The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Roman assemblies, by George Willis Botsford.

[2578] App. B. C. i. 100. 466; cf. Cic. Leg. iii. 3. 9; Caes. B. C. i. 32; Dio Cass. xl. 51. 2.

[2579] P. 332. There were probably twelve; Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 163; Mommsen, Röm. Staatsr. i. 543.

[2580] Tac. Ann. xi. 22: “Lege Sullae viginti creati supplendo senatui.” The eighth chapter of this law concerning the twenty quaestors is preserved in an inscription; CIL. i. 202; Bruns, Font. Iur. p. 90; Girard, Textes, p. 64. It regulates the qualifications, appointment, and pay of the apparitores of the quaestors. An important fact derived from the praescriptio is that the law was adopted in the tribal assembly. Since in the case of one law the centuriate assembly is mentioned as if exceptional (p. 422), we may infer that most of Sulla’s enactments were tribal. On the apparitores, see Mommsen, in Rhein. Mus. N. F. vi (1846). 1-57; Röm. Staatsr. i. 332-46; Habel, in Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encycl. ii. 191-4; Keil, J., in Wiener Studien, xxiv (1902). 548-51.

[2581] Pomponius, in Dig. i. 2. 2. 32, wrongly says to ten—a number reached by the legislation of Caesar; Dio Cass. xlii. 51. 3; p. 454 below. On the relation of the praetors to the courts, see p. 420.

[2582] Livy, ep. lxxxix, who connects it closely with the increase in the number of senators, placing it thus among his earlier measures; (Aurel. Vict.) Vir. Ill. 75. 11; Servius, in Aen. vi. 73; cf. Tac. Ann. vi. 12; Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 157; Fröhlich, in Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encycl. iv. 1559 f.; Lengle, Sull. Verf. 1-9. That the increase in the last-named college was due to Sulla seems certain, though it is nowhere stated. It is possible, too, that the increase of the epulones from three to seven was his work; Lengle, ibid. 2.

[2583] P. 391.

[2584] Livy, ep. lxxxix; Dio Cass. xxxvii. 37. 1; Pseud. Ascon. 102; wrongly Plut. Caes. 1; Serv. in Aen. vi. 73; cf. Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 157.

[2585] Cic. Leg. Agr. ii. 7. 18; Lange, ibid. The Servilian agrarian rogation, 63 (p. 435 below), drawn up before the enactment of the Atian plebiscite of that year which restored the election of sacerdotes, assumes that the comitia pontificis maximi were at the time in use. Most authorities, as Wissowa, Relig. u. Kult. d. Röm. 418; Drumann-Gröbe, Gesch. Roms, iii. 156; Mommsen, Röm. Staatsr. ii. 30, have failed to notice this important fact.

[2586] P. 106, n. 10.

[2587] P. 416.

[2588] Mommsen, Röm. Staatsr. ii. 200; Fröhlich, in Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encycl. iv. 1560.

[2589] Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 164.

[2590] P. 381.

[2591] Lange, Röm. Alt. ii. 705.

[2592] Cic. Fam. i. 9. 25.

[2593] Cf. Cic. Fam. viii. 8. 8.

[2594] Cic. Fam. i. 9. 25. On the relation of the Cornelian legislation to the curiate law, see p. 193, 199.

[2595] Cic. Fam. iii. 6. 3, 6.

[2596] Cic. Fam. iii. 10. 6; Q. Fr. i. 1. 9, 26.

[2597] App. B. C. i. 103. 482; Oros. v. 22. 4; Eutrop. v. 9. Willems, Sén. Rom. i. 404, calculates that the number was reduced to about a hundred and fifty.

[2598] Livy, ep. lxxxix; cf. Cic. Rosc. Am. 3. 8; Dion. Hal. v. 77. 5; Sall. Cat. 37.

[2599] B. C. i. 100. 468.

[2600] Cf. Fröhlich, in Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encycl. iv. 1559.

[2601] P. 402. The second view, which seems more reasonable, is held by Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 156.

[2602] No authority gives this number, which however may be deduced from well-known facts; Willems, Sén. Rom. i. 405 f.

[2603] Willems, ibid. 406 f.

