a mountain; e.g. Shan-tung (east of the mountain); Shan-se (west of the mountain); Thian-Shan (the celestial mountain).

a river; e.g. Samer, Samara, Sambre, river names. The Samur, which flows into the Sea of Asoph.

a wood or grove; e.g. the Shaws, in Cumberland and Lanarkshire; Birchenshaw (the birch grove); Pollokshaws (the woods near the village of Pollok); Bradshaw (broad wood); Shaugh-Prior (the prior’s wood); Shawbury (the town in the wood); Evershaw (the wood of the wild boar, eofer); Skegness (the headland of the wood).

a dwelling; e.g. Begshehr (the dwelling of the beg or bey); Abou-shehr (the dwelling of Abou); Allah-shehr (God’s house); Eskshehr (old dwelling); Yenishehr (new dwelling); Anoopshehr (incomparable dwelling); Pondicherry, originally Pudicheri (new dwelling or town); Paraicherie (the village of Pariahs)—probably Shiraz and Shirvan belong to this root.

a fairy or a fairy hill. The belief in these supernatural beings is still general among the Celtic races. It was believed that they resided in the interior of pleasant hills called sidhe or siodha. The word frequently takes the form of shee, as in the Shee Hills, in Co. Meath; Glenshee, in Perthshire; Mullaghshee (the fairy hillock); Sheetrim, i.e. Sidh-dhruim (the fairy ridge), the old name of the rock of Cashel; Killashee (the church near the fairy hill); Rashee (the fort of the fairies); also Shean, Sheann, Sheane, Shane, in Ireland.

a mountain chain, having a serrated appearance, from the Lat. serra, a saw; or perhaps from the Ar. sehrah, an uncultivated tract of land, being the root of the desert of Sahara, in Africa; e.g. Sierra-de-fuentes (the mountain chain of the fountains); Sierra-de-los-vertientes (of the cascades); Sierra Leone (of the lion); Sierra-Calderona (the mountain chain with the cauldrons or craters); Sierra-de-las-Monas (of the apes); Sierra Morena (the dark mountain range); Sierra Nevada (the snowy); Sierra Estrella (the starry mountain range); Sierra-de-Culebra (of the snake); Sierra-de-gata (of agates); Esmeraldas-Serradas (the emerald mountains), in Brazil; Cerro-da-vigia (the mountain of observation); Cerro-de-la-Giganta (of the giantess); Cerro-largo (broad mountain); Cerro-gordo (fruitful mountain); Cerro-del-cobre (of the snake); but serra, in Italian, means a narrow place—as in Serra-capriola (the narrow place of the goats); and Serra-Monascesca (of the monks).

a sharp rock-allied to the Welsh skerid, cleft asunder, ysgariad; e.g. Skerid-fawn and Skerid-fach (the great and little skerid or division). Esgair is another word from the same root, applied to a long ridge; e.g. Esgair-hir (the long ridge); Esgair-graig (the rock ridge)—e.g. Scarcliff (the cliff of the sharp rock); Nashscaur (the promontory of the steep rock); Scarborough (the town on the rock or cliff); Scorton, with the same meaning, in Yorkshire; Scarnose and Scarness (the sharp cape); Skerryford, Skeerpoint, on the coast of Wales; Sheerness (the sharp headland), on the Thames; Scaranos, with the same meaning, on the coast of Sicily; Scarabines (the sharp points), in Caithness; Scuir (a sharp rock), on the island of Egg; Scordale, in Westmoreland, and Scordal, in Iceland (the valley of the steep rock); Scarsach (abounding in steep rocks), in Perth; Scarba (the island of the sharp rock), and Scarp, in the Hebrides; the Skerry and the Skerries, in the Shetlands, and on the coast of Ireland and Wales; Skerry-vore (the great rock), in the Hebrides.

an isthmus or promontory; e.g. the Skaw or Skagen Cape, on the coast of Denmark; Skagerack or Skagen-rack (the strait near the promontory).

an affix in Sclav. topography, signifying a town, often annexed to the name of the river near the town, or to the name of its founder; e.g. Tobolsk, Tomsk, Pinsk, Vitepsk, Volsk, Omsk, on the Rivers Tobol, Tom, Pina, Viteba, Volga, Om; Irkutsk, Berdiansk, Bielorietzk, Bobroninsk, Illginsk, Miask, Olekminsk, Okhotsk, Olensk, on the Rivers Irkut, Berda, Biela, Bobronia, Ilga, Miass, Olekma, Okhota, and Olenek; Bielozersk (the town on the white island); Jarensk (the town on the Jarenga or strong river); Kesilskaia (on the red river); Krasno-Ufimsk (the beautiful town of the R. Ufa); Petsk (silk town), in Turkey, where the mulberry-tree is extensively cultivated; Yakutsk (the town of the Yakuts, a Tartar tribe); Salskaia, on the R. Sal; Sviajsk (the town on the Sviga, holy river); Sviatskaia (the town of Sviatovid, a Sclav. deity); Dmitrovisk (the town of Demetrius, a Russian saint); Kupiansk and Kupiszki (the town on the promontory, kupa).

