31. Ovary beaked. Fruit a berry. Flowers solitary or in dense spikes or heads.—Species
6. Tropical and South Africa. They yield fibre and are used medicinally and as ornamental plants; some have an edible root-stock.  Curculigo Gaertn.

Ovary not beaked. Fruit a capsule. Flowers solitary or in lax racemes or umbels.—Species 60. Southern and tropical Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including Ianthe Salisb.)  Hypoxis L.

32. Ovary almost inferior with 2 ovules in each cell. Anthers attached by the back, bursting lengthwise. Perianth with a distinct tube. Fruit 1-seeded.
Flowers in panicles. Stem, leaves, and inflorescence woolly.—Species 1.
South Africa (Cape Colony). [Tribe CONOSTYLIDEAE.]  Lanaria Ait.

Ovary half-inferior or almost superior, with several or many ovules in each cell. Anthers attached at the base or near it, bursting at or towards the apex. Perianth divided nearly or quite to the ovary. Stem, leaves, and inflorescence glabrous. [Tribe CONANTHEREAE.]  33

33. Ovary half-inferior. Stamens more or less unequal. Flowers usually without bracteoles, solitary and terminal or arranged in racemes or panicles. Leaves, all or most of them, crowded at the base of the stem.—Species
7. South Africa to Damaraland. Some have edible root-stocks or are used as ornamental plants.  Cyanella L.

Ovary almost superior. Stamens equal. Flowers blue, with bracteoles, solitary or in pairs and axillary, or arranged in panicles. Leaves scattered along the stem.—Species 5. Southern tropical Africa. Some have edible root-stocks.  Walleria Kirk

FAMILY 35. VELLOZIACEAE

Leaves linear. Flowers solitary, terminal, without bracteoles, regular, hermaphrodite. Perianth-segments free or nearly so, petaloid, usually white. Stamens 6. Anthers attached by the base. Ovary inferior, 3-celled. Placentas projecting and peltately dilated. Ovules numerous. Style simple; stigma 3-lobed. Fruit a capsule. Seeds black, compressed. Embryo very small, enclosed by the albumen. (Under AMARYLLIDEAE.) (Plate 20.)

Genus 1. Species 25. Tropical and South Africa. (Xerophyta Juss., under
Vellozia Vand.)  Barbacenia Vand.

FAMILY 36. TACCACEAE

Herbs with a tuberous root-stock. Leaves all radical, large, stalked, twice pinnately divided. Flowers in an umbel-like inflorescence on a leafless scape, regular, hermaphrodite. Perianth greenish-brown, bell-or urn-shaped, with a short tube. Stamens 6. Filaments hooded. Anthers turned inwards. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, with parietal placentas. Ovules numerous, inverted. Style short, umbrella-shaped, 6-lobed. Fruit a berry. Seeds compressed. Embryo small, enclosed by the albumen.

Genus 1, species 2. Tropics. Used as ornamental plants and for plaiting-work; the tubers yield starch (arrowroot) and are edible when cooked.  Tacca Forst.

FAMILY 37. DIOSCOREACEAE

Root-stock tuberous. Stem twining. Leaves alternate, net-veined, usually cordate. Flowers in racemes, inconspicuous, regular, unisexual. Stamens 6. Ovary inferior, 3-celled. Ovules 2 in each cell, superposed, inverted. Styles or style-branches 3. Embryo enclosed in a horny or cartilaginous albumen.—Genera 2, species 45. (Plate 21.)

Fruit a berry. Seeds not winged.—Species 3. North Africa. The tubers are eaten and used in medicine; the berries are poisonous. (Tamnus
Juss.)  Tamus L.

Fruit a capsule. Seeds winged.—Species 40. Tropical and South Africa.
Some are cultivated for their edible tubers (yams) or used in medicine; others are poisonous. (Including Testudinaria Salisb.) (Plate 21.)  Dioscorea L.

SUBORDER IRIDINEAE

FAMILY 38. IRIDACEAE

Herbs or undershrubs. Inflorescence terminal. Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth with 6 petaloid segments. Stamens 3, inserted opposite the outer perianth-segments. Anthers turned outwards. Ovary inferior, 3-celled, rarely (Hermodactylus) 1-celled. Style-branches usually divided or dilated. Ovules numerous, inverted. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Embryo enclosed by the horny albumen.—Genera 39, species 600. (Plate 22.)

1. Flowers solitary, terminal, sometimes surrounded by several axillary flowers, each flower with a spathe. Perianth regular; inner and outer segments nearly equal. Leaves not exactly 2-ranked. Stem short or almost wanting. [Subfamily CROCOIDEAE.]  2

Flowers in various inflorescences, rarely spathes solitary, but 2- or more-flowered or (if 1-flowered) the outer perianth-segments very different from the inner ones. Leaves 2-ranked, folded one above the other, rarely
(Geosiris) reduced to scales. Stem distinctly developed.  5

2. Stem underground, very short. Perianth-tube very long.  3

Stem partly above ground. Perianth-tube short or moderately long.  4

3. Style-branches undivided, stigmatose inside. Perianth red or violet, rarely white with red streaks.—Species 6. South Africa (Cape Colony).  Syringodea Hook. fil.

Style-branches many-lobed or many-parted, stigmatose at the top.—Species
3; one of them only cultivated. North-West Africa. Used as ornamental plants; the tubers are edible. The cultivated species
(C. sativus L.) yields the saffron, which is used as a condiment and for dyeing.  Crocus L.

4. Leaves crowded at the top of the very short stem. Perianth with a rather long tube, yellow or violet. Filaments united into a tube. Style-branches dilated above, petal-like.—Species 3. South Africa (Cape
Colony). Used as ornamental plants.  Galaxia Thunb.

Leaves scattered along the stem or crowded at its base. Filaments free, rarely united, but then perianth with a very short tube. Style-branches not petal-like.—Species 50. South and North Africa and mountains of
Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Trichonema
Ker).  Romulea Maratti

5. (1.) Spathes 1-flowered, in spikes. Style-branches well developed, generally alternate with the anthers, thread-shaped or thickened at the top, more rarely dilated and almost petal-like, but undivided. Flower usually more or less irregular. Stem leafy. [Subfamily IXIOIDEAE.]  6

Spathes 2- or more-flowered, rarely 1-flowered, but then style-branches either reduced to short teeth, or opposite the anthers, petal-like, and
2-lobed. Flowers regular, but the inner perianth-segments often very different from the outer ones. [Subfamily IRIDOIDEAE.]  23

6. Style-branches 2-parted. [Tribe WATSONIEAE.]  7

Style-branches undivided.  10

7. Flowers small. Perianth with a short tube, red or blue. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell.—Species 2. South Africa (Cape Colony).  Micranthus Pers.

Flowers large or rather large. Perianth with a long or rather long tube.
Ovules many in each ovary-cell.  8

8. Perianth-tube straight or nearly so. Filaments short, inserted at the throat of the perianth.—Species 40. South and Central Africa. Some have edible tubers or serve as ornamental plants. (Plate 22.)  Lapeyrousia Pourr.

Perianth-tube curved. Filaments long, inserted below the throat of the perianth.  9

9. Spathes short, scarious. Perianth yellowish, with unequal segments.—Species
2. South Africa. Used as ornamental plants.  Freesia Klatt

Spathes rather long, rigid. Perianth red or white, with almost equal segments.—Species
15. South Africa, Madagascar, and Mascarenes. Some are used as ornamental plants.  Watsonia Mill.

