ORDER V.

THE SWIMMERS (NATATORES).


SUB-ORDER XIV.

THE SIEVE-BEAKS (LAMELLIROSTRES).

FAMILY I.—THE FLAMINGOES (PHŒNICOPTERI), iv., 115.

Sub-Family 1.—The Flamingoes (Phœnicopterus), iv., 115; the Flamingo (P. roseus), iv., 115.

FAMILY II.—THE SWANS (CYGNI), iv., 119.

Sub-Family 1.—The Mute Swan (Cygnus olor), iv., 121.[Pg 296]
" " 2.—The Whistling Swan (C. musicus), iv., 123.
" " 3.—Bewick's Swan (C. Bewickii), iv., 126.
" " 4.—The Black-necked Swan (C. nigricollis), iv., 126.
" " 5.—The Black Swan (C. atratus), iv., 127.

FAMILY III.—THE GEESE (ANSERES), iv., 129.

Sub-Family 1.—The Spur-winged Geese (Plectropterus), iv., 131; the Spur-winged Goose (P. Gambensis), iv., 131.
" " 2.—The Wild Geese (Anser), iv., 131; the Grey or Wild Goose (A. cinereus), iv., 131.
" " 3.—The Swan Geese (Cygnopsis), iv., 131; the Canada Goose (C. Canadensis), iv., 131.
" " 4.—The Snow Geese (Anser or Chen), iv., 135; the Snow Goose (A. or C. hyperboreus)., iv., 135.
" " 5.—The Sea Geese (Bernicla), iv., 135; the Brent Goose (B. torquata), iv., 136.
" " 6.—The Foxy Geese (Chenalopex), iv., 137; the Nile Goose (C. Ægyptiacus), iv., 138.
" " 7.—The Dwarf Geese (Nettapus), iv., 139; the White-bodied Goose Teal (N. Coromandelianus), iv., 140.
" " 8.—The Cereopsis Geese (Cereopsis), iv., 142; the Cereopsis Goose (C. Novæ-Hollandiæ), iv., 142.

FAMILY IV.—THE DUCKS (ANATES), iv., 143.

Sub-Family 1.—The Ruddy Ducks (Casarca), iv., 145; the Ruddy Sheldrake, or Brahminy Duck (C. rutila), iv., 145.
" " 2.—The Sheldrakes (Vulpanser), iv., 146; the Common Sheldrake (V. tadorna), iv., 146.
" " 3.—The Tree Ducks (Dendrocygna), iv., 148; the Widow Duck (D. viduata), iv., 148.
" " 4.—The Wild Ducks (Anas), iv., 150; the Wild Duck (A. boschas), iv., 150.
" " 5.—The Wood or Summer Ducks (Aix), iv., 154; the Wood or Summer Duck (A. sponsa), iv., 154; the Chinese Teal, or Mandarin Duck (A. galericulata), iv., 155.
" " 6.—The Shoveler Ducks (Spatula), iv., 156; the Shoveler Duck (S. clypeata), iv., 156.
" " 7.—The Musk Ducks (Cairina), iv., 157; the Musk Duck (C. moschata), iv.; 157.

FAMILY V.—THE DIVING DUCKS (FULIGULÆ), iv., 158.

Sub-Family 1.—The Eider Ducks (Somateria), iv., 159; the Eider Duck (S. mollissima), iv., 163; the King Eider (S. spectabilis), iv., 165; the Western or Steller's Eider Duck (S. or Heniconetta Stelleri), iv., 166.
" " 2.—The Scoters (Oidemia), iv., 166; the Velvet Scoter (O. fusca), iv., 166.
" " 3.—The Fen Ducks (Aythya), iv., 167; the Red-headed Duck, or Pochard (A. ferina), iv., 163.
" " 4.—The Pin-tailed Ducks (Erismatura), iv., 169; the White-headed Pin-tailed Duck (E. leucocephala), iv., 169.

FAMILY VI.—THE GOOSANDERS (MERGI), iv., 170.

