Genus 1, species 2. Spontaneous in Madagascar and the neighbouring islands, cultivated in other tropical countries. The wood (beaf-wood) and the bark are used, the latter for tanning and dyeing and in medicine.  Casuarina Rumph.

ORDER PIPERALES

FAMILY 46. PIPERACEAE

Flowers in spikes. Perianth none. Stamens 2-6. Ovary 1-celled. Ovule 1, basal, straight. Fruit a berry. Seed with a copious albumen and a small embryo.—Genera 3, species 80. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 27.)

1. Stigma 1, sometimes penicillate. Flowers hermaphrodite. Leaves exstipulate.
Herbs.—Species 65. Tropical and South Africa. Some yield vegetables or condiments or are used in medicine.  Peperomia Ruiz & Pav.

Stigmas 2-5. Leaves stipulate or sheathing at the base. Usually shrubs.  2

2. Flowers hermaphrodite. Spikes axillary, arranged in an umbel. Stipules united into a sheath. Shrubs.—Species 1. Tropics. Yields edible fruits containing an aromatic oil and is also used in medicine. (Under
Piper L.)  Heckeria Kunth

Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Spikes leaf-opposed.—Species 17, two of them only in cultivation. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield spices (pepper) or are used in medicine. (Including Coccobryon
Klotzsch and Cubeba Miq.) (Plate 27.)  Piper L.

ORDER SALICALES

FAMILY 47. SALICACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire toothed or lobed, stipulate. Flowers in spikes or catkins, dioecious, without a perianth. Disc cup-shaped or reduced to scales. Stamens 2 or more. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. Ovary 1-celled, with two or more parietal placentas. Ovules inverted. Stigmas 2-4, sessile or nearly so. Fruit capsular. Seeds with a basal tuft of hairs, without albumen; embryo straight.—Genera 2, species 20. (Plate 28.)

Disc cup- or urn-shaped. Stamens 4-30. Bracts jagged. Leaves, at least those of the uppermost branches, broad (ovate or broader).
Buds terminal and lateral, covered by several scales.—Species 6. North and East Africa. They yield timber, dyes, and medicaments. “Poplar.”  Populus L.

Disc reduced to one or several scales or teeth sometimes cohering at the base. Bracts entire. Leaves narrow or rather broad (linear to ovate).
Buds lateral, covered by a single scale.—Species 15, two of them only naturalized. They yield timber, plaiting-, stuffing-, and tanning-materials, and medicaments. “Willow.” (Plate 28.)  Salix L.

ORDER MYRICALES

FAMILY 48. MYRICACEAE

Trees, shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves undivided, without stipules. Flowers in simple or compound spikes, unisexual, without a perianth, but usually with 2-6 bracteoles. Stamens 2-12, usually 4. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. Ovary 1-celled. Ovule 1, erect, straight. Styles 2, united at the base, thread-shaped, stigmatose on the inside. Fruit a drupe. Seed with a thin coat and a straight embryo, without albumen. (Plate 29.)

Genus 1, species 25. Tropical and South Africa, Canary Islands, Azores.
They yield bark for tanning, wax, and edible fruits, and are also used in medicine.  Myrica L.

ORDER JUGLANDALES

FAMILY 49. JUGLANDACEAE

Trees. Leaves alternate, unequally pinnate, without stipules. Flowers in spikes or catkins, monoecious, with bracteoles which are adnate to the ovary in the female flowers. Perianth 3-4-parted. Stamens numerous. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, basal, straight. Styles 2, united at the base, stigmatose lengthwise. Fruit a drupe with an incompletely septate stone. Seed lobed, with a thin coat, without albumen.

Genus 1, species 2. Cultivated in North Africa. They yield timber, tans and dyes, edible fruits (walnuts), oil, sugar, and medicaments.  Juglans L.

ORDER FAGALES

FAMILY 50. BETULACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, undivided, stipulate. Flowers monoecious, in spikes or catkins, with a perianth of bract-like segments or without a perianth. Stamens 4. Ovary 2-celled at the base. Ovules solitary in each cell, descending, inverted. Styles 2. Fruit a nut. Seed 1, exalbuminous, with a membranous coat.—Genera 2, species 2. Extra-tropical regions. (Under CUPULIFERAE.)

Male flowers without a perianth, with 2-parted filaments and hairy anthers.
Female flowers with a small perianth and a jagged involucre free from the bract but adnate to the fruit. Fruit large. Female spikes bud-shaped, solitary. Leaves folded at the mid-rib in the bud.—Species 1
(C. Avellana L., hazel). Cultivated and naturalized in North-west
Africa. Fruits edible. [Tribe CORYLEAE.]  Corylus Tourn.