a sheep; e.g. Skipton, Skipwich, Schaefheim (sheep town); Shapfells (sheep hills); Sheppey (sheep island); Skipsia (sheep’s stream); Schaefmatt (sheep meadow); Shefford (sheep’s ford); Scaefstadt (sheep town).

a mountain or heath, akin to the Ger. sliet, a declivity; e.g. Slieve-Anieran (the iron mountain), so called from its mines; Slievesnaght (snowy mountains); Slieve-Bernagh (gapped mountain); Bricklive (speckled mountain); Beglieve (small mountain). In all these places in Ireland the original names have been corrupted: Sleaty (the mountains); Sleeven (the little hill); Slievenamon, i.e. Sliabh-na-mban-fion (the mountain of the fair women or fairies); Slievebloom (Bladh’s mountain); Slieve-beagh (birch-tree hill); Slieve-corragh (rugged hill); Slieveroe (the red hill); Sliabh-cuailgne, now the Cooley Mountains, in Ireland; Sleibhe-Cuillinn (the Coolin or Cuchullin Hills), in Skye; Slamannan (the sliabh or moor of the district formerly called Manan, parts of Stirling and Clackmannanshire).

a slough or marshy place; e.g. Slough, Co. Bucks; Sloby, Slawston, Slaugham (the dwelling on the marshy ground).

a multitude, a host; e.g. Ballinasloe (the ford-mouth of the hosts), in Co. Galway; Srahatloe, i.e. Srath-a’-tsluagh (the river holm of the hosts); Knockatloe and Tullintloy (the hill of the hosts), in Ireland.

a separated piece of land, from the Old Ger. sniden and Modern Ger. schneiden (to cut); e.g. Eckschnaid (the oak snaid); Hinterschnaid (behind the snaid); Snaith, in Yorkshire; Snead, Montgomery; Sneyd, Co. Stafford; Sneaton (the town on the snaid); Snodland and Snodlands (the separated lands); Snodhill (the hill on the snaid).

a place privileged to hold local courts; e.g. Thorpe-le-Soke and Kirby-le-Soken (the village and church-town where the courts were wont to be held); Walsoken and Walton-le-Soken (the place near the wall, or perhaps the well, where the court was held); Sockbridge and Sockburn (the bridge and stream near the court station).

a grove; e.g. Soto, the name of several places in Spain; Sotilla (the little grove); Sotilla-de-las-Palomas (the little grove of the doves); Sotilla-de-la-ribera (the little grove of the river-bank).

a thorn; e.g. Epinac, Epinal, Epinay, in France; Espinosa, in Spain (the thorny place); Epinville (the thorny villa); Epineuil (the thorny fountain, œuil); Epinoy, Epineuse, etc., in France; Speen, in Co. Berks, anc. Spinæ (the thorny place).

an hospital or place of entertainment for strangers or invalids, from the Lat. hospitium; e.g. Spittal, in Caithness and Co. Pembroke; Spittle, in Cheshire and in Berwickshire; the Spital of Glenshee, in Perthshire; Dalna-Spidal (the field of the hospital); Spittalfields, in Middlesex; Yspytty-Rhew-Ystwith, on the R. Ystwith; Yspytty-Evan (Evan’s hospital), in Wales; Llanspithid, in Brecknock, which derived its name from an ancient Ysbytty hospitium that existed here, supported by the priory of Malvern. These names and many others in England and Scotland derived their names from hospitals attached to religious houses in the Middle Ages.

a water-source; e.g. Springthorpe (the farm at the fountain); Adlerspring (the eagle’s fountain); Lippspring (at the source of the R. Lippe); Springe (at the source of the R. Haller); Magdespring (the maiden’s fountain).