Sub-Family 1.—The Dwarf Mergansers (Mergellus), iv., 170; the White-headed Merganser (M. albellus), iv., 170.
" " 2.—The True Goosanders (Mergus), iv., 172; the Green-headed Goosander (M. merganser), iv., 172.

SUB-ORDER XV.

THE SEA-FLIERS (LONGIPENNES).

FAMILY I.—THE TERNS (STERNÆ), iv., 176.

Sub-Family 1.—The Rapacious Terns (Sylochelidon), iv., 177; the Caspian Tern (S. Caspia), iv., 178.
" " 2.—The River Terns (Sterna), iv., 178; the Common Tern (S. hirundo), iv., 179.
" " 3.—The Dwarf Terns (Sternula), iv., 181; the Lesser Tern (S. minuta), iv., 181.
" " 4.—The Water Swallows (Hydrochelidon), iv., 181; the Black Marsh Tern (H. nigra), iv., 182; the White-winged Tern (H. leucoptera), iv., 183; the White-bearded Tern (H. leucoptera), iv., 183.
" " 5.—The Fairy Terns (Gygis), iv., 183; the White or Silky Tern (G. candida), iv., 183.
" " 6.—The Noddies (Anous), iv., 184; the Noddy (A. stolidus), iv., 184.

FAMILY II.—THE SCISSOR BILLS (RHYNCHOPES), iv., 185.

Sub-Family 1.—The Scissor Bills (Rhynchops), iv., 185; the Indian Scissor Bill (R. orientalis), iv., 185.

[Pg 297]

FAMILY III.—THE GULLS (LARI), iv., 186.

Sub-Family 1.—The Fishing Gulls (Larus), iv., 187; the Great Black-headed Gull (L. marinus), iv., 188; the Lesser Black-backed Gull (L. fuscus), iv., 190.
" " 2.—The Ice Gulls (Pagophila), iv., 193; the Ivory Gull (P. eburnea), iv., 193.
" " 3.—The Kittiwakes (Rissa), iv., 194; the Kittiwake (R. tridactyla), iv., 194.
" " 4.—The Black-headed Gulls (Chroicocephalus), iv., 195; the Laughing Gull (C. ridibundus), iv., 195; the Great Black-headed Gull (C. ichthyaëtus), iv., 197; the Lesser Black-headed Gull (C. melanocephalus), iv., 198; the Little Gull (C. minuta), iv., 198.
" " 5.—The Rosy Gulls (Rhodostethia), iv., 203; Ross's Rosy Gull (R. Rossii), iv., 203.

FAMILY IV.—THE SKUAS (LESTRES), iv., 198.

Sub-Family 1.—The Skuas (Lestris), iv., 198; the Common Skua (L. catarractes), iv., 199; Buffon's or the Parasite Skua (L. parasiticus), iv., 202.

FAMILY V.—THE ALBATROSSES (DIOMEDEÆ), iv., 203.

Sub-Family 1.—The Albatrosses (Diomedea), iv., 203; the Wandering Albatross (D. exulans), iv., 205; the Yellow-billed Albatross (D. chlororhynchus), iv., 206; the Sooty Albatross (D. fuliginosa), iv., 207.

FAMILY VI.—THE PETRELS (PROCELLARIÆ), iv., 207.

Sub-Family 1.—The Giant Petrels (Procellaria), iv., 208; the Giant Petrel (P. gigantea), iv., 208; the Fulmar Petrel (P. glacialis), iv., 209; the Cape Petrel (P. Capensis), iv., 217.
" " 2.—The Duck Petrels (Prion), iv., 213; the Duck Petrel (P. vittatus), iv., 213.

FAMILY VII.—THE STORM PETRELS (OCEANIDES), iv., 214.

Sub-Family 1.—The Storm Swallows (Thalassidroma), iv., 215; the Common Storm Petrel (T. pelagica), iv., 215.
" " 2.—The Storm Swifts (Oceanodroma), iv., 217; Leach's Storm Petrel (O. Leachii), iv., 217.

FAMILY VIII.—THE PUFFINS (PUFFINI), iv., 217.