Male flowers with a 4-parted perianth, simple filaments, and glabrous anthers.
Female flowers without a perianth, enclosed by a 5-parted involucre formed by the connate bracts and bracteoles. Fruit small. Female spikes cone-shaped, at length woody, arranged in racemes. Leaves

folded along the side-nerves in the bud.—Species 1 (A. glutinosa L., alder). North-west Africa, also naturalized in South Africa. Yields timber and bark for tanning. [Tribe BETULEAE.]  Alnus Tourn.

FAMILY 51. FAGACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, undivided lobed or pinnately cleft, stipulate. Flowers in spikes or catkins, monoecious. Perianth-segments 4-7, bract-like, more or less united. Stamens 4-20. Ovary inferior, 3-6-celled at the base. Ovules 2 in each cell, descending, inverted. Styles 3-6. Fruit a nut surrounded by a cup-shaped involucre. Seeds without albumen.—Genera 2, species 9. Extra-tropical regions. (Under CUPULIFERAE.)

Male flowers in fascicles arranged in erect spikes. Female flowers in clusters of 3, surrounded by an involucre. Filaments long. Styles 6, thread-shaped.
Fruit enclosed in a prickly involucre. Leaves serrate.—Species
1 (C. vulgaris Lam., chestnut). North-west Africa. Yields timber, bark for tanning, and edible fruits from which starch and oil are prepared.  Castanea Tourn.

Male flowers in simple, pendulous catkins. Female flowers each surrounded by an involucre. Filaments short. Styles 3, rarely 4-5, flattened.
Fruit seated in a scaly, cup-shaped involucre.—Species 8. North-west
Africa; one species also introduced into South Africa. They yield timber, cork, tanning and dyeing materials, chemical and medicinal drugs, starch, and fodder; some have edible fruits. “Oak.”  Quercus L.

ORDER URTICALES

FAMILY 52. ULMACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Juice not milky. Leaves simple, stipulate. Flowers axillary, solitary or in cymes. Perianth simple, with 3-8 segments. Stamens as many as and opposite the perianth-segments, rarely more, straight in the bud. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled, very rarely (Ulmus) 2-celled. Ovule 1, pendulous, inverted. Styles or stigmas 1-2. Fruit a nut or a drupe. Seed with a membranous coat and with scanty albumen or without albumen.—Genera 5, species 35. (Under URTICACEAE.) (Plate 30.)

1. Stamens twice or thrice as many as the perianth-segments. Stigma 1.
Flowers dioecious. Perianth much enlarged in fruit. Leaves opposite.
Species 1. Abyssinia. [Subfamily BARBEYOIDEAE.]  Barbeya Schweinf.

Stamens as many as the perianth-segments. Stigmas 2. Flowers monoecious polygamous or hermaphrodite. Leaves alternate.  2

2. Fruit a compressed, winged nut. Embryo straight; cotyledons flat.
Flower-clusters in the axils of scale-like bracts.—Species 1 (U. campestris
L., elm). North-west Africa. Yields timber, bast, tanning and
dyeing materials, and medicaments. [Subfamily ULMOIDEAE.]  Ulmus L.

Fruit a more or less globular drupe. Embryo curved; cotyledons folded or rolled inwards. Flower-clusters or solitary flowers usually in the axils of the leaves. [Subfamily CELTIDOIDEAE.]  3

3. Stipules united. Leaves entire, penninerved. Spiny shrubs. Flowers unisexual. Perianth-segments of the male flowers valvate in the bud.
Embryo with narrow cotyledons.—Species 4. Tropical and South
Africa.  Chaetacme Planch. & Harv.

Stipules free. Leaves usually 3-nerved. Spineless shrubs or trees.
Flowers usually polygamous. Perianth-segments imbricate in bud, at least at the apex.  4

4. Embryo with narrow cotyledons. Perianth-segments imbricate at the apex only. Flowers almost sessile.—Species 10. Tropical and South
Africa. Some species yield timber, fibre, tanning and dyeing materials, and medicaments. (Sponia Commers.) (Plate 30.)  Trema Lour.

Embryo with broad cotyledons. Perianth-segments imbricate. Stigmas feathery. Upper flowers upon long stalks.—Species 20. Some of them yield timber, bast, tanning and dyeing materials, oil, medicaments, and edible fruits. “Nettle-tree.”  Celtis L.