10. (6.) Flowers distinctly irregular. [Tribe GLADIOLEAE.]  11

Flowers regular or almost so. Filaments and style straight. [Tribe
IXIEAE.]  18

11. Perianth curved.  12

Perianth straight.  13

12. Perianth-tube longer than the limb, filiform below, cylindrical above.
Stamens inserted in the basal part of the tube. Spathes small.—Species
20. South and Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including Anisanthus Sweet).  Antholyza L.

Perianth-tube as long as or shorter than the limb, funnel-shaped.—Species
120. Some of them have edible bulbs, others are used in medicine
or as ornamental plants.  Gladiolus L.

13. Leaves folded, usually hairy. Perianth with a long tube.—Species 30.
South Africa and Island of Socotra. Several species have edible bulbs or are used as ornamental plants.  Babiana Ker

Leaves flat, glabrous.  14

14. Perianth-segments almost free, thinly acuminate, yellowish-green. Ovules
2-3 in each ovary-cell. Inflorescence paniculate.—Species 1. South
Africa (Cape Colony).  Melasphaerula Ker

Perianth-segments evidently united below, obtuse or shortly mucronate.
Ovules usually numerous.  15

15. Perianth-tube funnel-shaped (distinctly widened above). Style-branches filiform. Spathe-bracts lacerated.  16

Perianth-tube more or less cylindrical (slightly or not widened above).
Style-branches usually dilated. Spathe-bracts entire or toothed.  17

16. Perianth 2-lipped, with a long or rather long tube, yellow or violet. Style-branches short.—Species 3. South Africa (Cape Colony). Used as ornamental plants.  Synnotia Sweet

Perianth regular, with a short or rather short tube, yellow, red or variegated.
Style-branches long.—Species 3. South Africa (Cape Colony). Used as ornamental plants. The bulbs are edible.  Sparaxis Ker

17. Spathe-bracts long, green, entire. Inflorescence spicate. Perianth nearly always with a long tube.—Species 20. South and Central Africa. Used as ornamental plants.  Acidanthera Hochst.

Spathe-bracts short, brown, toothed at the top. Inflorescence spicate or paniculate. Perianth with a short or rather short tube.—Species
35. South and Central Africa. Many of them are used as ornamental plants; some yield edible bulbs or a substitute for saffron. (Including
Crocosmia Planch., Montbretia DC., and Tritonixia Klatt).  Tritonia Ker

18. (10.) Style-branches club-shaped.  19

Style-branches linear or subulate.  20

19. Stigmas notched. Flowers white or yellow. Spathe-bracts lacerated.
Leaves short.—Species 2. South Africa (Cape Colony).  Streptanthera Sweet

Stigmas entire. Flowers white or red. Spathe-bracts entire. Leaves long.—Species 2. South and East Africa. Used as ornamental plants.  Dierama C. Koch

20. Style-branches linear, slightly dilated, short. Outer spathe-bract brown.—Species
20. South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants.
(Including Morphixia Ker).  Ixia L.

Style-branches subulate. Spathe-bracts green or brown at the tip.  21

21. Style long, with short branches.—Species 35. South Africa, southern
Central Africa, and Madagascar. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.  Geissorrhiza Ker

Style short, with long branches.  22

22. Underground part of the stem a root-stock. Perianth red. Filaments as long as or longer than the anthers.—Species 2. South Africa. Used as ornamental plants.  Schizostylis Backh. & Harv.

Underground part of the stem a corm. Filaments short.—Species 35.
South Africa and mountains of Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants.  Hesperantha Ker

23. (5.) Style-branches undivided, very short or thread-shaped or somewhat broadened at the top, but not petal-like, nearly always alternate with the stamens.  24

Style-branches more or less divided or petal-like, opposite the stamens.
Perianth with a short tube or without a tube. Fruit not enclosed by the spathe.  32

24. Perianth with a distinct tube. Filaments free. Style-branches very short. Fruit, wholly or for the greater part, enclosed by the spathe.
[Tribe ARISTEAE, Subtribe ARISTINAE.]  25

Perianth divided nearly or quite to the ovary. Style-branches usually long. Fruit not enclosed by the spathe. [Tribe SISYRINCHIEAE.]  30

25. Perianth-segments very unequal, the inner much larger than the outer, blueish, the outer black; tube short. Spathes 2-3-flowered, solitary or in corymbs.—Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony).  Cleanthe Salisb.

Perianth-segments almost equal.  26

26. Stem and leaves without green colour. Leaves short, scale-like. Flowers in umbel-like cymes. Perianth white, with a short tube.—Species 1.
Madagascar.  Geosiris Baill.

Stem and leaves green. Leaves long, linear or sword-shaped. Perianth blue, rarely yellowish or whitish.  27

27. Spathes 3- or more-flowered, solitary or in spikes, racemes or corymbs.
Herbs. Perianth with a short tube.—Species 30. Southern and tropical
Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.  Aristea Ait.

Spathes 1-2-flowered. Undershrubs.  28

28. Perianth with a short tube and clawed segments, blue. Filaments long.
Spathes in heads.—Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony).  Klattia Bak.

Perianth with a long tube. Filaments short.  29

29. Perianth blue, glabrous, with a cylindrical tube. Filaments awl-shaped.
Anthers small. Spathes solitary or in corymbs.—Species 2. South
Africa (Cape Colony). Used as ornamental plants. (Under Aristea Ait.)  Nivenia Vent.

Perianth greenish-yellow, hairy outside, with a funnel-shaped tube. Filaments flat. Anthers large. Spathes surrounded by empty bracts and arranged in heads.—Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony). Used as
an ornamental plant; the stem contains sugar.  Witsenia Thunb.

30. Filaments united into a tube. Perianth blue.—Species 1. Naturalised in the Mascarene Islands. An ornamental plant. [Subtribe SISYRICHINAE.]  Sisyrinchium L.

Filaments free or nearly so. Perianth yellow or red. [Subtribe LIBERTINAE].  31

31. Stem leafy. Spathes in lax corymbs. Perianth orange-coloured. Style filiform, with club-shaped, erect or spreading stigmas.—Species 1.
Naturalised in the Mascarene Islands. An ornamental and medicinal plant.  Belamcanda Adans.

Stem leafless. Spathes solitary or in heads. Perianth pale yellow. Style very short, with thread-shaped, recurved stigmas.—Species 6. South
Africa.  Bobartia Ker

32. (23.) Stigmas at the tip of the style-branches. Inner and outer perianth-segments almost equal. Filaments united. Underground part of the stem a bulb. [Tribe TIGRIDIEAE, subtribe CIPURINAE.]  33

Stigmas on the underside of the dilated style-branches. Inner and outer perianth-segments unequal. [Tribe MORAEEAE.]  36

33. Style-branches simple or one of them forked.  34

Style-branches divided. Perianth-segments usually crisped.  35

34. Perianth white, divided to the ovary.—Species 1. South-east Africa
(Natal).  Keitia Regel

Perianth yellow or brownish-red, with a short tube.—Species 12. South
Africa; one species also naturalised in St. Helena. Used as ornamental plants.  Homeria Vent.