[2604] Fröhlich, in Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encycl. iv. 1560.

[2605] Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 156.

[2606] Vell. ii. 32. 3; Cic. Verr. i. 13. 37 f.; Pseud. Ascon. 99, 102, 103, 145, 149, 161; Schol. Gronov. 384, 426; Greenidge, Leg. Proced. 436 ff.; Long, Rom. Rep. ii. 419 ff.; Wilmanns, in Rhein. Mus. N. F. xix (1864). 528.

[2607] Tac. Ann. xi. 22: “Lege Sullae viginti creati (quaestores) supplendo senatui, cui iudicia tradiderat.”

[2608] P. 402.

[2609] Dig. i. 2. 2. 32.

[2610] Cic. Rab. Post. 4. 9. It took the place of the lex Servilia of 111; p. 393.

[2611] Schol. Bob. 361. From Plut. Mar. 5 it seems evident that a quaestio de ambitu existed as early as 116; Greenidge, Leg. Proced. 422, n. 3; Lengle, Sull. Verf. 21 f., who has collected the cases de ambitu anterior to Sulla; Lange, Röm. Alt. ii. 665; Herzog, Röm. Staatsverf. i. 521; Lohse, De quaestionum perpetuarum origine, praesidibus, consiliis.

[2612] Cic. Verr. i. 13. 39; II. i. 4. 11 f.; iii. 36. 83; Cluent. 53. 147; cf. Mur. 20. 42; Lange, Röm. Alt. ii. 665; iii. 166. The trial of Pompeius Magnus in 86 for misappropriation of booty by his father in 89 seems to have come before a quaestio de peculatu; Cic. Brut. 64. 230; Plut. Pomp. 4; Lengle, ibid. 40 f. If this supposition is right, the court must have existed before Sulla. A Cornelian law on the subject is not expressly mentioned but may be reasonably assumed.

[2613] Mommsen, Röm. Strafr. 203.

[2614] Cic. Pis. 21. 50; Ascon. 59; cf. Cic. Fam. iii. 11. 2; Cluent. 35. 97; Verr. II. i. 5. 12. This law took the place of the lex Appuleia, probably of 100; cf. Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 165; Greenidge, Leg. Proced. 423, 507.

[2615] Cic. Cluent. 20. 55; 54. 148; 55. 151; 56. 154; Frag. A. ii. (Var.) 6; Mil. 4. 11; Tac. Ann. xiii. 44; Justin. Inst. iv. 18. 5 f.; Dig. xlviii. 8; Paul. Sent. v. 23. (Girard, Textes, p. 423).

[2616] Cic. Verr. i. 42. 108; Paul. Sent. iv. 7; v. 25; Dig. xlviii. 10; Justin. Inst. iv. 18. 7; cf. Voigt, Röm. Rechtsgesch. i. 271 f.

[2617] Dig. iii. 3. 42. 1; xlvii. 10. 5; 10. 37. 1; xlviii. 2. 12. 4; Paul. Sent. v. 4. 8; Justin. Inst. iv. 4. 8; Mommsen, Röm. Strafr. 203; Greenidge, Leg. Proced. 208, 423 f.; Fröhlich, in Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encycl. iv. 1561; Bruns, Font. Iur. 93. In the opinion of Lange, Röm. Alt. ii. 665; iii. 166, this lex did not establish a quaestio.

[2618] Cic. Cluent. 20. 55; 27. 75; Greenidge, Leg. Proced. 442.

[2619] Cic. Cluent. 28. 75.

[2620] Greenidge, Leg. Proced. 442. On the Cornelian courts in general, see Long, Rom. Rep. ii. 420 ff.; Herzog, Röm. Staatsverf. i. 520 f.; Drumann-Gröbe, Gesch. Roms, ii. 413-6; Mommsen, Röm. Strafr. see index, s. Quaestio and the various crimes belonging thereto; Röm. Staatsr. ii. 200 f.; Lengle, Sull. Verf. 17-54; Lohse, De quaestionum perpetuarum origine, praesidibus, consiliis; Fröhlich, in Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encycl. iv. 1561 f.

