this way pushing forward into the second year a large group of enactments which belong to the latter part of his first term.

[2293] P. 367.

[2294] Plut. C. Gracch. 4; Diod. xxxv. 25, 2; Fest. ep. 23 (abacti); Lange, Röm. Alt. i. 655; iii. 30 f.; Greenidge, Hist. of Rome, i. 202.

[2295] P. 368.

[2296] P. 255 f. For the comitial interdict against Popillius, see p. 256.

[2297] Cf. Greenidge, Hist. of Rome, i. 204 f.; Fowler, Eng. Hist. Rev. xx. 224.

[2298] Humbert, in Daremberg et Saglio, Dict. ii. 1346. For examples, see Marquardt, Röm. Staatsv. ii. 114, and especially, Oliver, Roman Economic Conditions, 61 ff.

[2299] Livy, ep. lx; App. B. C. i. 21. 89; Schol. Bob. 303; Vell. ii. 6. 3; Plut. C. Gracch. 5.

[2300] App. ibid. § 90; Diod. xxxv. 25; Cic. Sest. 48. 103.

[2301] Cic. Off. ii. 21. 72; Tusc. iii. 20. 48; Diod. ibid; Oros. v. 12. 4; cf. Long, Rom. Rep. i. 261-3; Greenidge, Hist. of Rome, i. 203-7.

[2302] The view here offered was suggested in Botsford, History of Rome (1901), 156. It is presented in greater detail by Fowler, in Eng. Hist. Rev. xx (1905). 221 ff.

[2303] Begun by his lex de provocatione; p. 371.

[2304] Placed before the frumentarian law by Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 31. Meyer, Gesch. d. Gracch. 95, n. 4, and Kornemann, Gesch. d. Gracch. 43, hold the view represented above in the text.

[2305] Plut. C. Gracch. 9.

[2306] CIL. i. 200. 6, 22; cf. Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 32.

[2307] P. 364 f., 386.

[2308] App. B. C. i. 23. 98; Plut. C. Gracch. 6 f.; cf. Voigt, in Verhdl. sächs. Gesellsch. d. Wiss. xxiv (1872). 68 ff.

[2309] Livy, ep. lx; Mommsen, in CIL. i. p. 88.

[2310] Greenidge, Hist. of Rome, i. 209; cf. CIL. i. 200, 1, 3, 4, 6, 22. Dio Cassius, Frag. 84. 2, intimates that after the death of Scipio the distribution of the public land was renewed with energy. Reference must accordingly be to the operation of the law of Gaius.

[2311] Cf. App. B. C. i. 21 f.

[2312] App. B. C. i. 14. 58.

[2313] P. 358.

[2314] P. 345.

[2315] P. 368. The measure is referred to as a lex iudiciaria by Macrob. Sat. iii. 14. 6.

[2316] The epitomator of Livy, lx, supposes that Gaius offered and actually carried a measure for adding six hundred knights to the senate with the understanding that the jurors were to be drawn from that body thus enlarged; cf. Mommsen, Röm. Staatsr. iii. 530, n. 1. Such an act, however, could not have been termed a lex iudiciaria, as it would have been concerned simply with the composition of the senate. Everything is opposed to the assumption that the bill in this form passed or at least that it was put into effect. Plutarch, C. Gracch. 5 f., seems to signify that his law provided for an album of six hundred jurors, one half to be drawn from the senate, the rest from the knights. It is by no means necessary, with Fowler, in Eng. Hist. Rev. xx (1905). 426, n. 16, to interpret the expression ὁ δὲ τριακοσίους τῶν ἱππέων προσκατέλεξεν αὐτοῖς οὖσι τριακοσίοις, καὶ τὰς κρίσεις κοινὰς τῶν ἑξακοσίωον ἐποίησε (cf. Ag. et Cleom. et Gracch. Comp. 2) as “adding three hundred equites to the senate to form the body of iudices.” These sources have confused the projects with the law as actually passed; cf. Strachan-Davidson, Appian, p. 23.