Sub-Family 1.—The Puffins (Puffinus), iv., 217; the Manx Puffin, or Shearwater (P. Anglorum), iv., 218.


SUB-ORDER XVI.

OAR-FOOTED SEA-FLIERS (STEGANOPODES).

FAMILY I.—THE TROPIC BIRDS (PISCATRICES), iv., 219.

Sub-Family 1.—The Tropic Birds Proper (Phaëton), iv., 219; the White-tailed Tropic Bird (P. æthereus), iv., 220; the Red-tailed Tropic Bird (P. phœnicurus), iv., 220.
" " 2.—The Gannets (Sula), iv., 221; the Common Gannet (S. alba), iv., 223.

FAMILY II.—THE FRIGATE BIRDS (TACHYPETES), iv., 224.

Sub-Family 1.—The Frigate Birds (Tachypetes), iv., 224; the Frigate Bird (T. aquila), iv., 224.

FAMILY III.—THE CORMORANTS (HALIEI), iv., 227.

Sub-Family 1.—The Darters, or Snake Necks (Plotus), iv., 228; the Anhinga (P. anhinga), iv., 228; Le Vaillant's Snake Bird (P. Levaillantii), iv., 230.
" " 2.—The Cormorants Proper (Phalacrocorax), iv., 230; the Cormorant (P. carbo), iv., 234.
[Pg 298]

FAMILY IV.—THE PELICANS (PELECANI), iv., 235.

Sub-Family 1.—The Pelicans (Pelecanus), iv., 235; the White Pelican (P. onocrotalus), iv., 237; the Great Tufted or Dalmatian Pelican (P. crispus), iv., 239.


SUB-ORDER XVII.

DIVERS (URINATORES).

FAMILY I.—THE GREBES (PODICIPITES), iv., 240.

Sub-Family 1.—The Crested Grebes (Podiceps), iv., 240; the Crested Grebe (P. cristatus), iv., 242.
" " 2.—The Dwarf Grebes (Podiceps minor), iv., 244; the Little Grebe (P. minor), iv., 244.

FAMILY II.—THE SEA DIVERS (COLYMBI), iv., 245.

Sub-Family 1.—The Great Northern Diver (Colymbus glacialis), iv., 247; the Black-throated Diver (C. arcticus), iv., 248; the Red-throated Diver (C. septentrionalis), iv., 249.

FAMILY III.—THE LOONS (URIÆ), iv., 250,

Sub-Family 1.—The Black Guillemots (Cephus), iv., 250; the Black Guillemot (C. grylle), iv., 250.
" " 2.—The True Guillemots (Uria), iv., 251; the Common or Foolish Guillemot (U. troile), iv., 253.
" " 3.—The Little Auks (Mergulus, or Arctica), iv., 254; the Little Auk (M. or A. Alle), iv., 254.

FAMILY IV.—THE STARIKIS (PHALERES), iv., 255.

Sub-Family 1.—The Crested Divers (Phaleris), iv., 255; the Stariki (P. cristatella), iv., 255.

FAMILY V.—THE AUKS (ALCÆ), iv., 255.

Sub-Family 1.—The Auks (Alca), iv., 256; the Razor-bill (A. torda), iv., 256.
" " 2.—The Great Auks (Pinguinus, or Plautus), iv., 258; the Great Auk (P. impennis), iv., 258.
" " 3.—The Coulternebs (Mormon), iv., 262; the Coulterneb, or Arctic Puffin (M. fratercula), iv., 262.

FAMILY VI.—THE PENGUINS (APTENODYTÆ), iv., 265.

Sub-Family 1.—The King Penguins (Aptenodytes), iv., 265; the King Penguin (A. Patagonica), iv., 266.
" " 2.—The True Penguins (Spheniscus), iv., 267; the Spectacled or Cape Penguin (S. demersus), iv., 267.
" " 3.—The Leaping Penguins (Eudypetes), iv., 268; the Golden or Crested Penguin (E. catarractes), iv., 268.
[Pg 299]

CLASSIFICATION OF BIRDS

AS ADOPTED IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM.