35. Perianth yellow, divided to the ovary, twisting up in fading. Style-branches cylindrical, glabrous.—Species 2. South Africa (Cape Colony).  Hexaglottis Vent.

Perianth greenish brownish or red, with a short tube. Style-branches dilated, fringed on the margin.—Species 8. South Africa and southern
West Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants.  Ferraria L.

36. Style-branches broadened, but not petal-like. Perianth blue; segments free, the inner with the edges rolled inwards and the tip recurved. Filaments free. Scape flattened.—Species 1. Angola and islands of equatorial West Africa. Used as an ornamental plant. [Subtribe
MARICINAE.]  Marica Ker

Style-branches winged, petal-like. [Subtribe IRIDINAE.]  37

37. Perianth-segments free, not bearded. Filaments usually united.—Species
60. Southern and tropical Africa. Several species have edible root-stocks, others are poisonous, many are used as ornamental plants. (Including
Dietes Salisb. and Vieusseuxia Delaroche).  Moraea L.

Perianth-segments united at the base. Filaments free.  38

38. Ovary 1-celled with parietal placentas. Inner perianth-segments linear,
acuminate.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria).  Hermodactylus Adans.

Ovary 3-celled, with axile placentas.—Species 15. North Africa. Many of them are used as ornamental plants, some are poisonous; the root-stock of several species (orris-root) is edible and yields tanning materials, perfumes, and medicaments.  Iris L.

ORDER SCITAMINEAE

FAMILY 39. MUSACEAE

Tall herbaceous plants. Leaves with a large, oblong or ovate, penni-nerved blade. Flowers subtended by large bracts and arranged in usually spicate rows or cymes, irregular. Perianth corolla-like. Fertile stamens 5, rarely 6. Filaments free. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary inferior, 3-celled. Style free from the stamens, 3-6-lobed. Seeds with a straight embryo and mealy albumen.—Genera 4, species 25. (Under SCITAMINEAE.) (Plate 23.)

1. Leaves spirally arranged. Partial inflorescences consisting of 1-2 rows of flowers. Flowers monoecious or polygamous. Sepals and two of the petals united below. Fruit berry-like. Seeds without an aril.—Species
15, growing wild in the tropics, besides 4 (especially M. paradisiaca L.) which are cultivated in various regions. They yield fibre (Manila hemp), tanning and dyeing materials, vegetables, and edible fruits (bananas and plantains), from which also starch, sugar, vinegar, and alcoholic liquor are made. Some species are used as ornamental plants. [Subfamily
MUSOIDEAE.]  Musa L.

Leaves 2-ranked. Partial inflorescences cymose. Flowers hermaphrodite.
Sepals free or the lateral ones united with the petals. Fruit capsular.
[Subfamily STRELITZIOIDEAE.]  2

2. Odd sepal posterior. Petals united at the base. Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell. Fruit opening septicidally. Seeds without an aril.—Species
1. Naturalised on the Canary Islands. An ornamental plant; the root-stock is edible. [Tribe HELICONIEAE.]  Heliconia L.

Odd sepal anterior. Petals free, at least one of them. Ovules many in each ovary-cell. Fruit opening loculicidally. Seeds with an aril.
[Tribe STRELITZIEAE.]  3

3. Petals very unequal, the two lateral ones elongated, connate on one side, provided with a wing-like appendage on the other, the third petal very short. Stamens 5. Aril yellow. Inflorescence few-flowered. Stem moderately tall.—Species 4. South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Plate 23.)  Strelitzia L.

Petals subequal, free, without an appendage. Stamens 6. Aril blue.
Inflorescence many-flowered. Stem very tall. Species 1 (R. madagascariensis
Sonn., traveller’s tree). Madagascar and Mascarene Islands.
The leaves are used in house-building; their sheaths retain much water; the sap also furnishes a drink. The seeds are edible and yield a fat.  Ravenala Adans.

FAMILY 40. ZINGIBERACEAE

Herbs. Stem simple, springing from a root-stock. Leaves stalked or provided with a sheath, oblong or lanceolate. Flowers in spikes racemes heads or panicles, more or less irregular, hermaphrodite, very rarely dioecious. Perianth consisting of a calyx and a corolla. Sepals united below. Petals subequal, united below. Fertile stamen 1. Anther 2-celled, opening by longitudinal slits. Staminodes 1-3, petal-like, at least one of them (the lip). Ovary inferior, more or less completely 3-celled. Ovules numerous. Style enclosed in a groove of the filament. Stigma funnel-shaped. Fruit a capsule or a berry. Seed with a straight embryo and mealy albumen.—Genera 11, species 120. Tropical and South-east Africa. (Under SCITAMINEAE.) (Plate 24.)

1. Leaves spirally arranged; sheath at first closed, articulated with the petiole. Filaments petal-like. Lateral staminodes wanting. Epigynous glands none. Stem and leaves not aromatic.—Species 35. Central
Africa. Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants and in the preparation of rubber. (Including Cadalvena Fenzl). [Subfamily
COSTOIDEAE.]  Costus L.

Leaves two-ranked; sheath split open, not articulated with the petiole.
Epigynous glands present, often style-like. Stem and leaves aromatic.
[Subfamily ZINGIBEROIDEAE.]  2

2. Lateral staminodes petal-like, but sometimes adnate to the lip, which then appears 3-lobed. [Tribe HEDYCHIEAE.]  3

Lateral staminodes linear, tooth-like, or wanting; in the latter case lip not distinctly 3-lobed. [Tribe ZINGIBEREAE.]  5

3. Connective spurred. Lateral staminodes adnate below to the filament of the fertile stamen.—Species 1 (C. longa L.). Cultivated and sometimes naturalised in the tropics. The root-stock yields starch, condiments, medicaments, perfumes, and dyeing-materials (turmeric); the leaves are used for plaiting-work.  Curcuma L.

Connective not spurred. Lateral staminodes free from the filament of the fertile stamen.  4

4. Connective with a crest-like appendage. Filament short. Lateral staminodes broad.—Species 15. Central and South-east Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants.  Kaempfera L.

Connective without an appendage. Filament long. Lateral staminodes narrow. Inflorescence terminating the leafy stem.—Species 3, two of them natives of Madagascar, the third naturalised in the tropics. Ornamental plants; the tubers yield condiments, perfumes, and medicaments.  Hedychium Koen.

5. Connective with a distinct appendage. Flowering stem separated from the leafy stem.  6

Connective without a distinct appendage.  8

6. Connective with a grooved beak. Lip 3-lobed.—Species 2. Cultivated and sometimes naturalised in the tropics. The root-stock is used as a condiment, especially for the preparation of liquors, and in medicine.
“Ginger.”  Zingiber L.

Connective with an oblong or 3-lobed, not grooved appendage. Lip not distinctly 3-lobed.  7

7. Connective with an entire, oblong appendage. Filament adnate to the base of the lip. Inflorescence lax.—Species 2. West Africa (Cameroons) and Madagascar.  Aulotandra Gagnepain

Connective with a 3-lobed appendage. Filament free from the lip. Inflorescence dense.—Species 50. Tropics. The fruits (grains of paradise) of several species (especially A. melegueta Roscoe) are used as a condiment and for the preparation of perfumes and medicaments; others serve as ornamental plants. (Under Amomum L.) (Plate 24.)  Aframomum K. Schum.