In Lange’s opinion (Röm. Alt. ii. 665; iii. 166) there must have been a lex Cornelia de adulteriis et pudicitia, for it is doubtful whether Sulla’s ordinance περὶ γάμων καὶ σωφροσύνης could have formed part of his lex de iniuriis; Plut. Comp. Lys. et Sull. 3; cf. Dig. xlviii. 5. 23. It seems to be demonstrated, however, by Voigt, in Ber. sächs. Gesellsch. d. Wiss. xlii (1890). 244-79, that all republican regulations of this offence, including the Cornelian, were sumptuary; cf. Cuq, in Daremberg et Saglio, Dict. iii. 1141. No quaestio accordingly was needed for the trial of the offence.

[2621] Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 158.

[2622] P. 412.

[2623] Cic. Verr. II. i. 47. 123; Pseud. Ascon. 193.

[2624] Suet. Caes. 11.

[2625] Cic. Rosc. Am. 43. 125 f. Though Cicero says he does not know whether the law in question was the Valerian or Cornelian, he probably knew it was the latter, the terms of which he states: “Ut eorum bona veneant, qui proscripti sunt, ... aut eorum, qui in adversariorum praesidiis occisi sunt.”

[2626] Livy lxxxix; Vell. ii. 28. 4; Sall. Hist. i. 55. 6; Plut. Sull. 31; Cic. 12; Dion. Hal. viii. 80. 2.

[2627] Cic. Rosc. Am. 44. 128.

[2628] App. B. C. i. 96. 100; Flor. ii. 9 (iii. 21); cf. Suet. Ill. Gramm. 11.

[2629] Livy, ep. lxxxix; App. B. C. i. 100. 470; 104. 489; Sall. Hist. i. 55. 12; Cic. Mur. 24. 49: Leg. Agr. ii. 28. 78; iii. 2. 6 ff.; 3. 12; Gromat. p. 230 ff.

[2630] Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 159; cf. ii. 689; Drumann-Gröbe, Gesch. Roms, ii. 407 f.

[2631] Lange, ibid. iii. 159.

[2632] CIL. i². p. 49.

[2633] Lange, ibid. iii. 161.

[2634] Cic. Dom. 30. 79; Sall. Hist. i. 55. 12; cf. Pseud. Ascon. 102.

[2635] Cic. Caecin. 35. 102.

[2636] App. B. C. i. 102. 474; cf. Cic. Leg. Agr. ii. 14. 35.

[2637] Sall. Hist. i. 55. 11. They were then being made according to the law of M. Octavius (p. 401), or if that was repealed by Cinna, according to the lex Sempronia of 123 (p. 372).

[2638] Lange, Röm. Alt. ii. 693. The statement in iii. 161 is less exact.

[2639] App. B. C. i. 102. 474.

[2640] Cic. Off. iii. 22. 87.

[2641] P. 409 f.

[2642] Hence it was that T. Crispinus, quaestor in the following year, treated the Valerian law as no longer in force; Cic. Font. 15; Lange, ibid. iii. 162. To this date seems to belong the lex Cornelia de sponsu (Gaius iii. 124), which Poste, 359, reasonably assigns to the dictator.

[2643] CIL. i². p. 333; Vell. ii. 27. 6; Cic. Verr. i. 10. 31; Pseud. Ascon. 150; Wissowa, Relig. u. Kult. d. Röm. 128.

[2644] Lange, Röm. Alt. ii. 675; iii. 162.

[2645] Its existence is assumed for the year 80; Plut. Sull. 35.

[2646] P. 388, n. 9.

[2647] Ibid.

[2648] Gell. ii. 24. 11; Macrob. Sat. iii. 17. 11.

[2649] Plut. Sull. 35. Here belongs also his regulation de adulteriis et pudicitia; p. 420, n. 6 above.

[2650] CIL. i². p. 154. A proof that he completed his legislation in this year is the fact that he looked upon the following as a time of probation for his system (App. B. C. i. 103; Cic. Rosc. Am. 48. 139), and that the newly organized criminal courts were in operation for the first time in 80; Cic. ibid. 5. 11; 10. 28; Brut. 90. 312; Off. ii. 14. 51; Gell. xv. 28. 3; Plut. Cic. 3.