——♦——

ORDER I.

BIRDS OF PREY (ACCIPITRES). [LINNÆUS.]


SUB-ORDER I.

DIURNAL BIRDS OF PREY (ACCIPITRES DIURNI).

FAMILY I.—VULTURES (VULTURIDÆ).

Sub-Family 1.—The Bearded Vultures (Gypaetinæ).
" " 2.—The Condors (Sarcorhamphinæ).
" " 3.—The Vultures Proper (Vulturinæ).
" " 4.—The Eagle Vultures (Gypohieracinæ).

FAMILY II.—THE FALCONS (FALCONIDÆ).

Sub-Family 1.—The Caracaras (Polyborinæ).
" " 2.—The Buzzards (Buteoninæ).
" " 3.—The Eagles (Aquilinæ).
" " 4.—The Falcons Proper (Falconinæ).
" " 5.—The Kites (Milvinæ).
" " 6.—The Sparrow Hawks (Accipitrinæ).
" " 7.—The Harriers (Circinæ).

SUB-ORDER II.

NOCTURNAL BIRDS OF PREY (ACCIPITRES NOCTURNI).

FAMILY I.—THE OWLS (STRIGIDÆ).

Sub-Family 1.—The Hawk Owls (Surninæ).
" " 2.—The Horned Owls (Buboninæ).
" " 3.—The Owlets (Syrninæ).
" " 4.—The Owls Proper (Striginæ).

ORDER II.

PASSERES.


TRIBE I.

GAPERS (FISSIROSTRES).

SUB-TRIBE I.—NOCTURNAL FISSIROSTRES (FISSIROSTRES NOCTURNI).

FAMILY I.—THE GOATSUCKERS (CAPRIMULGIDÆ).

Sub-Family 1.—The Oil Birds (Steatorninæ).
" " 2.—The Goatsuckers Proper (Caprimulginæ).
" " 3.—The Podagers (Podagerinæ)

SUB-TRIBE II.—DIURNAL FISSIROSTRES (FISSIROSTRES DIURNI).

FAMILY II.—THE SWALLOWS (HIRUNDINIDÆ).

Sub-Family 1.—The Swifts (Cypselinæ).
" " 2.—The Swallows Proper (Hirundininæ).

FAMILY III.—THE ROLLERS (CORACIADÆ).

Sub-Family 1.—The Rollers (Coracianæ).
" " 2.—The Todies (Todinæ).
" " 3.—The Broad-throats (Eurylaiminæ).
" " 4.—The Mot-mots (Momotinæ).

FAMILY IV.—THE TROGONS (TROGONIDÆ).

FAMILY V.—THE KINGFISHERS (ALCEDINIDÆ).

Sub-Family 1.—The Buccos (Bucconinæ).
" " 2.—The Halcyons (Halcyoninæ).
" " 3.—The Kingfishers (Alcedininæ).
" " 4.—The Jacamars (Galbulinæ).

FAMILY VI.—THE BEE EATERS (MEROPIDÆ).

Sub-Family 1.—The Bee Eaters (Meropinæ).


TRIBE II.

SLENDER-BILLS (TENUIROSTRES).

FAMILY I.—THE HOOPOES (UPUPIDÆ).

Sub-Family 1.—The Hoopoes Proper (Upupinæ).
" " 2.—The Plumed Birds (Epimachinæ).

FAMILY II.—THE SUN BIRDS (PROMEROPIDÆ).

Sub-Family 1.—The Sun Birds Proper (Promeropinæ).
" " 2.—The Guit-Guits (Cærebinæ).

FAMILY III.—THE HUMMING BIRDS (TROCHILIDÆ).

Sub-Family 1.—The Wedge-tailed Humming Birds (Grypinæ).
" " 2.—The Curved-billed Humming Birds (Trochilinæ).
" " 3.—The Straight-billed Humming Birds (Mellisuginæ).

FAMILY IV.—THE HONEY-EATERS (MELIPHAGIDÆ).