8. Filament long. Lip not distinctly clawed. Inflorescence terminating the leafy stem.—Species 3. Naturalised in the tropical regions. Ornamental plants.  Alpinia L.

Filament short. Lip clawed.  9

9. Lip entire, rhomboidical, adnate to the filament at the base. Epigynous glands lobed. Flowering stem separated from the leafy stem. Inflorescence very dense, almost head-like, surrounded by a coloured involucre.—Species 1. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Used as an ornamental plant, the fruit as a condiment. (Nicolaia Horan., under Amomum L.)  Phaeomeria Lindl.

Lip more or less distinctly 3-lobed, free from the filament.  10

10. Fruit indehiscent. Seeds without an aril. Corolla-tube slightly exceeding the calyx. Stigma small. Inflorescence springing from the base of the leafy stem, lax, paniculate.—Species 1 (E. Cardamomum White et Maton). Cultivated in the tropics and naturalised in the Mascarene
Islands. The fruits (cardamoms) are used as a condiment and for the preparation of perfumes and medicaments.  Elettaria Maton

Fruit dehiscent. Seeds with an aril. Calyx closed in bud. Inflorescence usually terminal.—Species 15. Central Africa. (Ethanium Salisb.)  Renealmia L. f.

FAMILY 41. CANNACEAE

Herbs. Leaves large, penninerved. Inflorescence spicate or formed of cymes. Flowers irregular and asymmetrical, hermaphrodite. Sepals free. Petals united below. Fertile stamen single, 1-celled, the barren half leaf-like. Staminodes leaf-like. Ovary inferior, 3-celled, with numerous inverted ovules. Style and stigma simple. Fruit capsular. Seeds albuminous; embryo straight. (Under SCITAMINEAE.)

Genus 1, species 5. Cultivated and sometimes naturalised in various regions.
They yield starch, vegetables, medicaments, and dyeing materials, and are also used as ornamental plants. “Indian shot.”  Canna L.

FAMILY 42. MARANTACEAE

Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves stalked, with a swelling in the upper part of the stalk, penninerved. Inflorescence spicate, capitate, or paniculate. Flowers irregular and asymmetrical, hermaphrodite. Sepals free. Petals united below. Fertile stamen single, 1-celled. Staminodes 2-4, petal-like. Ovary inferior, 1-or 3-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, inverted. Style simple; stigma entire or lobed. Seeds with a mealy albumen and a curved embryo.—Genera 12, species 60. Tropics. (Under SCITAMINEAE.) (Plate 25.)

1. Ovary 1-celled. [Tribe MARANTEAE.]  2

Ovary 3-celled, but the ovules of 2 cells sometimes abortive. [Tribe
PHRYNIEAE.]  3

2. Corolla-tube very short. Staminodes 3, one of them with two filiform appendages. Fruit indehiscent. Bracts enclosing one pair of flowers each.—Species 7. Central Africa. Used as ornamental plants.  Thalia L.

Corolla-tube long. Staminodes 4. Fruit dehiscent. Bracts enclosing
3 pairs of flowers each.—Species 1 (M. arundinacea L.) Cultivated and sometimes naturalised in the tropics. The root-stock contains starch (arrow-root).  Maranta L.

3. Staminodes 2. Fruit winged. Inflorescence spike-like, springing from the root-stock. Bracts enclosing one pair of flowers each.—Species
1. West Africa. The fruits are edible and contain sugar.  Thaumatococcus Benth.

Staminodes 4, rarely 3.  4

4. Bracts approximated in one row, enclosing two pairs of flowers each. Ovary with 1 fertile and 2 sterile cells.—Species 1. Madagascar. (Under
Myrosma Benth. or Phrynium Willd.)  Ctenophrynium K. Schum.

Bracts in two opposite rows.  5

5. Flower-pairs with small, thickened, almost gland-like scales inserted above the bracts and the 2-keeled bracteoles which usually accompany the bracts.  6

Flower-pairs without gland-like scales above the bracts and bracteoles.  8

6. Ovary and fruit smooth, the latter fleshy. Leaves having the larger half all on the same side. Herbs with a simple stem. Inflorescence panicle-, very rarely spike-like.—Species 13. West Africa. Some have edible fruits. (Under Phrynium Willd. or Phyllodes Lour.)  Sarcophrynium K. Schum.

Ovary and fruit covered with pointed protuberances, the latter dry. Leaves having the larger half some on the right, some on the left side. Undershrubs or climbing herbs with a branched stem. Inflorescence spike-like.  7

7. Fruit dehiscent, covered with small protuberances. Seeds with an aril.
Flower-pairs without a bracteole.—Species 1. West Africa. (Under
Trachyphrynium Benth.)  Hybophrynium K. Schum.

Fruit indehiscent, covered with large protuberances. Seeds without an aril. Flower-pairs with a bracteole.—Species 6. West Africa.  Trachyphrynium Benth.

8. Inflorescence springing from the root-stock and separated from the 1-leafed stem, spike-like. Inner staminodes, at least one of them, equalling the outer.—Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. (Under Calathea
Mey.)  Afrocalathea K. Schum.

Inflorescence terminating the leafy, sometimes very short stem or its branches.  9

9. Inner staminodes larger than the outer, the hooded one without a strap-shaped appendage. Bracts enclosing 2-4 sessile pairs of flowers each.
Inflorescence head-like. Stem branched.—Species 1. Equatorial West
Africa (Gaboon).  Ataenidia Gagnepain

Inner staminodes smaller than the outer.  10

10. Sepals very unequal. Fruit dry, indehiscent, with adnate seeds. Inflorescence consisting of 2-3 spikes. Bracts enclosing one pair of flowers each, persistent.—Species 1. Equatorial Africa. Used in the preparation of salt. (Under Clinogyne Benth. or Donax Lour.)  Halopegia K. Schum.

Sepals subequal. Bracts usually enclosing 2-4 pairs of flowers each.  11

11. Inflorescence head-like. Bracts persistent.—Species 2. West Africa.
(Under Calathea Mey.)  Phrynium Willd.

Inflorescence raceme- or panicle-like. Bracts deciduous.—Species 25.
West Africa, Upper Nile, and Island of Réunion. Some species yield starch or fibre. (Donax Lour., including Marantochloa Griseb.) (Plate
25.)  Clinogyne Salisb.

ORDER MICROSPERMAE

SUBORDER BURMANNIINEAE

FAMILY 43. BURMANNIACEAE

Herbs. Leaves narrow or scale-like. Flowers solitary or in cymose, usually spike-like inflorescences, regular or nearly so, hermaphrodite or polygamous. Perianth-segments 3 or 6, petaloid, united below. Stamens 3, opposite the inner perianth-segments, or 6. Ovary inferior, 1-or 3-celled. Ovules numerous, inverted. Style 3-or 6-cleft. Fruit dry, dehiscing by slits or irregularly. Seeds albuminous; testa loose.—Genera 4, species 15. Tropical and South Africa.

1. Anthers erect, opening transversely, 3. Style long, with 3 stigmas. [Tribe
BURMANNIEAE.]  2

Anthers recurved, opening lengthwise. Style short. [Tribe THISMIEAE.]  3

2. Ovary 1-celled.—Species 3. Central Africa.  Gymnosiphon Blume

Ovary 3-celled.—Species 10. Tropical and South Africa. Burmannia L.