On the form of comitia used for the ratification of his measures, see p. 236.

[2651] The general character of these proposals, among which the frumentarian alone was adopted, can be gathered from the Oration of Lepidus, in Sall. Hist. i. 55; cf. Gran. Licin. x. p. 44: “Legem frumentariam nullo resistente adeptus est, ut annonae quinque modi populo darentur, et alia multa pollicebantur: exules reducere, res gestas a Sulla rescindere”; Tac. Ann. iii. 27; Klebs, in Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encycl. i. 554 f.

[2652] P. 414.

[2653] Sall. Hist. ii. 49; Ascon. 66, 78; Pseud. Ascon. 200; Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 178 f.; Long, Rom. Rep. iii. 3; Herzog, Röm. Staatsverf. i. 531 f.; Klebs, ibid. ii. 2483.

Cicero, Cornel. i. 18 (Frag. A. vii), states that Cotta proposed to the senate the repeal of his own laws, whereupon Asconius comments that he can find the mention of no law of his except the one concerning retired tribunes above described. Cicero, however, attributes to him a lex de iudiciis privatis, which his brother caused to be repealed in the following year; Cornel. i. 19. It is not otherwise known.

[2654] Sall. Cat. 31; Gaius ii. 45; Cuq, in Daremberg et Saglio, Dict. iii. 1159. For the cases coming before this court, see Greenidge, Leg. Proced. 424, n. 6.

[2655] Cic. Verr. iii. 8. 9. C. Scribonius, consul in the preceding year, may have been author of the lex Scribonia de usucapione servitutum (Dig. xli. 3. 4. 28; cf. Cic. Caecin. 26. 74), or it may belong to the tribune of the same name of the year 50; p. 450, n. 2.

[2656] P. 413, n. 4. The consuls of 73 passed a frumentarian measure—the lex Cassia Terentia, considered below; p. 444, n. 6.

[2657] Sall. Hist. iv. 1, in Gell. xviii. 4. 4. Sallust speaks of nothing more than the promulgation of the law; but we know that afterward an attempt was made to collect the moneys; Ascon. 72; cf. Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 190, 221; Drumann-Gröbe, Gesch. Roms, ii. 467. Münzer, in Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encycl. iv. 1380, speaks of the measure as a proposal.

The same consul with his colleague, L. Gellius Poplicola, proposed and carried a law for confirming the grants of citizenship already made by Pompey in Spain; Cic. Balb. 8. 19; 14. 32 f.; Pliny, N. H. v. 5. 36. Their joint proposal that provincials should not in their absence be tried on a capital charge took the form merely of a senatus consultum; Cic. Verr. II. ii. 38. 95; Münzer, ibid.; Drumann-Gröbe, ibid.

In 71 (CIL. i. 593 = vi. 1299) and in 62 (CIL. i. 600 = vi. 1305) there was a curator viarum e lege Visellia. The law mentioned could not have been later than 71, but may have been many years earlier. There were curatores viarum in 115; CIL. vi. 3824; Marquardt, Röm. Staatsv. ii. 89, n. 6.

[2658] Cic. Flacc. 3. 6; Ascon. 15; cf. Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 191.

[2659] Cic. Q. Fr. ii. 13. 3; Fam. i. 4. 1; cf. Q. Fr. ii. 2. 3; Fam. viii. 8. 5; Sest. 34. 74; Caes. B. C. i. 5.

[2660] Cic. Att. i. 14. 5; Dio Cass. xxxvii. 43. 3. As consul in 63 Cicero adjourned the assembly in order to hold a meeting of the senate on a certain comitial day; Cic. Mur. 25. 51; Plut. Cic. 14.

[2661] The first chapter of this law is preserved in an inscription; CIL. i. 204; Bruns, Font. Iur. p. 94; Girard, Textes, p. 66.

[2662] P. 423.

[2663] Gran. Licin. x. p. 44. It was charged against him by Philippus in the senate that for the sake of concord he wished to restore the tribunician power; Sall. Hist. i. 77. 14.

[2664] Sall. Hist. iii. 48. 8; Pseud. Ascon. 103.