an extensive valley, Anglicised strath; e.g. Strathmore and Strathbeg (the great and little valleys); Strathavon, Strathblan, Strathbogie, Strathconan, Strathearn (the valleys of the Rivers Avon, Blane, Bogie, Conan, and Earn); Strathyre, corrupt. from Srathiar (the western valley, with reference to Strathearn, the eastern), in Perthshire; Strathclyde, Strathnaver, Strathspey, Strathallan, Strathpeffer, Strathbran, Strathgriffe (the valleys of the Rivers Clyde, Naver, Spey, Allan, Peffer, Bran, and Griffe); Strath Tary, in Sutherlandshire (the bull’s strath, tairebb); Strichen, in Aberdeenshire, corrupt. from Srath-Ugie (the valley of the R. Ugie); Strathdon, corrupt. from Srath-domhain (the valley of the deep river); Ystrad-Tywy (the valley of the R. Tywy), in Wales; Ystrad-yw (yew-tree valley or the valley of the brook Ywen); Yester, a parish in East Lothian, from Ystrad; Ystrad-fflur (the flowery valley), called by the Romans Strata-Florida; Ystrad-gwnlais (the valley of the trench, clais, through which a stream flows); Straiton, in Ayrshire (the town on the Strath); Traquhair (sheep valley).

a nose, hence a promontory; e.g. Stronaba (the cow’s promontory); Stronaclacher (the stony promontory); Stronechrigen (the rocky point); Stronfearn (the point of the alders); Strondeas (the southern point); Strontian (the little promontory); Sorn, in Ayrshire, named from an ancient castle situated on a rocky headland; Troon (the promontory), on the Ayrshire coast; Sroan-keeragh (the sheep’s promontory); Shrone-beha (birch-tree promontory), in Ireland; Duntroon Castle (the fortress on the promontory), in Argyleshire; Turnberry Head, in Ayrshire, from trwyn; also Trwyn Point, in Ayrshire; Au-tron (on the point), in Cornwall; Trwyn-y-Badan (the promontory of the boats), in Wales.

a river or flowing water; sru, Sansc., to flow—cognate with stroum, Teut., struja, Sclav.; e.g. Srue, Sruh, Shrough, Sroughan (the stream), in Ireland; also Abbeyshrule (the abbey on the stream); Bealnashrura (the ford-mouth of the stream); Sroolane, Srooleen, Sruffan, and Sruffaun (little stream); Killeenatruan, anc. Cillin-a-tsruthain (the little church of the stream); Anstruther in Fife, and Westruther in Berwickshire, probably from the same root; but Strowan, in Perthshire, is named for St. Rowan; Ardstraw, in Tyrone, is a corrupt. of Ard-sratha (the height near the bank of the stream).

a projecting rock or point; e.g. the Stack Rocks and South Stack, on the coast of Wales; the Stags, on the Irish coast; Stack Island, Wales; and St. Bude’s Stack. In Ireland this word is generally Anglicised into stook; thus—the Stookans (the little rock pinnacles), near the entrance of the Giant’s Causeway; Stookan and Stookeen (the little rock).

a place or town; gestade, a station for ships; stadel, a small town; staeth, a bank or shore; e.g. Carlstadt, TheresienStadt, Christianstadt (towns named after one of the German emperors, Charles, after the Empress Theresa, and after Christian IV. of Sweden); Darmstadt, Illstadt, Stadt-Steinach, Lippstadt (towns on the Rivers Darm, Ill, Steinach, and Lippe); Bleistadt (lead town), near lead mines; Brahestadt, in Russia (founded by Count Brahe); Elizabethstadt, Hung. Ebes-falva, named after the Empress Elizabeth; Frederickstadt (Frederick’s town), in Denmark and in Norway; Gerbstadt, in Saxony (the town of Gerbert); Glückstadt, Lat. Fanum-fortunæ (the fortunate town or the temple of fortune); Halbertstadt (the town of Albert); Heiligenstadt (holy town); Hermanstadt (the town of Herman, one of the Germans who colonised certain German cities in Transylvania in the twelfth century); Ingoldstadt, in Bavaria (the town of Ingold)—the name of this town was mistranslated by Latin and Greek authors into Auripolis and Chrysopolis (the golden city); Rudolstadt (the town of Rudolph); Grimstadt, in Norway, and Grimstead, in Co. Wilts (the town of Grim, a common Scandinavian name); Stade (the station), in Hanover; Scoppenstadt, in Brunswick, anc. Scipingestete (the ship station); Stadt-am-hop (the town at the court), in Bavaria; Tennstadt, anc. Dannenstedi (the station of the Danes), in Saxony; Kroppenstadt, the Germanised form of the Sclav. Grobenstadt (the count’s town); Reichstadt (rich town); Altstadt (old town); Elstead, in Sussex and in Surrey (the place of Ella, the Saxon); Stadhampton (the town at the home place), in Oxford; Thaxsted (the thatched place), in Essex; Boxstead (the place of beech-trees, or of the Bokings, a patronymic); Hampstead (the home place); Wanstead (Woden’s place); Armenianstadt, in Transylvania, colonised by Armenians in 1726; Staithes (the banks), in Cumberland; Stathern (the dwelling on the bank), Leicester; Halstead, A.S. Haelsted (a healthy place).