3. Corolla regular. Stamens 3; connective without an appendage. Stigma
3-parted.—Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons).  Oxygyne Schlecht.

Corolla irregular. Stamens 6; connective with an appendage. Stigma
6-toothed.—Species 2. West Africa (Cameroons). (Under Thismia
Griff.)  Afrothismia (Engl.) Schlecht.

SUBORDER GYNANDRAE

FAMILY 44. ORCHIDACEAE

Leaves with longitudinal nerves. Inflorescence of the racemose type. Flowers irregular. Perianth more or less corolla-like or distinguished into calyx and corolla, one of the petals or segments (the lip) distinctly differing from the others. Receptacle usually continued beyond the ovary and forming the column upon which the stigma and the anther are inserted. Fertile stamen 1, belonging to the outer whorl. Staminodes sometimes present. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, with numerous parietal ovules. Stigmas or stigma-lobes 3, one of them rudimentary or transformed into the rostellum, to which the pollen-masses adhere. Seeds very small, exalbuminous; embryo imperfectly developed.—Genera 96, species 1600. (Plate 26.)

1. Pollen-masses with basal, stalk-like appendages, which adhere to the sticky, gland-like appendages of the rostellum. Root thickened into tubers. [Tribe OPHRYDEAE.]  2

Pollen-masses with apical appendages or without appendages.  37

2. Anther reflected, forming an angle with the column. Lip with 2 spurs or without a spur, but sometimes saccate or bearing appendages on the back.  3

Anther erect, having the same direction as the column, rarely slightly reflected, but then lip with one spur.  14

3. Lip partly adnate to the column, usually bearing on its upper face a large appendage. Petals broad, converging and usually cohering with the middle sepal into a hood. [Subtribe CORYCIINAE.]  4

Lip free from the column, inserted at its base, rarely shortly adnate to it, but then petals not distinctly converging into a hood. [Subtribe SATYRIINAE.]  7

4. Lateral sepals united nearly to the apex.—Species 10. South Africa.  Corycium Swartz

Lateral sepals free.  5

5. Lateral sepals spurred or saccate.—Species 30. Southern and tropical
Africa.  Disperis Swartz

Lateral sepals flat.  6

6. Column short. Lip broad at the base. Connective dilated.—Species
15. South Africa. (Including Ommatodium Lindl.)  Pterygodium Swartz

Column long. Lip clawed. Connective not dilated.—Species 8. South
Africa (Cape Colony).  Ceratandra Eckl.

7. Lip posticous (uppermost), produced behind into a pair of descending spurs or sacs.—Species 90. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used in medicine. (Including Aviceps Lindl. and Satyridium Lindl.)  Satyrium Swartz

Lip usually anticous, not spurred, but sometimes with a sac-like cavity.  8

8. Odd sepal spurred or gibbous.  9

Odd sepal neither spurred nor gibbous.  13

9. Lip more or less saccate at the base.  10

Lip flat.  11

10. Lip very small, adnate to the column. Stem rather rigid. Leaves in the middle of the stem.—Species 9. South Africa and mountains of the tropics.  Brownleea Harv.

Lip rather large, free from the column. Stem very flexible. Leaves at the base of the stem.—Species 6. South Africa (Cape Colony).
(Under Disa Berg).  Schizodium Lindl.

11. Rostellum with 2 distinct glands, to which the pollen-masses are attached; side-lobes exceeding the middle-lobe.—Species 110. Southern and tropical Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including
Penthea Lindl.)  Disa Berg

Rostellum with one gland; sides-lobes, if present, not exceeding the middle-lobe.  12

12. Stigma 2-parted. Rostellum with 3 narrow, subequal lobes.—Species
10. South Africa to Nyasaland. (Under Disa Berg).  Herschelia Lindl.

Stigma entire. Rostellum more or less hood-shaped, large.—Species
15. South Africa. (Under Disa Berg).  Monadenia Lindl.

13. Petals much narrower than the odd sepal, kneed. Lip kidney-shaped.
Stigma not extended in two branches.—Species 1. South Africa (Cape
Colony). (Under Disa Berg).  Forficaria Lindl.

Petals and sepals subequal. Stigma with 2 erect, linear branches.—Species
2. South Africa (Cape Colony).  Pachites Lindl.

14. (2.) Stigma extended into two, usually elongated processes. [Subtribe
HABENARIINAE.]  15

Stigma not extended into processes, rather flat. Column very short.  21

15. Stigmatic processes short, adnate to the lip. Rostellum small, not prolonged into anther-channels. Column very short.—Species 10. Tropics.
(Under Habenaria L. or Platanthera Rich.)  Peristylus Blume

Stigmatic processes free  16

16. Column long, curved. Rostellum not prolonged into anther-channels.
Perianth subglobose.— Species 1. Mascarene Islands.  Acrostylia Frapp.

Column short  17

17. Rostellum or stigmatic processes 2-cleft. Base of the anther not enclosed by a channel, but prolonged into solid processes.—Species 7. Central
Africa. (Under Habenaria Willd.)  Roeperocharis Reichb.

Rostellum and stigmatic processes entire, the former prolonged at the base into two lateral anther-channels.  18

18. Anther reflected. Stigma broad.  19

Anther erect. Stigma more or less slender.  20

19. Middle-lobe of the rostellum exceeding the side-lobes. Lip linear, entire, with a long spur. Petals broad.—Species 1. Southern West Africa.
(Under Habenaria Willd.)  Barlaea Reichb. fil.

Middle-lobe of the rostellum equalling the side-lobes. Lip oblong or broader, usually lobed.—Species 40. Tropical and South-east Africa.
(Cynosorchis Thouars, including Amphorchis Thouars, Hemiperis Frapp., and Camilleugenia Frapp.)  Cynorchis Thouars

20. Stigmatic processes diverging at a right angle. Spur short.—Species 1.
North-west Africa. (Tinea Biv.)  Neotinea Reichb. fil.

Stigmatic processes nearly parallel.—Species 210. (Including Bonatea
Willd., Platycoryne Reichb., and Podandria Rolfe).  Habenaria Willd.

21. (14.) Glands of the rostellum enclosed in 1-2 pouches proceeding from the rostellum and persisting when the glands are removed. [Subtribe
SERAPIADINAE.]  22

Glands of the rostellum enclosed by the processes of the anther or naked, rarely covered by a thin pellicle proceeding from the rostellum and carried away with the glands upon removal. [Subtribe GYMNADENIINAE.]  27

22. Glands enclosed in 2 separate pouches. Lip not spurred, usually convex, gibbous and hairy.—Species 10. North Africa. The tubers yield medicaments (salep) and mucilage.  Ophrys L.

Glands enclosed in a common pouch.  23

23. Glands 2, free. Lip spurred.—Species 20. North Africa. The tubers yield medicaments (salep) and mucilage.  Orchis L.

Glands united into one.  24

24. Connective distinctly elongated. Rostellum laterally compressed. Lip not spurred; middle-lobe entire.—Species 4. North-west Africa.
They yield medicaments and mucilage.  Serapias L.

Connective not or scarcely elongated. Rostellum conical at the apex.
Lip spurred, rarely without a spur, but then with a 2-cleft middle-lobe.  25

25. Lip with a long spur and two protuberances at the base, equally 3-lobed, flat in the bud.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). It yields medicaments and mucilage. (Under Orchis L.)  Anacamptis Rich.