[2665] P. 423 f.

[2666] Cic. Verr. II. i. 60.

[2667] Cic. Cluent. 34. 93 f.; Ascon. 103; Plut. Lucull. 5.

[2668] Licinius Macer, Oratio ad plebem, in Sall. Hist. iii. 48. 11 (cf. iv. 71); Cic. Cluent. 22. 61; 27. 74; 28. 77; 29. 79; Pseud. Ascon. 141; Schol. Gronov. 386, 395, 441.

[2669] Sall. Hist. iii. 48; Cic. Brut. 67. 238.

[2670] Suet. Caes. 5.

[2671] Plut. Pomp. 21; App. B. C. i. 121. 560; Sall. Hist. iv. 44 (“Magnam exorsus orationem”) probably refers to his speech in this contio. Frag. 45 (“Si nihil ante adventum suum inter plebem et patres convenisset, coram se daturum operam”) seems also to be from this speech.

[2672] Sall. Hist. iv. 46.

[2673] Cic. Verr. i. 16. 46 f.

[2674] Ibid. 15. 44; Pseud. Ascon. 147.

[2675] CIL. i². p. 154.

[2676] Livy, ep. xcvii; Cic. Frag. A. vii (Cornel. i). 47; Ascon. 75; Pseud. Ascon. 103.

[2677] Sall. Cat. 38; Vell. ii. 30. 4; Cic. Leg. iii. 9. 22; ii. 26; Plut. Pomp. 22; App. B. C. ii. 29. 113; cf. Cic. Verr. v. 63. 163; 68. 175; Schol. Gronov. 397; Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 192 f.; Long, Rom. Rep. iii. 49-51; Herzog, Röm. Staatsverf. i. 553.

[2678] Cic. Verr. i. 15. 45.

[2679] P. 424. Pompey found it popular to give his assent; Plut. Pomp. 22; cf. Neumann, Gesch. Roms, ii. 75.

[2680] Cicero, in his In Verrem Actio I, is unacquainted with the rogation and expresses the hope that the condemnation of Verres will restore confidence in the senatorial courts. In Actio II, composed after the exile of Verres and not delivered, he assumes the existence of such a rogation (cf. v. 69. 177).

[2681] Cic. Verr. ii. 71. 174 f.; iii. 96. 223 f.; v. 69. 177 f.; Livy, ep. xcvii; Plut. Pomp. 22; Pseud. Ascon. 127.

[2682] On the tribuni aerarii, see p. 64, n. 3. See also Cic. Phil. i. 8. 20; Rab. Perd. 9. 27; Cat. iv. 7. 15; Ascon. 16; Schol. Bob. 339.

[2683] P. 402.

[2684] Cic. Cluent. 43. 121.

[2685] Cic. Att. i. 16. 3; Phil. i. 8. 20; Ascon. 16, 30, 53, 67, 78, 90; Pseud. Ascon. 103; Schol. Bob. 229, 235, 339; Schol. Gronov. 384, 386; Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 197 f.; Herzog, Röm. Staatsverf. i. 533; Greenidge, Leg. Proced. 442 ff.; Long, Rom. Rep. iii. 51-3; Klebs, in Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encycl. ii. 2485 f.

The reference to a lex Aurelia in Cic. Q. Fr. i. 3. 8, seems to be, not to a lex de ambitu, as Lange, ibid. iii. 198, supposes, but to the lex iudiciaria under discussion.

[2686] Röm. Alt. ii. 199 (cf. ii. 671). It must have been passed between the death of Sulla and 57; Gell. ii. 24. 13; Macrob. Sat. iii. 17. 13; Cic. Fam. vii. 26. 2.

[2687] Q. Cic. Petit. Cons. 11. 44.

[2688] Cic. Cluent. 55. 152 (year 66).

[2689] Cic. Att. i. 17. 9; Off. iii. 22. 88; cf. Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 202.

[2690] Cf. Neumann, Gesch. Roms, ii. 141.

[2691] Dio Cass. xxxvi. 30.

[2692] Cic. Frag. A. vii (Cornel. i). 52; Ascon. 78.