FAMILY 53. MORACEAE

Juice usually milky. Leaves stipulate. Flowers unisexual. Perianth simple or wanting. Stamens as many as and opposite the perianth-segments or fewer, 1-6. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary 1-celled. Ovule 1, pendulous, inverted or curved, rarely erect and straight. Styles 1-2.—Genera 26, species 260. (Under URTICACEAE or ULMACEAE.) (Plate 31.)

1. Stamens of the male flowers bent inwards in the bud, subsequently bent backwards. Ovule pendulous. Leaves folded in bud. Stipules not leaving a stem-clasping scar. [Subfamily MOROIDEAE.]  2

Stamens of the male flowers straight from the beginning.  14

2. Flowers in lax cymes consisting of one female flower and several male ones. Perianth with a distinct tube. Stamens 4. Style 2-cleft. Trees.
Leaves undivided.—Species 1. Madagascar. [Tribe FATOUEAE.]  Bleekrodia Blume

Flowers arranged in spike- raceme- or head-like inflorescences or collected upon flattened receptacles.  3

3. Flowers on flattened and more or less expanded receptacles, rarely in spike-like inflorescences; in the latter case, as usually, male and female flowers in the same inflorescence. Stamens 1-4, usually 2. [Tribe
DORSTENIEAE.]  4

Flowers in spike-, raceme- or head-like, unisexual inflorescences (containing only male or only female flowers), rarely female flowers solitary. Stamens
4. Trees or shrubs.  7

4. Flowers in false spikes containing male and female flowers or male ones only. Perianth 4-partite. Stamens 4. Trees. Leaves undivided.—Species
1. East Africa.  Sloetiopsis Engl.

Flowers on flattened receptacles.  5

5. Inflorescences unisexual, the lateral containing many male flowers, the middle one a single female flower. Receptacle covered on the outside by imbricate bracts. Male flowers with a 3-4-partite perianth and
3-4 stamens. Female flowers without a perianth. Trees or shrubs.
Leaves undivided.—Species 2. Central Africa.  Mesogyne Engl.

Inflorescences bisexual, containing many male flowers and one or several female ones, usually provided with bracts on the margin only. Perianth
2-lobed or wanting. Stamens 2, rarely 1 or 3.  6

6. Receptacles top-shaped, subsequently cupular, bearing many male flowers and a single central female flower. Pericarp membranous. Shrubs.
Leaves undivided.—Species 5. Central Africa.  Trymatococcus Poepp. & Endl.

Receptacles expanded, often divided into linear segments, bearing many male flowers and several female ones. Pericarp crusty within, fleshy outside. Herbs or low shrubs.—Species 50. Tropics. Some are poisonous or used medicinally. (Plate 31.)  Dorstenia L.

7. Female flowers solitary, axillary; male flowers in spike-like inflorescences.
Perianth 4-toothed. Trees. Leaves undivided.—Species 1. Island of Réunion. Used medicinally. [Tribe STREBLEAE.]  Maillardia Frapp. & Duchartre

Female flowers in spike- or head-like inflorescences.  8

8. Female flowers in head-like, but sometimes elongated (oblong) inflorescences, the male in spike-, raceme- or head-like ones. Style simple, with a thread-shaped stigma, rarely with an abortive side-branch.
Trees. [Tribe BROUSSONETIEAE.]  9

Female and male flowers in spike-like inflorescences. Perianth of the female flowers divided to the base. Style 2-parted, with thread-shaped, equal or subequal stigmas. [Tribe MOREAE.]  12

9. Male flowers in head-like inflorescences. Perianth of the female flowers
4-lobed. Spinous plants.—Species 1. East Africa and Madagascar.
It yields a dye-wood and edible fruits. (Under Plecospermum Trecul)  Cardiogyne Bur.

Male flowers in spike- or raceme-like inflorescences.  10

10. Male flowers in lax, raceme-like inflorescences. Spinous plants. Leaves entire. Perianth of the female flowers deeply 4-cleft, persistent and enclosing the fruit.—Species 1. Cultivated in North Africa. The wood is used for joiners’ work, the leaves as food for silkworms.  Maclura Nutt.

Male flowers in dense, spike-like inflorescences. Spineless plants.  11

11. Perianth of the female flowers deeply 4-cleft or 4-parted. Fruit wholly, or for the greatest part, enclosed by the perianth. Leaves undivided.—Species
2. Central Africa. They yield timber.  Chlorophora Gaud.