Lip with a short spur or without a spur, with unequal lobes, bent inwards or rolled up in the bud.  26

26. Middle-lobe of the lip very long, strap-shaped, spirally coiled in the bud.—Species
1. North-west Africa (Algeria). (Under Aceras R. Br. or
Orchis L.)  Himantoglossum Spreng.

Middle-lobe of the lip moderately long, 2-cleft, bent over the anther in the
bud.—Species 2. North Africa. (Including Barlia Parl.)  Aceras R. Br.

27. (21.) Glands of the rostellum transversely connate. Rostellum narrow.
Stigmatic surface small. Basal appendages of the pollen-masses short.
Column short. Lip with a short spur.—Species 40. Tropical and South
Africa. (Including Bucculina Lindl., Deroemeria Reichb. fil., Monotris
Lindl., Saccidium Lindl., Scopularia Lindl., and Tryphia Lindl.)  Holothrix L. C. Rich.

Glands of the rostellum free.  28

28. Glands large, surrounded by a thin membrane, which proceeds from the rostellum and is removed together with the glands. Lip with a very short spur. Flowers very small.—Species 1. Island of Réunion.  Herminium L.

Glands naked, rarely enclosed by processes of the anther, but then small.  29

29. Petals clawed; blade deeply concave, fringed. Lip fringed, not spurred.—Species
4. South Africa. (Including Hallackia Harv.)  Huttonaea Harv.

Petals not clawed, flat or slightly concave.  30

30. Rostellum forming a narrow fold between the anther-cells.  31

Rostellum broad, triangular, placed below the anther-cells.  33

31. Column short. Stigmatic surfaces convex. Lip shortly or not spurred.
Flowers yellow or white.—Species 5. South Africa and southern East
Africa. (Schizochilus Sond.)  Gymnadenia R. Br.

Column long. Stigmatic surfaces concave.  32

32. Petals partly adnate to the column. Lip not spurred. Sepals and petals subequal.—Species 1. South Africa. (Under Brachycorythis Lindl.)  Neobolusia Schlecht.

Petals inserted below the column.—Species 25. Tropical and South Africa.
(Including Schwartzkopffia Kraenzl., under Platanthera Rich.)  Brachycorythis Lindl.

33. Lip with a spur.  34

Lip without a spur.  36

34. Lip 3-lobed, the side-lobes inflexed, covering the mouth of the spur.—Species
3. Madagascar.  Bicornella Lindl.

Lip 3-lobed, with erect or spreading side-lobes, or undivided.  35

35. Lip fringed. Anther-cells approximate and parallel.—Species 2. South
Africa.  Bartholina R. Br.

Lip entire or crenate. Anther-cells divergent.—Species 20. The tubers yield medicaments (salep) and mucilage. (Including Gennaria Parl., under Habenaria Willd.)  Platanthera L. C. Rich.

36. Lip 3-lobed. Column with 2 basal staminodes. Basal appendages of the pollen-masses very short.—Species 3. South Africa and southern East
Africa.  Stenoglottis Lindl.

Lip undivided. Column without distinct staminodes.—Species 2. Madagascar and Mascarenes. Arnottia A. Rich.

37. (1.) Pollen-masses soft, granular. Anthers usually persistent and withering.
Inflorescence terminal. Leaves rolled up in the bud, with overlapping
edges. Usually terrestrial herbs. [Tribe NEOTTIEAE.]  38
Pollen-masses firm, waxy. Anthers usually deciduous. Inflorescence lateral, more rarely terminal, but then leaves folded lengthwise in the bud.  55

38. Anther erect and greatly exceeding the rostellum, or inclined and incumbent upon the rostellum. Pollen-masses granular or powdery. Rostellum not distinctly notched after the removal of the pollen-masses, or not distinctly cohering with them.  39

Anther about equalling the rostellum, erect, rarely incumbent, but then pollen-masses divided into a number of large angular sections. Rostellum usually distinctly notched after the removal of the pollen-masses.  47

39. Lip distinctly articulated into 2-3 portions placed one behind the other.
Anther erect. [Subtribe CEPHALANTHERINAE.]  40

Lip not distinctly articulated, embracing the column. Anther more or less incumbent.  42

40. Lip produced into a spur. Leaves replaced by scales. Plants of a violet colour.—Species 2. North-west Africa (Algeria).  Limodorum L. C. Rich.

Lip not distinctly spurred. Leaves perfectly developed.  41

41. Lip saccate at the base; the terminal portion oblong and enclosed by the connivent sepals.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria).  Cephalanthera L. C. Rich.

Lip concave, but not saccate at the base; the terminal portion broad and projecting between the spreading sepals.—Species 4. North-west
Africa and northern East Africa. (Helleborine Hill).  Epipactis L. C. Rich.

42. Sepals and petals united below. Leafless herbs. [Subtribe GASTRODIINAE.]  43

Sepals and petals free.  44

43. Sepals and petals united high up, very unequal. Lip ovate, with 2 gibbosities at the base. Column short. Anther incumbent. Root-stock branched. Flowers large, in few-flowered spikes.—Species 1. West
Africa (Cameroons).  Gastrodia R. Br.

Sepals and petals united at the base only, subequal. Lip spatulate, not gibbous. Column long. Anther suberect. Rootstock tuberous, spindle-shaped. Flowers very small, in many-flowered racemes.—Species
1. West Africa (Cameroons).  Auxopus Schlecht.

44. Stem climbing. Seed-coat crusty or winged. [Subtribe VANILLINAE.]  45

Stem erect. Seed-coat membranous, not winged. [Subtribe POGONIINAE.]  46

45. Lip adnate to the column. Fruit fleshy. Seeds not winged. Usually leafy plants.—Species 15. Tropics. Two of the species (especially
V. planifolia Andr.) are cultivated for their fruits, which are used as condiments and for the preparation of perfumes. Some species are used as ornamental plants.  Vanilla Swartz

Lip not adnate to the column. Fruit dry. Seeds winged. Leafless
plants.—Species 1. Comoro Islands.  Galeola Lour.

46. Lip spurred or saccate. Column short. Leaves wanting.—Species 1.
West Africa (Cameroons). (Under Epipogon Gmel.)  Galera Blume

Lip neither spurred nor saccate. Column long. Leaves stalked, usually separated from the flowering stem.—Species 10. Tropics to Transvaal.
(Including Apostellis Thouars, under Pogonia Juss.)  Nervilia Gaud.

47. (38.) Pollen-masses divided into a moderate number of rather large, angular segments. Leaves not folded lengthwise. [Subtribe PHYSURINAE.]  48

Pollen-masses not divided into several large segments.  53

48. Pollen-masses connected with the glands of the rostellum by a strap-shaped stalk detached from the tissue of the rostellum.  49

Pollen-masses or their appendages adhering directly to the glands of the rostellum.  50

49. Column with 2 narrow, erect arms. Sepals usually united to the middle.
Lip with two protuberances at the base and with a two-lobed blade.—Species
4. West Africa, Madagascar, Comoro Islands.  Cheirostylis Blume

Column without erect arms, but sometimes auricled. Sepals free.—Species
9. Tropical and South-east Africa. (Including Monochilus
Blume).  Zeuxine Lindl.