Sub-Family 1.—The Honey-creepers (Mezomelinæ).
" " 2.—The Honey-eaters Proper (Meliphaginæ).
" " 3.—The Honey-feeders (Melithreptinæ).
[Pg 300]

FAMILY V.—THE CREEPERS (CERTHIDÆ).

Sub-Family 1.—The Oven Birds (Furnarinæ).
" " 2.—The Sharp-tails (Synallaxinæ).
" " 3.—The Tree-creepers (Dendrocolaptinæ).
" " 4.—The Creepers Proper (Certhinæ).
" " 5.—The Nut-hatches (Sittinæ).
" " 6.—The Mohouas (Orthonycinæ).
" " 7.—The Wrens (Menurinæ).

TRIBE III.

THE TOOTHED-BILLS (DENTIROSTRES).

FAMILY I.—THE WARBLERS (LUSCINIDÆ).

Sub-Family 1.—The Soft-tailed Warblers (Malurinæ).
" " 2.—The Warblers Proper (Luscininæ).
" " 3.—The Robins (Erythacinæ).
" " 4.—The Accentors (Accentorinæ).
" " 5.—The Titmice (Parinæ).
" " 6.—The Bush-creepers (Mniotiltinæ).
" " 7.—The Wagtails (Motacillinæ).

FAMILY II.—THE THRUSHES (TURDIDÆ).

Sub-Family 1.—The Ant-thrushes (Formicarinæ).
" " 2.—The Thrushes Proper (Turdinæ).
" " 3.—The Babblers (Timalinæ).
" " 4.—The Orioles (Oriolinæ).
" " 5.—The Bulbuls (Pycnonotinæ).

FAMILY III.—THE FLY-CATCHERS (MUSCICAPIDÆ).

Sub-Family 1.—The Mourners (Querulinæ).
" " 2.—The Alectrures (Alectrurinæ).
" " 3.—The Tyrants (Tyranninæ).
" " 4.—The Becards (Tityrinæ).
" " 5.—The Fly-catchers Proper (Muscicapinæ).
" " 6.—The Greenlets (Vireoninæ).

FAMILY IV.—THE CHATTERERS (AMPELIDÆ).

Sub-Family 1.—The Thick-heads (Pachycephalinæ).
" " 2.—The Manakins (Piprinæ).
" " 3.—The Chatterers Proper (Ampelinæ).
" " 4.—The Cuckoo Shrikes (Campephaginæ).
" " 5.—The Drongo Shrikes (Dicrurinæ).

FAMILY V.—THE BUTCHER BIRDS (LANIIDÆ).

Sub-Family 1.—The Butcher Birds Proper (Laniinæ).
" " 2.—The Bush Shrikes (Thamnophilinæ).

TRIBE IV.

THE CONICAL BILLS (CONIROSTRES).

FAMILY I.—THE CROWS (CORVIDÆ).

Sub-Family 1.—The Piping Crows (Phonegaminæ).
" " 2.—The Jays (Garrulinæ).
" " 3.—The Tree Crows (Calleatinæ).
" " 4.—The Crows Proper (Corvinæ).
" " 5.—The Fruit Crows (Gymnoderinæ).
" " 6.—The Choughs (Pyrrhocoracinæ).

FAMILY II.—THE BIRDS OF PARADISE (PARADISEIDÆ).

FAMILY III.—THE STARLINGS (STURNIDÆ).

Sub-Family 1.—The Glossy Starlings (Ptilorhynchinæ).
" " 2.—The Grakles (Graculinæ).
" " 3.—The Ox-peckers (Buphaginæ).
" " 4.—The Starlings Proper (Sturninæ).
" " 5.—The Boat-tails (Quiscalinæ).
" " 6.—The Hang-nests (Icterinæ).
" " 7.—The Troop-birds (Agelainæ).

FAMILY IV.—THE FINCHES (FRINGILLIDÆ).