Perianth of the female flowers shortly toothed. Fruit overtopping the perianth. Leaves usually lobed.—Species 1 (B. papyrifera Vent., paper-mulberry). Cultivated in North Africa. Used for making paper;
the fruit is edible.  Broussonetia Vent.

12. Stipules united. Leaves entire, with numerous transverse nerves. Ovary subglobose. Seed with leaf-like, folded cotyledons. Shrubs.—Species
2. Madagascar.  Pachytrophe Bur.

Stipules free.  13

13. Leaves entire, penninerved, leathery. Ovary compressed. Seed without albumen; embryo with thick cotyledons. Trees.—Species 2. Madagascar.  Ampalis Boj.

Leaves toothed, 3-nerved at the base. Ovary ovoid or subglobose. Seed with copious albumen.—Species 3. Cultivated and naturalized in various regions. They yield timber, food for silkworms, edible fruits
(mulberries), dyes, and medicaments.  Morus L.

14. (1.) Ovule erect, straight. Trees. Leaves folded in the bud. Stipules leaving an annular scar. [Subfamily CONOCEPHALOIDEAE.]  15

Ovule pendulous, curved or inverted. Woody plants with the leaves rolled inwards in the bud, or herbaceous plants.  16

15. Leaves divided into 11-15 segments. Male flowers in false heads arranged in cymes; perianth with a distinct tube. Stamen 1. Female flowers upon a flattened, ovate receptacle. Style long.—Species 1 (M. Smithii
R. Br.). West Africa to the Upper Nile. Yields timber (cork-wood) and edible fruits. The aerial roots contain much water.  Musanga R. Br.

Leaves undivided, 3-lobed, or 5-7-parted. Male flowers in false spikes or heads arranged in cymes; perianth divided quite or nearly to the base. Stamens 2-4. Female flowers in globose or subglobose false heads. Style short.—Species 8. Central Africa. Some species yield timber or edible fruits.  Myrianthus Beauv.

16. Flowers in cymes arranged in spikes or panicles. Fruit dry. Herbs.
Leaves palmately lobed or dissected. Stipules free. [Subfamily
CANNABOIDEAE.]  17

Flowers upon a globe-, club-, disc-, or cup-shaped receptacle. Herbs with undivided, lanceolate, penninerved leaves, or more frequently shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided or lobed, coiled in the bud. Stipules usually united and leaving a stem-clasping scar. [Subfamily ARTOCARPOIDEAE.]  18

17. Stem twining. Leaves opposite, lobed or the upper ones undivided.
Female flowers in catkins. Embryo spirally twisted, with narrow cotyledons.—Species
1 (H. Lupulus L., hop). Cultivated in the extratropical regions. It is used for making beer, as a vegetable and a fibre-plant, and in medicine.  Humulus L.

Stem erect. Leaves opposite below, alternate above, dissected. Female flowers in panicles. Embryo curved, with broad cotyledons.—Species
1 (C. sativa L., hemp). Cultivated in various regions. It yields fibre, oil, and an intoxicating drug (hashish).  Cannabis Tourn.

18. Flowers enclosed within a pouch-shaped, usually bisexual receptacle provided at the top with a small opening surrounded by bracts. Embryo
curved. Shrubs or trees.—Species 160. Some of them yield timber, bast-fibres, bark for clothing, india-rubber, shellac, vegetables, medicaments, and edible fruits (especially the figs, from F. carica L.) which are also used for making brandy and a substitute for coffee. Some species are poisonous or serve as ornamental plants. [Tribe FICEAE.]  Ficus L.

Flowers collected on a globe-, club-, disc-, or cup-shaped receptacle.  19

19. Receptacles more or less cup-shaped, containing many male flowers and a single central female one. Stamen 1. Embryo straight. [Tribe
BROSIMEAE.]  20

Receptacles of two kinds, some containing only male flowers, the others only female or many female intermixed with several male. Shrubs or trees.  22

20. Perianth distinctly developed. Ovary free. Herbs or undershrubs.—Species
3. Equatorial West Africa. (Including Cyatanthus Engl.)  Scyphosyce Baill.

Perianth not distinctly developed. Ovary immersed in and adnate to the receptacle. Trees.  21

21. Receptacles covered with peltate bracts on their whole surface. Male flowers with, female without bracts.—Species 2. West Africa (Congo).  Bosqueiopsis De Wild. & Dur.