a stake or pole, also, in Germany, applied to a perpendicular rock; e.g. Stauffenberg (the mountain with pillar-like rocks), in Lower Hesse; Donaustauff (the steep rock on the Danube); Hohenstauffen (the high rocks), in Wurtemberg; Regenstauf (the rock on the R. Regen); Staufen (a fort situated on a rock), in Baden; Staffa (the island with the pillar-like rocks), off the coast of Argyleshire; Staffenloch (the lake of the pillars), in the Island of Skye.

a stall, place, or seat; e.g. Hohenstellen (the high place); Herstal (the place of the army); Tunstall (the place on the hill, dun), in Co. Stafford.

a stone or rock, and in topography sometimes applied to a rock-fortress; e.g. Staunton, Steynton (the town on the stony ground); Stanton, in Gloucestershire, named from a remarkable stone in the neighbourhood); Fewstone (fire stone), in Yorkshire, said to have been named from a fire-circle near the place; Staines (the stones), in Middlesex, marking the jurisdiction of the mayor of London; Stantz (the stony place), in Switzerland; Steenbeke, Steenbegue, Steinbach (the stony brook); Stanley (stony field), in Yorkshire; Steenbirge, Steenbrugge, Steenhout, Steenkirche (the stony hill, bridge, wood, church), in Belgium; Steenvorde (stony ford); Stein-am-anger (the rock on the field); Steinitz (the German rendering of Sczenz, dog town), in Moravia; Offenstein (the fortress of Offa); Lahnstein (the fortress on the R. Lahn); Lauenstein (the lion’s fortress, with reference to some person who bore that sobriquet); Ehrenbreitstein (the broad stone of honour); Stennis (the headland of the stones), in Orkney; Hauenstein, in Baden (the hewn rock), so called because the precipices of the Jura in that locality resemble masonry; Ysselstein (the rock on the R. Yssel); Bleistein (lead rock), near lead mines, in Bavaria; Dachstein, in Alsace, anc. Dagoberti Saxum (the rock of Dagobert); Frankenstein (the rock of the Franks); Falkenstein (of the falcon or of the personal name Falk); Greiffenstein (of the vulture); Schaunstein (the beautiful rock or fortress); Neckar-Steinach (the stony place on the Neckar); Iselstein, on the Isel; Wetterstein, on the Wetter; Buxton, in Derbyshire, was named from the piles of stones called buck-stones, found in the Yorkshire and Derbyshire moors; Standish, in Gloucestershire, corrupt. from Stonehouse. In some cases the affix stone is used instead of town or ton, as in Maidstone, A.S. Medwegston, Cel. Caer-Medwig (the town on the R. Medway); Goodmanstone (the priest’s town), Dorsetshire; and in Cumberland and Westmoreland, where the Norsemen had settlements, this word often marks the site of the grave of one of their heroes, as in Haroldstone, Hubberstone, Thurston, Gamfrestone, Silverstone, Stanton, Drew (the Druid’s stone), in Somersetshire, near an ancient stone-circle; Kingston, in Surrey, where in the centre of the town is still shown the stone on which the A.S. kings were crowned.

a district or region; e.g. Hindostan (the district watered by the R. Indus, Pers. hindu—water); Affghanistan (the district of the Affghans, who are said to have taken their designation from a certain chief called Malik Afghāna); Rajpootana (the district of the Rajpoots or king’s sons); Kurdistan (of the Kurds); Beloochistan (of the Beluchis); Gurgistan or Georgia (the district watered by the R. Kur or Kyros); Kaffaristan or Kaffraria (of the unbelievers); Arabistan (of the Arabs); Bootan (the district of the Highlanders); Dushistan (the south region), also called Gurmsir (warm country); Gulistan (the district of roses); Baghistan (of gardens); Khorasan (the country of the sun); Zangistan or Zanguebar, Pers. and Ar. (the country or coast-lands of the Zangis)—v. BAHR.

literally a prop, support, or heap; but in the commerce of the Middle Ages it was applied, in the first place, to the buildings or towns in which the chief products of a district were treasured up or sold; and, in the second place, to the commodities themselves; e.g. Stapleton (the town of the market); Staplehurst and Stapleford (the wood and ford near the market-place); Dunstable (the market-place on the hill), formerly Dunstaple; Whitstable (white market-place); Barnstaple, anc. Berstable (the market-place for the produce of the district—beor, what it bears). In France: Etaples, L’étape, Staple, etc.