Sub-Family 1.—The Weavers (Ploceiæ).
" " 2.—The Hawfinches (Coccothraustinæ).
" " 3.—The Tanagers (Tanagrinæ).
" " 4.—The Finches Proper (Fringillinæ).
" " 5.—The Buntings (Emberizinæ).
" " 6.—The Larks (Alaudinæ).
" " 7.—The Bullfinches (Pyrrhulinæ).
" " 8.—The Cross-bills (Loxianæ).
" " 9.—The Plant Cutters (Phytotominæ).

FAMILY V.—THE COLIES (COLIDÆ).

FAMILY VI.—THE PLANTAIN EATERS (MUSOPHAGIDÆ).

Sub-Family 1.—The Plantain Eaters Proper (Musophaginæ).
" " 2.—The Hoactzins (Opisthocominæ).

FAMILY VII.—THE HORNBILLS (BUCEROTIDÆ).


ORDER III.

THE CLIMBERS (SCANSORES).

FAMILY I.—THE TOUCANS (RAMPHASTIDÆ). Sub-Family 1.—The Toucans (Ramphastinæ).

FAMILY II.—THE PARROTS (PSITTACIDÆ).

Sub-Family I.—The Ground Parrots (Pezoporinæ).
" " 2.—The Macaws (Arainæ).
" " 3.—The Lories (Lorinæ).
" " 4.—The Parrots Proper (Psittacinæ).
" " 5.—The Cockatoos (Cacatuinæ).

FAMILY III.—THE WOODPECKERS (PICIDÆ).

Sub-Family 1.—The Barbets (Capitoninæ).
" " 2.—The Soft-tailed Woodpeckers (Picumninæ).
" " 3.—The Woodpeckers Proper (Picinæ).
" " 4.—The Green Woodpeckers (Gecininæ).
" " 5.—The Black Woodpeckers (Melanerpinæ).
" " 6.—The Cuckoo Woodpeckers (Colaptinæ).
" " 7.—The Wrynecks (Yuncinæ).

FAMILY IV.—THE CUCKOOS (CUCULIDÆ).

Sub-Family 1.—The Honey Guides (Indicatorinæ).
" " 2.—The Rain Cuckoos (Saurotherinæ).
" " 3.—The Ground Cuckoos (Coccyzinæ).
" " 4.—The Tick Eaters (Crotophaginæ).
" " 5.—The Cuckoos Proper (Cuculinæ).

[Pg 301]

ORDER IV.

PIGEONS (COLUMBÆ).

FAMILY I.—THE PIGEONS (COLUMBIDÆ).

Sub-Family 1.—The Fruit Pigeons (Treroninæ).
" " 2.—The Doves (Columbinæ).
" " 3.—The Crowned Pigeons (Gourinæ).
" " 4.—The Toothed Pigeons (Didunculinæ).
" " 5.—The Dodos (Didinæ).

ORDER V.

GALLINACEOUS BIRDS (GALLINÆ).

FAMILY I.—THE CURASSOWS (CRACIDÆ).

Sub-Family 1.—The Guans (Penelopinæ).
" " 2.—The Curassows Proper (Cracinæ).

FAMILY II.—THE MEGAPODES (MEGAPODIDÆ).

Sub-Family 1.—The Tallegallas (Tallegallinæ).
" " 2.—The Mound Birds (Megapodinæ).

FAMILY III.—THE PHEASANTS (PHASIANIDÆ).

Sub-Family 1.—The Peacocks (Pavoninæ).
" " 2.—The Pheasants Proper (Phasianinæ).
" " 3.—The Jungle Fowls (Gallinæ).
" " 4.—The Turkeys (Meleagrinæ).
" " 5.—The Tufted Pheasants (Lophophorinæ).

FAMILY IV.—THE GROUSE (TETRAONIDÆ).

Sub-Family 1.—The Partridges (Perdicinæ).
" " 2.—The Quails (Turnicinæ).
" " 3.—The American Partridges (Odontophorinæ).
" " 4.—The Grouse Proper (Tetraoninæ).
" " 5.—The Sand Grouse (Pteroclinæ).

FAMILY V.—THE SHEATHBILLS (CHIONIDÆ).

Sub-Family 1.—The Shore Larks (Thinocorinæ).
" 2.—The Sheathbills Proper (Chionidinæ).