Receptacles bearing bracts on the margin only. Female flowers with, male without bracts.—Species 6. Tropics. Some yield timber and dye-stuffs.  Bosqueia Thouars

22. Male flowers on a discoid or concave receptacle bearing numerous bracts on the edge or the whole surface; female flowers on a similar receptacle or solitary. [Tribe OLMEDIEAE.]  23

Male flowers on a globular or club-shaped receptacle bearing bracts at the base only and between the flowers, or destitute of bracts; female flowers on a more or less globular receptacle. [Tribe ARTOCARPEAE.]  24

23. Male inflorescences many-flowered, discoid; female 1-flowered. Male flowers with, female without a perianth.—Species 3. Central Africa.
Poisonous, used medicinally, and yielding timber and fibre.  Antiaris Leschen.

Male and female inflorescences many-flowered, more or less concave. Male flowers without, female with a perianth.—Species 2. Cultivated in the tropics. Yielding india-rubber.  Castilloa Cerv.

24. Inflorescences without bracts at the base. Flowers monoecious. Stamen
1.—Species 2. Cultivated in the tropics. They yield timber, bark used for making cloth, bast-fibres, mucilage, starch, edible fruits, and medicaments. “Breadfruit tree.”  Artocarpus Forst.

Inflorescences with some bracts at the base. Flowers dioecious. Stamens
1-5.  25

25. Female flowers surrounded each by two rows of very unequal bracts or perianth-segments, not intermixed with male flowers.—Species 1.
Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons).  Acanthotreculia Engl.

Female flowers surrounded by subequal bracts and intermixed with some male flowers.—Species 9. Tropics. Some species have edible seeds from which also oil and meal are prepared.  Treculia Decne.

FAMILY 54. URTICACEAE

Juice not milky. Leaves usually stipulate. Flowers unisexual, rarely (Parietaria) polygamous. Perianth simple, with 1-5 segments, sometimes wanting in the female flowers. Stamens in the male flowers as many as perianth-segments. Filaments broadened at the base, bent inwards in the bud. Anthers attached by the back, opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary 1-celled. Ovule 1, erect or ascending, straight. Style 1 or 0. Fruit indehiscent. Seed with a thin coat and a straight embryo, usually albuminous.—Genera 20, species 150. (Plate 32.)

1. Stamen 1. Perianth of the male flowers entire or divided in 2-3 segments, of the female entire 4-toothed or wanting. Stigma linear. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Hairs not stinging. Stipules free. [Tribe
FORSKOHLEAE.]  2

Stamens 2-5.  4

2. Flower-clusters without an involucre and not surrounded by woolly hairs.
Female flowers with a perianth.—Species 4. South and East Africa.
(Didymodoxa E. Mey.)  Australina Gaudich.

Flower-clusters with an involucre and usually surrounded by woolly hairs.
Female flowers without a perianth.  3

3. Involucral bracts free or united at the base only. Stem rough. Herbs undershrubs or shrubs.—Species 5.  Forskohlea L.

Involucral bracts united high up. Stem smooth. Herbs or undershrubs.—Species
5. Tropical and South Africa.  Droguetia Gaudich.

4. Stipules absent. Leaves alternate, entire. Plants without stinging hairs.
Female flowers in glomerules surrounded by an involucre; perianth 4-cleft.
[Tribe PARIETARIEAE.]  5

Stipules present, very rarely rudimentary, but then leaves toothed.  6

5. Stem herbaceous. Flowers polygamous. Stigma spatulate and recurved.—Species
8. Some are used in medicine. “Pellitory.”  Parietaria Tourn.

Stem woody. Flowers unisexual. Stigma linear.—Species 1. Canary
Islands.  Gesnouinia Gaudich.

6. Plants with stinging hairs, very rarely (Fleurya) almost glabrous, and then stigma linear-oblong and shortly papillose and perianth of the female flowers 3-4-partite. Perianth-segments of the female flowers 4, rarely
1-3. Embryo with orbicular cotyledons. [Tribe UREREAE.]  7

Plants without stinging hairs.  12

7. Fruit straight. Stigma penicillate. Leaves opposite. Herbs.—Species
10. They yield material for spinning and paper-making and are used as pot-herbs and in medicine. “Nettle.”  Urtica Gaudich.

Fruit oblique. Leaves alternate.  8

8. Stigma more or less capitate. Perianth surrounding the fruit fleshy. Shrubs or trees, rarely undershrubs.—Species 20. Tropical and South-East
Africa.  Urera Gaudich.

Stigma linear or oblong.  9

9. Perianth of the female flowers reduced to a single, sometimes 2-parted, large segment, more rarely consisting of 2 unequal segments. Herbs with punctiform cystoliths.—Species 3. Tropics.  Girardinia Gaudich.