old; e.g. Stargard, Starogard (the old fortress); Stary-sedlo, Storosele, Starosol (the old settlement); Starodub (the old oak-tree); Starwitz, Staria, Starinka, Stariza (old place); Starobielsk (the old town on the R. Biela); Staro-Constantinov (the old town of Constantine). In places where the population is chiefly German this word takes the form of stark, as in Starkenburg, Starkenhorst; Istarda or Starova (old town), in Turkey; Staroi-Oskol (the old town on the R. Oskol, in opposition to Novoi-Oskol, the new town on that river).

a steep path; e.g. Stickney (the island or watery meadow by the steep path); Kirchsteg (the steep path to the church); Durnsteeg (thorny path); Stiegmühle (the mill on the steep path); Amsteg (at the steep path).

the tail—in topography a point; e.g. Startpoint, in Devonshire; Starston (the town on the point); Sterzhausen, Sterzmühle, Staartpolder—v. HAUS, MÜHLE, POLDER; Staartven (the marsh on the point).

an uncultivated waste—a word applied to the extensive desert plains in Russia.

in Brittany, a stream; e.g. Ster-boueux (the muddy stream); Stercaer (the stream at the fort); Sterpoulder (of the black pool), etc. According to Forsteman, there is a Teutonic river-root, str, which he finds in the names of 100 German streams; e.g. Elster, Alster, Wilster, Gelster, Laster, and Ister—an ancient name of the Danube—Stour, Stura, etc.

Old Norse setr (a station or place), contracted from stadr (a place); bu-stadr (a dwelling-place), contracted to bister or buster; e.g. Grunaster (green place); Keldabister (the place at the well or fountain); Kirkbuster (the dwelling at the church); Hesting-ster (the settlement of Hesting). The same word appears in the names given by the Danes to three of the provinces of Ireland—Ulster, for the Irish Uladh, i.e. Ulla-ster; Leinster, Irish Laighen or Layn; Munster, Irish Mumha (named after a king).

literally a stake or the trunk of a tree, applied at first to a place protected by a stockade, or surrounded by stocks or piles; and in German topography sometimes applied to hills, as in Hochstock (high hill); Stockheim (the home on the hill); sometimes to places built upon stakes, as in Stockholm. In Great Britain, standing alone, it means simply the place, as Stock, in Essex; Stow, a parish in Mid Lothian; Stoke-upon-Trent; Stow-in-the-Wold or waste land; Stoke-Bardolph, Stoke-Fleming, Stoke-Gabriel, Stoke-Poges, Stoke-Edith (named from the proprietors); Stow-market (the market-place); Stow-Upland (the place in the high lands); Kewstoke (at the quay); Elstow, in Wilts (old place); Elstow, in Bedford (St. Helen’s place), the site of a nunnery dedicated to that saint; Basingstoke (the place belonging to the Basings, a patronymic); Bridstow (St. Bridget’s place); Bristol, anc. Briegstow (the place at the breach or chasm, brice, through which the R. Avon passes)—its Celtic name was Nant-Avon (on the valley of the Avon); Padstow, in Cornwall, anc. Petrocstowe, Welsh Llan-petroc (the place or church of St. Petroc); Tavistock and Tawstock (places on the Rivers Tavy and Taw). As a prefix, stock often denotes the chief place in a district, as in Stockton (the chief town on the Tees), and in Stockport (the chief port on the Mersey).

a mine-shaft; e.g. Stollenberg (the hill of the mine-shaft); Stollenschmeide (the smithy at the mine-shaft); but Stollenkirchen, i.e. Stallinchirchun, is from Stalla (a person’s name).

a rising ground in a marshy place; e.g. Stolpe, the name of a circle and of several towns in Hungary and Pomerania; Stolpen, in Saxony.

great; e.g. Störfiord (the great bay); Störhammer (great hill); Störoe (great island); Störaa (great river); Störsjon and Störsoen (great lake); Störa-kopparberg (the great copper mountain), in Sweden and Norway.

a row, a street, a road, borrowed from the Lat. strata; e.g. Stratford (the ford near one of the great Roman roads, called streets); Stratford-le-Bow (the ford with the bow or bridge near the Roman road); Stratsett (the road station); Streatham and Stretton (the town on the road); Stratton, in Cornwall, and Stradbally, in Ireland (the village of one street); Straid, Strade (the street); Stradeen (little street), in Ireland; Strond, on the R. Strond; Strasbourg, in West Prussia (the town on the highway); but Strasbourg, in Alsace, anc. Stratiburg, is the German translation of its Latin name Argentoriatum (the town of silver—strati, Teut., silver); Stony Stratford (the stony ford on the great Roman road, called Erming Street); Watling Street is said to have been named from waedla (the mendicant or pilgrim); Icknield Street from the Iceni; Erming Street from earm (a pauper).