50. Lip similar to the other petals, oblong, slightly concave. Stigmas free, erect, one on each side of the rather long rostellum.—Species 2. Madagascar and Mascarene Islands.  Gymnochilus Blume

Lip distinctly differing from the other petals.  51

51. Column long. Sepals connivent into a tube at the base. Lip with an oblong blade.—Species 6. Comoro Islands, Seychelles, Natal, West
Africa.  Platylepis A. Rich.

Column short.  52

52. Stigma with a papillose protuberance on each side. Lip tubercled at the base, with a distinctly limited broad blade.—Species 3. Mascarenes,
Seychelles, Comoro Islands, and Cameroons.  Hetaeria Blume

Stigma simple. Lip not tubercled, but sometimes hairy at the base; blade not distinctly separated, undivided, bent back at the tip.—Species 3.
Mascarene Islands and Madeira. Used as ornamental plants.  Goodyera R. Br.

53. (47.) Leaves firm, folded lengthwise. Flowers in panicles. Lip narrow below, broadened above. Pollen-masses affixed to a slender stalk arising from the rostellum; gland peltate.—Species 2. Tropics. (Corymbis
Lindl.) [Subtribe TROPIDIINAE.]  Corymborchis Thouars

Leaves soft, not folded, sometimes scale-like. Flowers in spikes.  54

54. Sepals and petals united into a long tube. Lip uppermost, with 2 lateral appendages. Column elongated, two-winged.—Species 1. West Africa.
[Subtribe CRANICHIDINAE.]  Manniella Reichb. fil.

Sepals and petals free or almost so, suberect. Lip below. Inflorescence
one-sided.—Species 2. North-west Africa (Algeria). [Subtribe SPIRANTHINAE.]  Spiranthes L. C. Rich.

55. (37.) Inflorescence terminal. Leaves folded lengthwise before expansion.  56

Inflorescence lateral.  65

56. Pollen-masses 8, without an appendage. Lip saccate at the base. Leaves jointed at the upper end of the sheath. Inflorescence head-like.—Species
1. Madagascar and Seychelles. [Tribe GLOMEREAE.]  Agrostophyllum Blume

Pollen-masses 2-4.  57

57. Column extended below into a foot forming with the base of the perianth
a chin or spur. Pollen-masses attached to a short, sometimes scarcely perceptible stalk arising from the rostellum. Mostly epiphytic plants.
[Tribe POLYSTACHYEAE.]  58

Column not extended into a foot. Pollen-masses without appendages.
Sepals and petals usually bent backwards. [Tribe LIPARIDEAE.]  61

58. Lip spurred, 3-lobed. Pollen-masses 2, grooved. Leaves not jointed, linear. Joints of the stem swollen.—Species 6. South Africa. (Under
Eulophia R. Br.)  Acrolophia Pfitz.

Lip not spurred. Leaves usually jointed.  59

59. Lip undivided. Chin weakly developed. Column short and thick. Stem slender.—Species 1. German East Africa.  Neobenthamia Rolfe

Lip 3-lobed.  60

60. Lateral sepals forming with the column a weakly developed chin.
Side-lobes of the lip embracing the column. Column slender. Stem slightly thickened.—Species 6. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants.  Ansellia Lindl.

Lateral sepals forming with the column a strongly developed chin. Side-lobes of the lip small. Column short and broad. Stem usually thickened into pseudo bulbs.—Species 120. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including Epiphora Lindl.)  Polystachya Lindl.

61. Anther erect. Leaves not jointed.  62

Anther inclined to horizontal.  63

62. Anther adnate to the rostellum; cells widely diverging, opening laterally.
Column long.—Species 1. West Africa.  Orestia Ridl.

Anther deciduous, opening inwards. Column short. Lip uppermost.—Species
4. West Africa and Comoro Islands.  Microstylis Nutt.

63. Leaves not jointed. Lip more or less distinctly clawed. Column slender.—Species
30. Tropical and South Africa.  Liparis L. C. Rich.

Leaves jointed between sheath and blade. Lip not distinctly clawed.  64

64. Stem with pseudobulbs. Leaf-blade horizontally flattened.—Species 1.
Mascarene Islands. (Cestichis Thouars, under Liparis Rich.)  Stichorchis Thouars

Stem without pseudobulbs. Leaf-blade placed vertically, fleshy. Lip uppermost, concave at the base.—Species 1. Tropics.  Oberonia Lindl.

65. (55.) Leaves with convolute praefoliation (i.e. rolled lengthwise in the bud, one edge overlapping the other). Stem not swollen, or several joints
of the stem equally thickened. Mostly terrestrial herbs.  66
Leaves with conduplicate praefoliation (i.e. folded together along the midrib in the bud, their edges being applied to each other without overlapping).
Mostly epiphytic herbs.  73

66. Pollen-masses 2-4, without appendages, attached to the glands of the rostellum by a stalk produced from the latter. Leaves usually jointed.
[Tribe CYRTOPODIEAE.]  67

Pollen-masses 8, appendaged, without a stalk produced from the rostellum.
Leaves usually continuous. [Tribe PHAIEAE.]  71

67. Lip produced into a spur or pouch at the base.  68

Lip without a spur or pouch.  69

68. Sepals narrower and less coloured than the petals, usually reflected. Petals erect or spreading.—Species 90. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants.  Lissochilus R. Br.

Sepals and petals equal or nearly so, spreading.—Species 130. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield medicaments (salep) and mucilage or serve as ornamental plants. (Including Cyrtopera Lindl. and Orthochilus
Hochst.)  Eulophia R. Br.

69. Column with 2 basal lobes projecting upon the base of the lip.—Species 4.
East Africa.  Pteroglossaspis Reichb. fil.

Column without appendages.  70

70. Lip and lateral sepals inserted on the foot of the column, the former with
a narrow, the latter with a broad base.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Eulophiella Rolfe

Lip inserted on the foot of the column, the lateral sepals on the margin of the ovary, both with a narrow base.—Species 1. Madagascar and
Mascarene Islands. The pseudobulbs yield mucilage.  Cyrtopodium R. Br.

71. Leaves jointed at the upper end of the sheath. Inflorescence 2-3-flowered.
Lip slightly saccate. Column rather long, with short, roundish wings.
Pollen-masses affixed to a single appendage.—Species 2. West Africa.
Used as ornamental plants. (Under Pachystoma Reichb. fil.)  Ancistrochilus Rolfe

Leaves not jointed. Inflorescence usually many-flowered. Lip clasping the column or adnate to it, usually spurred.  72

72. Lip adnate to the column; blade spreading, 3-4-lobed. Column short.—Species
9. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants.  Calanthe R. Br.

Lip free, clasping the column or broadly concave at the base. Column slender.—Species 7. Madagascar and neighbouring islands, West
Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants or yield dye-stuffs.  Phaius Lour.

73. (65.) Leafy stems with indeterminate apical growth; side-shoots weakly developed or wanting. Inflorescences or solitary flowers axillary.
Epiphytes without pseudobulbs. Lip continuous with the base of the
column. [Tribe SARCANTHEAE, subtribe AERIDINAE.]  74
Leafy stems with determinate apical growth; annual shoots arising laterally at their base and forming a sympodium. Mostly epiphytes with pseudobulbs. Lip more or less distinctly articulated with the foot of the column.  86

74. Lip not spurred. Sepals and petals long and narrow, spreading. Pollen-masses without an appendage. Leaves broad.—Species 2. Island of
Réunion.  Bonniera Cord.