Perianth of the female flowers with 4 segments, of which 1-2 are sometimes rudimentary.  10

10. Cystoliths linear. Annual herbs. Fruit gibbous, as long as or longer than the perianth.—Species 7. South and Central Africa. They yield fibre and fish-poison. (Plate 32.)  Fleurya Gaudich.

Cystoliths punctiform. Perennial herbs or woody plants.  11

11. Fruit as long as or longer than the perianth, smooth.—Species 3. Central
Africa. (Urticastrum Heist.)  Laportea Gaudich.

Fruit much shorter than the membranous perianth. Shrubs.—Species
6. Madagascar, Mascarenes, East Africa.  Obetia Gaudich.

12. (6.) Stigma penicillate. Perianth of the female flowers 3-partite, rarely
4-5-partite or rudimentary, free from the ovary. Embryo with orbicular or ovate cotyledons. Cystoliths linear. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs; in this case leaves penninerved. Stipules connate. [Tribe PROCRIDEAE.]  13

Stigma filiform, rarely capitate and somewhat hairy, but then shrubs with
3-nerved leaves and perianth shortly toothed and adnate to the ovary.
Perianth of the female flowers 2-4-toothed, entire, or wanting. Embryo with elliptical or oblong cotyledons. Cystoliths usually punctiform.
Mostly woody plants. [Tribe BOEHMERIEAE.]  16

13. Leaves opposite, but sometimes the pairs consisting of unequal leaves.
Herbs.  14

Leaves alternate or subopposite, i.e., one leaf of each pair very small, stipule-like.  15

14. Flowers on a disc- or bell-shaped receptacle.—Species 1. Abyssinia.  Lecanthus Wedd.

Flowers in glomerules arranged in panicles.—Species 35. Tropics. Some are used as vegetables or textile plants. (Adicea Rafin.)  Pilea Lindl.

15. Flowers on an expanded receptacle. Perianth-segments of the female flowers linear or lanceolate. Herbs. Leaves unequal-sided.—Species
15. Tropics.  Elatostema Forst.

Flowers in glomerules or heads without an involucre. Perianth-segments ovate. Shrubs or undershrubs.—Species 3. Tropics.  Procris Juss.

16. Female flowers without a perianth. Stigma filiform. Shrubs. Leaves alternate. Flowers in axillary glomerules.—Species 1. Naturalized on the Island of Mauritius.  Phenax Wedd.

Female flowers with a perianth.  17

17. Perianth of the female flowers free or almost free from the ovary, dry or membranous in fruit. Stipules free or nearly so. Stigma filiform.  18

Perianth of the female flowers adnate to the ovary, more or less succulent in fruit. Stipules evidently united. Leaves alternate. Shrubs or trees.  19

18. Stigma persistent. Perianth surrounding the fruit neither winged nor ribbed. Leaves toothed.—Species 7. Tropical and South Africa.
Two of them (especially B. nivea Hook. & Arn., ramie or Chinese grasscloth plant) are cultivated as textile plants.  Boehmeria Jaqu.

Stigma deciduous. Perianth surrounding the fruit usually winged or ribbed. Leaves usually entire.—Species 10. Tropical and South
Africa.  Pouzolzia Gaudich.

19. Stigma filiform, deciduous.—Species 3. Madagascar and Mascarenes.  Pipturus Wedd.

Stigma capitate, more or less penicillate.—Species 1. Abyssinia.  Debregeasia Gaudich.

ORDER PROTEALES

FAMILY 55. PROTEACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, rarely (Brabeium) whorled. Stipules none. Flowers in heads, spikes, or racemes. Perianth with 4 petaloid, valvate segments, usually surrounded by excrescences of the receptacle. Stamens 4, opposite the perianth-segments. Anthers opening inwards. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, ascending and inverted, more rarely pendulous and straight, very rarely ovules 2. Style simple, with a small stigma. Fruit a one-seeded nut or drupe. Seed exalbuminous.—Genera 13, species 400. Southern and tropical Africa. (Plate 33.)

1. Stamens inserted at the base of the perianth-segments; anthers stalked.
Perianth regular, divided to the base. Flowers unisexual or polygamous.
[Tribe PERSOONIEAE.]  2

Stamens inserted on the middle or the upper part of the perianth-segments; anthers usually sessile. Perianth more or less deeply divided, but rarely to the base. [Tribe PROTEEAE.]  3

2. Receptacle with a short cupular excrescence at the base. Ovule pendulous.
Fruit a drupe. Flowers in fascicles arranged in racemes. Leaves whorled, undivided.—Species 1. South Africa. The fruits are edible and used as a substitute for coffee.  Brabeium L.