[2693] Cic. Phil. ii. 18. 44; Hor. Epist. i. 1. 61; Juv. iii. 159; xiv. 324.

[2694] Livy, ep. xcix; Tac. Ann. xv. 32; Ascon. 79; Cic. Mur. 19. 40; Dio Cass. xxxvi. 42. 1; cf. Hor. Epod. iv. 15. The censors of 194 had given front seats to the senators; p. 356 f.

[2695] Vell. ii. 32. 3; Cic. Mur. 19. 40; p. 356 f. above.

[2696] Cic. Q. Fr. ii. 11. 3.

[2697] Drumann-Gröbe, Gesch. Roms, ii. 526.

[2698] P. 425.

[2699] Cic. Q. Fr. ii. 13. 3; cf. Fam. i. 4. 1.

[2700] Cic. Alt. v. 21. 12; vi. 2. 7. Loans were sometimes made in violation of the law (Flacc. 20. 46 f.), and sometimes the senate granted a dispensation from it; Att. v. 21. 11 f.; vi. 2. 7; Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 203.

[2701] Ascon. 56.

[2702] Ibid. 57.

[2703] P. 307 f.

[2704] Cic. Frag. A. vii (Cornel. i). 5; Valin. 2. 5; Ascon. 57 f.; Quintil. Inst. x. 5. 3 (iv. 4. 8).

[2705] Ascon. 58; Dio Cass. xxxvi. 39. 4.

[2706] Cf. Lange, Röm. Alt. iii. 214; Mommsen, Röm. Staatsr. iii. 337 f.; Long, Rom. Rep. iii. 107. Dio Cassius, xxxvi. 39, has wholly misunderstood the matter. Ferrero’s account (Rome, i. 194) of the Cornelian legislation is inaccurate in all points.

[2707] Dio Cass. xxxvi. 38. 4; Cic. Frag. A. vii (Cornel. i). 40.

[2708] CIL. 1², p. 156; Klebs, in Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encycl. i. 256 f.; Münzer, ibid. iii. 1376 f.

[2709] Ascon. 75.

[2710] Schol. Bob. 361; Ascon. 68, 89; Cic. Mur. 23. 46; 32. 67. It was opposed by the people, who preferred the stricter measure of Cornelius; but Piso with a crowd of followers forced it through the assembly; Dio Cass. xxxvi. 38. 1.

[2711] Schol. Bob. 361; Dio Cass. xxxvi. 38; xxxvii. 25. 3; Greenidge, Leg. Proced. 425, 508, 521 f.; Mommsen, Röm. Strafr. 867; Long, Rom. Rep. iii. 105 f. It was supplemented by the lex Fabia de numero sectatorum, apparently a plebiscite of 66; Cic. Mur. 34. 71; Mommsen, ibid. 871; Drumann-Gröbe, Gesch. Roms, ii. 527.

[2712] XXXVI. 40. 1 f. (Foster’s rendering); cf. Ascon. 58; Cic. Fin. ii. 22. 74; Lange, Röm. Alt. ii. 656; iii. 215; Long, Rom. Rep. iii. 107 f.; Drumann-Gröbe, Gesch. Roms, ii. 527; Greenidge, Leg. Proced. 95, 97 f., 122.

[2713] Ascon. 58. The restriction, however, was only partial; Erman, in Mélanges Ch. Appleton (1903), 201-304. The author of the law seems to have been a man not only of excellent heart but of remarkably statesmanlike views, though the optimates naturally classed him as seditious. On Cornelius in general, see Münzer, in Pauly-Wissowa, Real-Encycl. iv. 1252-5; Drumann-Gröbe, Gesch. Roms, ii. 526-9.

[2714] Dio Cass. xxxvi. 23 ff.; Plut. Pomp. 25; Vell. ii. 31; App. Mithr. 94.

[2715] Vell. ii. 31; Cic. Verr. ii. 3. 8; iii. 91. 213; Pseud. Ascon. 122, 176, 206; Schol. Bob. 234; Sall. Hist. iii. 4 f.

[2716] P. 428 f.

[2717] Dio Cass. xxxvi. 30. 2; cf. the deposition of Octavius, p. 367.