a watch-tower, akin to the A.S. streone; e.g. Straznitz, in Moravia (the town with the watch-tower).

a huntsman; e.g. Strelitz-klein and Strelitz-gross (the great and little town of the huntsman, or of the Strelitzi, the name given to the lifeguards), in Russia; Strelitzkaia and Strielinskaia, with the same meaning.

a stream or current; e.g. the Maelstrom (mill stream, so called from its rushing sound); Rheinstrom (the Rhine current); Stroomsloot (the sluice of the current); Stroma, Stromoe, Stromsoe, Stromay (the island of the current); Stromen and Stromstadt (the place near the current); Stromen-Fiorden (the bay of the current); Stromberg (the town or hill on the stream); Stromness (the headland of the current).

water; e.g. Ak-su (the white stream); Kara-su (the black stream); Adji-su (bitter water).

the south; Buttman traces this word to the sun, the oldest form of the word being sundar; e.g. Sonnenburg, Sonderhausen, Sundheim, Soudham, Southofen (the south dwelling or enclosure); Southdean (south hollow); Southwark, Dan. Sydvirche (the south fortress); Southover (south shore); Suffolk (the district of the south people, as distinguished from Norfolk); Sutton and Sodbury (south town); Sudborne (south stream); Suderoe (south island); Sudetic Mountains (the southern mountain chain); Sudereys (the southern islands), a name applied by the Norsemen to all the British islands under their rule south of the Orkneys and north of the Island of Man—hence the bishoprick of Sodor and Man; Sutherland (the land to the south of Caithness); Soderköping (the south market-town), in Sweden; Soest, in Prussia (on the Sosterbach); Sidlaw Hills (the south hills, in reference to their forming the south boundary of Strathmore).

summer; e.g. Somercotes, Somersall, Somerton (summer dwellings); Somerghem in Belgium, and Sommerberg in Bohemia, with the same meaning; but Somarsheim, in Hungary, is the German corrupt. of Szomorfalva (the village of sorrow); Szmarja or Szent-marfa (St. Mary’s town), Germanised into Sommarein.

a strait; e.g. the Sound, between Sweden and Zealand; Christiansund, at the mouth of a narrow inlet, founded by Christian IV.; Frederichsund, on a narrow inlet in Zealand; Ostersund (the eastern strait), in Sweden; Stralsund (the arrow-like strait—straele, an arrow).

privileged land; e.g. Frankensundern (the privileged place of the Franks); Beversundern (the privileged place on the R. Bever); Sontra, in Hesse-Homburg (the privileged place); Sunderland (the privileged land), in Durham.

Saxon; e.g. Szasvaros, Ger. Sachsenstadt (the town or fortress of the Saxons), in Transylvania; Szasz-Sebes (the Saxon-Sebes or swift stream).

a saint; e.g. Szenta, Szentes (the saints’ town or holy town); e.g. Szendro (St. Andrew’s town); Mindszent (the town of All Saints); Szent-kercsyt (the town of the holy cross); Santarem, in Portugal, from St. Irene, Santiago (for St. James); St. Denis, named after St. Dionysius, where the remains of this saint were interred; St. Heliers, in Jersey (for St. Hilarius); Szent-György (St. George’s town); St. Ives, in Cornwall, named after an Irish saint called Jia, who came to that spot; St. Ives, in Huntingdon, named after Ivon, a bishop.

T

great; e.g. Ta-kiang (the great river); Ta-Hai (the great lake); Ta-Shan (great mountain); Ta-Gobi (the great desert).

an inn; e.g. Taberna, in Spain; Zabern-Rhein (the inn on the Rhine); Zabern-berg (the hill inn); Zabern-Elsass (the Alsatian inn), called in French Savernæ, corrupt. from the Lat. Tabernæ; Tavernes and Taverny, in France.

a tongue, a point of land; e.g. Tongue, a parish in Sutherlandshire; Tong, in Ross; Tongland, in Kirkcudbright, upon a peninsula formed by the Rivers Dee and Tarf; Tonge, in Lancashire; but Tongres, Tongrinnes, and Tongerloo, in Belgium, derive their names from the Tungri, a tribe; Tong-fell, in Cumberland, and Tangfjeld, Norway, and Tunga-fell, Iceland (the mountain with the tongue or point); Thong-castle, in Kent, and Thong-castor, near Grimsby.