[2317] App. B. C. i. 22. 92; Vell. ii. 6. 3; 32. 3; Varro, in Non. Marc. 454; Tac. Ann. xii. 60; Pseud. Ascon. 103, 145; Flor. ii. 1. 6; 5. 3 (iii. 13. 17); Diod. xxxv. 25; Plut. C. Gracch. 5; Livy, ep. lx; cf. Lange, Röm. Alt. ii. 668; iii. 38-40; Herzog, Röm. Staatsverf. i. 466 f.; Long, Rom. Rep. i. 263-9; Greenidge, Leg. Proced. 434; Hist. of Rome, i. 212-7; Ihne, Hist. of Rome, iv. 457-64; Madvig, Röm. Staat. ii. 219-21.

[2318] This is true at least of the extraordinary quaestio established by the Mamilian law of 110; Cic. Brut. 34. 128; cf. 33. 127; Schol. Bob. 311; Greenidge, Leg. Proced. 381 f., 435.

[2319] CIL. i. 198.

[2320] CIL. i. 198. 16. There was under the republic a census qualification for the knights who acted as iudices (Cic. Phil. i. 8. 20), though we have no authority that the limit of four hundred thousand sesterces existed before the principate. Originally Mommsen supplied the lacuna with a statement of the money qualification as here given; but afterward, changing his mind, he filled the gap with “equum publicum habebit habuerit.”

[2321] An article of the lex Acilia provides that within ten days after the enactment of this statute the said praetor shall choose the four hundred and fifty persons from whom the jurors of that court are to be drawn; thereafter the revision is to be annual; CIL. i. 198. 12, 14.

[2322] Strachan-Davidson, Appian, p. 23, followed by Fowler, in Eng. Hist. Rev. xx. 429, identifies the two—on untenable ground, for the reliable sources speak distinctly of a Sempronian law and an Acilian law.

[2323] Mommsen, Röm. Staatsr. iii. 531, n. 1, preferably regards the Sempronian as the later; but in that case the transfer would have been achieved in substance by the Acilian statute—a view which is contradicted by the sources.

[2324] This idea would explain the fact that the extant fragments of the lex Acilia contain no reference to a Sempronian lex iudiciaria.

[2325] Cic. Verr. i. 17. 51 f.; II. i. 9. 26; Brut. 68. 239; Pseud. Ascon. 149, 165.

[2326] P. 370.

[2327] CIL. i. 198. Reference to the IIIviri of the Sempronian agrarian law (§ 13, 16, 22) proves it to belong to 133-119, while the fact that it does not admit senators among the jurors requires it to follow the judiciary law of C. Gracchus; and more particularly, the implication that at the time of its enactment the lex Rubria (p. 383 below) was in force places it between 123 and 121; Mommsen, in CIL. i. p. 55; Ruggiero, Diz. Ep. i. 41. In general on the law, see Rudorff, Ad legem Aciliam; Zumpt, in Abhdl. d. Akad. zu Berlin, 1845. 1-70, 475-515; Röm. Criminalr. i. 99 ff.; Huschke, in Zeitschr. f. Rechtsgesch. v (1866). 46-84; Hesky, in Wiener Studien, xxv (1903). 272-87; Brassloff, ibid. xxvi. 106-17; Lange, Röm. Alt. ii. 664; iii. 40; Mommsen, Röm. Staatsr. iii. 642; Röm. Strafr. 708 f.; Greenidge, Leg. Proced. 420; Hist. of Rome, i. 214, n. 2; Ruggiero, ibid. 41-4; Klebs, in Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encycl. i. 256.

[2328] Lex Rep. 2 f.; cf. 8 f.

[2329] Lex Rep. 1.

[2330] Vell. ii. 8. 1; cf. Cic. Verr. iii. 80. 184; Ruggiero, Diz. Ep. i. 42.

[2331] Lex Rep. 8 f.