Receptacle with 4 scale-like excrescences at the base. Flowers in spikes arranged in racemes. Leaves alternate, 2-lobed.—Species 1. Madagascar.
The wood is used for torches, the seeds yield oil.  Dilobeia Thouars

3. Flowers unisexual, regular.  4

Flowers hermaphrodite.  5

4. Male flowers in spikes or racemes, female in heads. Bracts narrow.—Species
3. South Africa.  Aulax Berg

Male and female flowers in heads. Bracts broad.—Species 75. South
Africa. Some species yield timber or medicaments; the silvery-haired leaves of the silver-tree (L. argenteum R. Br.) also form an article of commerce.  Leucadendron Herm.

5. Flowers regular or almost so, disposed in heads which are sometimes reduced to a single flower. Perianth-segments united below, free and recurved above.  6

Flowers distinctly irregular. Perianth-segments more or less united, except the hindmost, which is separated from the others.  11

6. Leaves, at least the inferior, more or less divided.  7

Leaves all undivided.  8

7. Heads arranged in sometimes very short spikes, 4-flowered. Ovary glabrous or almost so. Fruit sessile.—Species 15. South Africa. (Nivenia R.
Br.)  Paranomus Salisb. & Knight

Heads solitary or arranged in corymbs or heads, usually many-flowered.
Ovary hairy, usually woolly or hispid. Fruit short-stalked.—Species
70. South Africa.  Serruria Salisb.

8. Heads solitary, 4- or more-flowered. Fruit sessile.—Species 20. South
Africa. (Including Orothamnus Eckl.)  Mimetes Salisb.

Heads arranged in spikes, racemes, or umbels, 1-6-flowered. Fruit with a short stalk.  9

9. Flowers somewhat irregular. Stigma lateral, or very oblique, or seated in the centre of a disc-like expansion of the style-apex. Heads in lax spikes or racemes.—Species 25. South Africa.  Spatalla Salisb.

Flowers regular. Stigma terminal or nearly so, conical or club-shaped.  10

10. Style more or less lateral, not constricted at the base. Perianth-tube
4-angled. Inflorescence cylindrical.—Species 5. South Africa.  Spatallopsis Phillips

Style terminal, constricted at the base. Perianth-tube short, not 4-angled.
Inflorescence globose.—Species 12. South Africa.  Sorocephalus R. Br.

11. (5.) Anterior perianth-segments separating above. Anthers oblong or ovate. Style deciduous. Fruit glabrous. Flowers in sometimes oblong heads, usually yellow.—Species 40. South and East Africa. Some species yield timber and bark for tanning. (Plate 33.)  Leucospermum R. Br.

Anterior perianth-segments united almost to the top into a lip. Anthers linear. Style persistent. Fruit covered with dense hairs.  12

12. Flowers in spikes or racemes. Anthers obtuse.—Species 15. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some species yield timber.  Faurea Harv.

Flowers in heads. Anthers usually with a prolonged connective.—Species
130. South and Central Africa. Some species yield timber, bark for tanning, or medicaments. (Leucadendron L.)  Protea L.

ORDER SANTALALES

SUBORDER SANTALINEAE

FAMILY 56. SANTALACEAE

Terrestrial plants, sometimes parasitic on roots. Leaves undivided, exstipulate, sometimes scale-like. Flowers regular. Perianth simple. Stamens 3-6, as many as and inserted on the perianth-segments, equalling them or shorter. Anthers stalked, 2-celled. Ovary inferior, rarely almost superior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, basal, or ovules 2-5, pendulous from the apex of a central or subparietal placenta. Style simple or wanting. Fruit indehiscent. Seeds without a testa, with copious fleshy albumen; radicle of the embryo superior.—Genera 6, Species 140. (Plate 34.)

1. Ovary superior. Ovule 1. Style absent; stigma 2-lobed. Stalk of the fruit fleshy. Shrubs or trees.—Species 1. Madagascar. Used medicinally. [Tribe ANTHOBOLEAE.]  Exocarpus Labill.