Lip spurred.  75

75. Lateral sepals inserted on the foot of the column, forming a chin. Lip entire, smooth, shortly spurred.—Species 10. Madagascar and neighbouring islands, Cameroons. Some are used as ornamental plants.  Aeranthus Lindl.

Lateral sepals inserted on the apex of the ovary. Column not prolonged into a foot.  76

76. Pollen-masses upon a single, sometimes 2-cleft or almost imperceptible stalk.  77

Pollen-masses with 2 stalks, which are entirely distinct or united by the gland only.  81

77. Stalk of the pollen-masses 2-cleft.—Species 10. Madagascar and the neighbouring islands, West Africa. (Including Ancistrorhynchus Finet,
Dicranotaenia Finet, and Monixus Finet, under Angrecum Thouars).  Aerangis Reichb. fil.

Stalk of the pollen-masses simple.  78

78. Stalk of the pollen-masses broadened above or throughout, sometimes almost imperceptible. Lip with a long and thin spur.—Species 120.
Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including Lepervenchea Cord., Radinocion Ridl., and Rhaphidorhynchus
Finet).  Angrecum Thouars

Stalk of the pollen-masses thread-like.  79

79. Lip hood-shaped, entire, covering the column. Sepals and petals connivent.—Species
1. West Africa (Cameroons). (Under Angrecum Thou. or Saccolabium Blume).  Calyptrochilus Kraenzl.

Lip not covering the column.  80

80. Lip directed upwards. Flowers fleshy, rather small.—Species 4. Madagascar and neighbouring islands, Equatorial East Africa. Used as ornamental plants. (Under Saccolabium Blume).  Acampe Lindl.

Lip directed downwards.—Species 3. Madagascar and neighbouring islands, West Africa. Used as ornamental plants.  Saccolabium Blume

81. Pollen-masses affixed to the surface of two oblong scales. Lip entire, with a long spur.—Species 20. Madagascar and neighbouring islands,
West Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Under Angrecum
Thou.)  Macroplectrum Pfitz.

Pollen-masses affixed to thin, not scale-like, but sometimes very short
stalks.  82

82. Gland of the rostellum covered by scales. Petals 2-4-lobed. Lip with
a long spur, a clawed 3-5-lobed middle-lobe, and incurved sickle-shaped side-lobes.—Species 1. Madagascar and Mascarenes.  Cryptopus Lindl.

Gland of the rostellum without scales.  83

83. Lip with a short, conical spur; side-lobes embracing the column.—Species
9. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. (Aeonia Lindl.)  Oeonia Lindl.

Lip with a long, thread- or club-shaped spur.  84

84. Sepals unequal, the lateral much longer than the middle one, united with the petals above. Lip deeply 3-cleft. Stem climbing.—Species
1. German East Africa.  Angrecopsis Kraenzl.

Sepals and petals subequal, free.  85

85. Sepals and petals erect. Lip entire. Pollen-masses with very short stalks.—Species 1. Island of Réunion. (Pectinaria Cord., under
Angrecum Thou., Macroplectrum Pfitz. or Mystacidium Lindl.)  Ctenorchis K. Schum.

Sepals and petals spreading.  86

86. Column bent backwards. Stalks of the pollen-masses attached to a common gland.—Species 70. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Plate 26.)  Listrostachys Reichb. fil.

Column straight. Stalks of the pollen-masses usually attached to two separate glands.—Species 40. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including Gussonia A. Rich.)  Mystacidium Lindl.

87. (73.) Pollen-masses 2, grooved, with a large transverse appendage at the base, attached to the gland of the rostellum by a broad stalk. Lip usually large. Pseudobulbs formed by several internodes, rarely by a single one or wanting. [Tribe CYMBIDIEAE.]  88

Pollen-masses 4, rarely 2, without an appendage and usually without a stalk. Lip usually small. Pseudobulbs formed by a single internode, bearing one or two leaves.  92

88. Lip distinctly spurred.  89

Lip not distinctly spurred.  90

89. Pollen-masses grooved. Stem with a pseudobulb.—Species 5. Madagascar and Mascarenes. (Under Eulophia R. Br.)  Eulophiopsis Pfitz.

Pollen-masses not grooved. Stem without pseudobulbs.—Species 1.
Madagascar.  Lemurorchis Kraenzl.

90. Pollen-masses attached to two processes of the stalk. Stem slender, without pseudobulbs, many-leaved.—Species 1. Madagascar. Used as an ornamental plant.  Grammatophyllum Blume

Pollen-masses attached to a common stalk without processes. Stem with more or less distinct pseudobulbs.  91

91. Pseudobulbs enveloped by the sheaths of the leaves inserted below and
upon them.—Species 4. Madagascar. Used as ornamental plants.  Cymbidium Swartz
Pseudobulbs bearing leaves at the top only, hence not enveloped by sheaths.
Lateral sepals forming with the foot of the column a distinct chin.—Species
2. Madagascar. Used as ornamental plants.  Grammangis Reichb. fil.

92. Pollen-masses attached to a scale-like stalk. Lip spurred, 3-lobed.—Species
2. West Africa. Used as ornamental plants. (Under Eulophia
R. Br.) [Tribe MAXILLARIEAE.]  Eulophidium Pfitz.

Pollen-masses without a stalk, rarely with a linear stalk. Lip small, not distinctly spurred, usually entire. [Tribe BOLBOPHYLLEAE.]  93

93. Pollen-masses with a stalk. Lateral sepals somewhat longer than the dorsal one. Flowers in racemes. Stem creeping.—Species 3. West
Africa. (Under Bolbophyllum Thou. or Polystachya Lindl.)  Genyorchis Schlecht.

Pollen-masses without a stalk.  94

94. Lateral sepals much longer than the dorsal one, free at the base, united towards the tip. Inflorescence almost umbel-like.—Species 1. Madagascar,
Mascarenes, East Africa. Used as an ornamental plant. (Under
Bolbophyllum Thou.)  Cirrhopetalum Lindl.

Lateral sepals shorter or somewhat longer than the dorsal one or equalling it, free or almost so. Flowers in spikes or racemes, rarely solitary.  95

95. Lateral sepals much shorter than the dorsal one. Inflorescence with a dilated, almost leaf-like rachis.—Species 40. Tropical and South-East
Africa. Some species are used as ornamental plants.  Megaclinium Lindl.

Lateral sepals about as long as or longer than the dorsal one. Inflorescence with a cylindrical rachis.—Species 90. Tropical and South-East Africa.
Some are used as ornamental plants. (Bulbophyllum Thou.)  Bolbophyllum Thouars

CLASS V. DICOTYLEDONEAE

SUBCLASS ARCHICHLAMYDEAE

(APETALAE AND CHORIPETALAE)

ORDER VERTICILLATAE

FAMILY 45. CASUARINACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves scale-like, whorled, united into a sheath. Flowers unisexual, the male in spikes, the female in heads. Perianth of the male flowers consisting of two scales, in the female absent. Stamen 1. Anther opening by two longitudinal slits. Ovary 1-celled. Ovules 2, ascending, straight. Style very short, with 2 thread-shaped stigmas. Fruit dry, indehiscent, enclosed by woody bracteoles. Seed 1, without albumen. Embryo straight; radicle superior.