FAMILY VI.—THE TINAMOUS (TINAMIDÆ).

Sub-Family 1.—The Tinamous (Tinaminæ).


ORDER VI.

OSTRICHES (STRUTHIONES).

FAMILY I.—THE OSTRICHES (STRUTHIONIDÆ).

Sub-Family 1.—The Ostriches Proper (Struthioninæ).
" " 2.—The Kivis (Apteryginæ).
" " 3.—The Bustards (Otidinæ).

ORDER VII.

STILT-WALKERS (GRALLÆ).

FAMILY I.—THE PLOVERS (CHARADRIADÆ).

Sub-Family 1.—The Thick-knees (Œdicneminæ).
" " 2.—The Coursers (Cursorinæ).
" " 3.—The Pratincoles (Glareoliæ).
" " 4.—The Plovers Proper (Charadrinæ).
" " 5.—The Oyster Catchers (Hæmatopodinæ).
" " 6.—The Turnstones (Cinclinæ).

FAMILY II.—THE HERONS (ARDEIDÆ).

Sub-Family 1.—The Trumpeters (Psophinæ).
" " 2.—The Cranes (Gruinæ).
" " 3.—The Herons Proper (Ardeinæ).
" " 4.—The Storks (Ciconinæ).
" " 5.—The Ibises (Tantalinæ).

FAMILY III.—THE WOODCOCKS (SCOLOPACIDÆ).

Sub-Family 1.—The Godwits (Limosinæ).
" " 2.—The Longshanks (Totaninæ).
" " 3.—The Avocets (Recurvirostrinæ).
" " 4.—The Sandpipers (Tringinæ).
" " 5.—The Woodcocks Proper (Scolopacinæ).
" " 6.—The Phaleropes (Phalaropodinæ).

FAMILY IV.—THE SCREAMERS (PALAMEDEIDÆ).

Sub-Family 1.—The Jacanas (Parrinæ).
" " 2.—The Screamers Proper (Palamedeinæ).

FAMILY V.—THE RAILS (RALLIDÆ).

Sub-Family 1.—The Rails Proper (Rallinæ).
" " 2.—The Gallinules (Gallinulinæ).

ORDER VIII.

GEESE (ANSERES).

FAMILY I.—THE DUCKS (ANATIDÆ).

Sub-Family 1.—The Flamingoes (Phœnicopterinæ).
" " 2.—The Spur-winged Geese (Plectropterinæ).
" " 3.—The Geese Proper (Anserinæ).
" " 4.—The Swans (Cygninæ).
" " 5.—The Ducks Proper (Anatinæ).
" " 6.—The Diving Ducks (Fuligulinæ).
" " 7.—The Pin-tailed Ducks (Erismaturinæ).
" " 8.—The Goosanders (Merginæ).

FAMILY II.—THE DIVERS (COLYMBIDÆ).

Sub-Family 1.—The Divers Proper (Colymbinæ).
" " 2.—The Grebes (Podicipinæ).
" " 3.—The Finfoots (Heliorninæ).

FAMILY III.—THE AUKS (ALCIDÆ).

Sub-Family 1.—The Auks (Alcinæ).
" " 2.—The Crested Divers (Phaleridinæ).
" " 3.—The Penguins (Spheniscinæ).
" " 4.—The Loons (Urinæ).

FAMILY IV.—THE PETRELS (PROCELLARIDÆ).

Sub-Family 1.—The Petrels Proper (Procellarinæ).
" " 2.—The Albatrosses (Diomedeinæ).

FAMILY V.—THE GULLS (LARIDÆ).

Sub-Family 1.—The Gulls Proper (Larinæ).
" " 2.—The Scissor-bills (Rhynchopinæ).
" " 3.—The Terns (Sterninæ).

FAMILY VI.—THE PELICANS (PELICANIDÆ).

Sub-Family 1.—The Tropic Birds (Phaetoninæ).
" " 2.—The Darters (Plotinæ).
" " 3.—The Pelicans Proper (Pelicaninæ).