the forehead, or, as an adjective, high; e.g. Talgarth (the brow of the hill; Talibont (bridge-end, pont); Talbenny (the head of the hill-pen), in Wales. Tal-y-cavn (the head of the trough); Tal-y-Llychan (the head of the pools), in Caermarthen; Talachddu (the head of the black water, a small brook called Achddu), a parish in Brecknock.

quiet, cognate with A.S. tam, found in many river names; e.g. the Tame, Tamar, Tamer, Teane, Teign, Thame, Taw, Tawey, Tavoy, Tay, Temesch, Tees, Thames (the quiet water), joined to uisge, a, y, o, or, ri (flowing water).

a green field, common in Irish topography under various forms, such as Tawny, Tawnagh, Tonagh, and Taminy; e.g. Tonaghneeve, for Tamhnaich-naemh (the field of the saints), now Saintfield; Tawnaghlahan (broad field); Tawnkeel (narrow field); Tamnaghbane (white field); Tavnaghdrissagh (the field of the briers).

wood; tanne (modern), the fir-tree; e.g. Niederthan (the lower wood); Hohenthan (high wood); Thanheim, Thanhausen, Tandorf (the dwellings at the wood); Tanberg (wood hill).

an isthmus; e.g. Tarbet, in Cromarty and Ross; Tarbert, in Harris; Tarbet, on Loch Lomond; East and West Tarbert, in Argyleshire; Tarbetness (the point of the isthmus), in Ross-shire.

a bull, cognate with the Lat. taurus and the Grk. tauros; e.g. Knockatarriv and Knockatarry (the hill of the bull); Clontarf, anc. Cluain-tarbh (the bull’s meadow); Cloontarriff and Cloontarriv, with the same meaning. Some river names, such as Tarf, Tarras, Tarth, Tarn, may have this word as a prefix, or perhaps tara, Irish, rapid.

the thorn; e.g. Tarnowce and Tarnowitz (thorn village); Tarnau, Tarnow, Tornow, Torniz (a thorny place); Tarnograd (thorn fortress); Tarnopol (thorn city).

a house or dwelling, cognate with the Lat. tectum, Ger. dach, and Scand. tag, a roof; Anglicised tagh, in the genitive, tigh. This word, under various forms, is common in Irish topography; e.g. Tagheen (beautiful house); Taghboy and Taghbane (the yellow and white house); Taghadoe (St. Tua’s house); Tiaquin, in Co. Galway, i.e. Tigh-Dachonna (St. Dachonna’s house); Timahoe, for Tech-Mochua (St. Mochua’s house or church). Joined to the genitive of the article, it takes the form of tin or tinna, thus—Tinnahinch (the house of the island or river holm, innis); Tincurragh (of the marsh); Tinakilly (of the church or wood); Timolin (of St. Moling); Tigh-na-bruaich, in Argyleshire (the dwelling on the edge of the bank); Tynron, in Dumfries, i.e. Tigh-an-roinne (the house on the point); Tyndrum, in Perthshire (the dwelling on the ridge); Tisaran, anc. Teach-Sarain (the house of St. Saran), in King’s Co. Stillorgan, also in Ireland, corrupt. from Tigh-Lorcain (the house of St. Lorcain or Lawrence); Saggard, from Teach-Sacra (of St. Mosacra); Cromarty, anc. Crum-bachtyn (the dwelling on the winding bay); Tinnick, in Ireland, i.e. Tigh-cnuie (the house on the hill). In Wales: Ty-gwyn (white house); Ty-Ddewi (St. David’s house); Great Tey and Little Tey (great and little dwelling); Tey-at-the-elms, in Essex.

a palace situated on an elevated spot; e.g. Tara, anc. Teamhair, the ancient capital of Meath, and several other places called Tara, in Ireland. This word sometimes takes the form of tavver, tawer, or tower, as in Towerbeg and Towermore (the little and great palace).

a temple or church, derived from the Lat. templum; e.g. Templemichael, Templebredon (the churches of St. Michael and St. Bredon); Templemore (the great church or cathedral); Templecarriga (of the rock); Temple-tochar (of the causeway), in Ireland; Templemars and Talemars, in France, anc. Templum-Martis (the temple of Mars).

fire. In topography this word is found in the forms of tin and tinny, and must indicate spots where fires of special importance were wont to be kindled. Whether these fires were beacon-fires, or whether they referred to the Beltane fires kindled by the ancient Celts on May Day, cannot, in special cases, be determined; but that the Beltane fires were connected with the religious rites of the Druids is allowed, even by those who do not derive the word Beltane from the name of a Celtic deity, or trace the observance of these rites to the sun and fire worship once alleged to have existed among the Celtic tribes, but now held to be an untenable theory by Celtic scholars.[5] In Ireland, near Coleraine, we find Kiltinny (the wood of the fire); Tamnaghvelton (the field of the Beltane sports); Clontinty, Co. Cork (the meadow of the fires); Mollynadinta, anc. Mullaigh-na-dtaeinte (the summit of the fires); Duntinny (the fort of the fire), Co. Donegal. In Scotland tinny is also found in topography, thus—Ardentinny and Craigentinny (the height and rock of the fire); Auchteany, and perhaps Auchindinny (the field of the fires); Tinto (the hill of the fire), in Lanarkshire.

a mountain; e.g. Popocatepetl (the smoky mountain), in Mexico; Citlaltepetl (the star-like mountain—citaline, a star); Naucampatepetl (the square-shaped mountain), in Mexico.

warm; e.g. Tepla (the warm stream); Tepel, on the R. Tepla (in the neighbourhood of warm mineral waters); Teplitz, the name of towns in Hungary, Bavaria, and Illyria, sometimes written Toplitz; Teplik and Teplovka, in Russia; Teflis, in Georgia, celebrated for its warm baths.

land; e.g. Terciera (the rough land), in the Azores; Terranova (the new land), in Sicily, supposed to be on the site of the ancient Gela; Tierra-del-fuego (the land of fire), so named on account of the numerous fires seen on the land by the first discoverers; Terregles (church land); Tiree Island, Gael. Tir-ith (the land of corn); Terryglas, i.e. Tir-da-ghlas (the land of the two rivers), Co. Tipperary; Terryland, i.e. Tir-oilein (the land of the island); Tyrone, anc. Tir-Eoghain (Owen’s land); Tir-Rosser, i.e. Tir-Rhos-hir (the long peat land), in Caermarthen; Pentir (the headland); Gwydir, from the roots gwy, water, and tir, a general term for moist land in different places in Wales. It was the ancient name of Glastonbury; Tiranascragh (the land of the sand hill, esker), Co. Galway; Tyrconell (the land of Conell), the ancient name of Co. Donegal; Carstairs, in Lanarkshire, anc. Casteltarras, probably corrupt. from Castelterres (the castle lands), the castle in the village having been the site of a Roman station; Culter, in Lanarkshire, anc. Cultir (the back of the land); Finisterroe (land’s end), now Cape Finistère, the north-west extremity of France; Blantyre (warm land—blane, warm), in Lanarkshire; Terrebonne (good land), in Canada; Terre-haute (high land), in Indiana.

a valley—v. DAL.

a term applied by the Scandinavians to the legislative assemblies of their nation, and also to the places where these assemblies met, from an old word tinga, to speak. Traces of these institutions appear in the topography of certain districts in Great Britain formerly occupied by Danes or Norwegians. The Norwegian Parliament is still called the Storthing or great assembly; smaller courts are called Lawthings, and the Althing was the general assembly of the whole nation. These meetings were generally held on some remote island, hill, or promontory, where their deliberations might be undisturbed. The Swedish Parliament used to assemble on a mound near Upsala, which still bears the name of Tingshogen, Scand. haugr; Thingveller (the council-plains), in Iceland; Sandsthing (the place of meeting on the sand), in Iceland; Aithsthing (the meeting-place on the headland), in Iceland; Dingwall, in Ross-shire, has the same derivation—its Gaelic name is Inverpeffer (at the mouth of that stream); Tingwall, in Shetland, Tynwald Hill, Isle of Man, Thingwall in Cheshire, and Dinsdale in Durham, from the same root; Tinwald, in Dumfries (the wood of the meeting); Tain, in Ross-shire, Norse Thing—its Gaelic name is Baile-Duich (St. Duthic’s town).

prefixes derived from the Saxon and Scandinavian deity Thor; e.g. Thorley, Thurley, Thursley, Thorsby, Thurlow, the valley, dwelling, and hill, named after Thor, or perhaps from a people or family name derived from the god, i.e. the Thurings, from whence also probably come Thorington in England, and Thorigné and Thorigny in France; Thüringerwald, in Germany; Thurston, Thursford, Thurscross, Thurlstone, etc.; Thorsoe (Thor’s island); Thurso (Thor’s stream, on which the town of Thurso is situated); Thorshaven (Thor’s harbour), in Norway and in the Faroe Islands. On the continent the god Thor was worshipped under the name of Thunor, hence the English word thunder and the German Donner (supposed, in the Middle Ages, to be Thor’s voice). From this word are derived Thunersberg and Donnersberg (the mountain of Thor); Donnersbach (Thor’s stream), in Styria; Torslunde (Thor’s sacred grove), in Denmark.