Ovary inferior. Ovules 2-5. Style present.  2

2. Perianth-tube above the ovary coated by a disc on the inside, or wanting.
Placenta thick, straight. Ovules recurved. Stigma 3-4-parted or
4-5-lobed. Fruit a drupe. Shrubs. [Tribe OSYRIDEAE.]  3

Perianth-tube above the ovary not coated by a disc on the inside. Placenta thin, usually flexuous. Ovules straight. Stigma entire or obscurely
2-3-lobed. [Tribe THESIEAE.]  4

3. Leaves, at least most of them, opposite. Flowers in panicles which are sometimes composed of false umbels, 4-6-merous, hermaphrodite or polygamous. Stigma 4-5-lobed. Embryo with very short cotyledons.—Species
2. South Africa. They yield timber and tanning material.
(Rhoiocarpus A. DC.)  Colpoon Berg

Leaves alternate. Flowers in false umbels, which are often arranged in racemes, or the female and hermaphrodite solitary, 3-4-merous, dioecious or polygamous. Stigma 3-4-partite. Embryo with long cotyledons.—Species 8. North and East Africa to Natal. Some species yield fragrant wood (African sandalwood), tanning and dyeing materials, and medicaments. (Plate 34.)  Osyris L.

4. Flowers dioecious. Perianth-tube above the ovary very shortly campanulate; segments usually with a tuft of hairs in the male flowers.
Anther-halves elliptical. Style short.—Species 6. South Africa.  Thesidium Sond.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth-tube above the ovary campanulate or cylindrical; segments with tufts or rows of hairs. Anther-halves usually oblong. Style long or rather short.  5

5. Fruit a drupe. Flowers axillary, solitary or in glomerules. Undershrubs.—Species
7. East and South Africa.  Osyridicarpus A. DC.

Fruit a nut.—Species 120.  Thesium L.

FAMILY 57. OPILIACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, entire. Flowers in spikes, racemes or umbels, regular, hermaphrodite. Calyx (or calyx-like excrescence of the receptacle) entire or obscurely 4-5-toothed. Petals (or perianth-segments) 4-5, free. Stamens equal in number and opposite to them, free or adnate at the base. Disc present. Ovary superior or nearly so, 1-celled, with a thick central placenta. Ovule 1, pendulous from the apex of the placenta, with no coat. Style simple. Fruit succulent. Seed without a testa; albumen abundant; embryo large, with superior radicle.—Genera 2, species 15. (Under OLACINEAE.) (Plate 35.)

Axis of the inflorescence with cushion-shaped swellings at the base of the pedicels. Flowers in short racemes or umbels. Receptacle broad, cupular. Disc lobed. Petals with inflected tips. Filaments short.
Anthers broad.—Species 5. Central Africa.  Rhopalopilia Pierre

Axis of the inflorescence without swellings. Flowers in racemes. Receptacle small.—Species 10. Central Africa to Delagoa Bay. (Groutia Guill. &
Perr., including Urobotrya Stapf). (Plate 35.)  Opilia Roxb.

FAMILY 58. GRUBBIACEAE

Shrubs. Leaves opposite, narrow, entire, leathery. Inflorescences axillary, cymose. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Perianth 4-partite, with sepaloid, valvate segments. Stamens 8, almost free from the perianth. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary inferior, 1-celled or at first incompletely 2-celled. Ovules 2, pendulous from a central or subparietal placenta, straight, with no coat. Style simple; stigma 2-lobed. Fruit a drupe. Seed 1, with a thin testa and fleshy albumen; embryo straight, with inferior radicle. (Under SANTALACEAE or HAMAMELIDACEAE.)

Genus 1, species 4. South Africa (Cape Colony).  Grubbia Berg

FAMILY 59. OLACACEAE

Shrubs or trees, rarely undershrubs. Leaves entire. Flowers regular. Calyx usually small. Petals or corolla-lobes 3-6, nearly always valvate in bud. Anthers opening by 2 longitudinal slits. Ovary superior or nearly so, rarely half-inferior or almost inferior, 1-celled, usually septate at the base, rarely 2-5-celled to the top. Ovules 1-5, pendulous from the apex of a usually free placenta, inverted. Style simple. Fruit indehiscent. Seed 1, with a small embryo and abundant albumen.—Genera 11, species 70. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 36.)

1. Ovary superior, 1-celled, sometimes septate at the base. Ovules 2-3, with no coat.  2

Ovary superior, 1-celled with 4-5 ovules, or completely or nearly completely
3-4-celled, or more or less inferior. Ovules with 1-2 coats.  5

2. Filaments united into a long tube. Stamens 4-5, as many as and opposite the divisions of the corolla. Disc 4-5-lobed. Calyx enlarged in fruit.
Flowers in racemes or panicles. [Tribe APTANDREAE.]  3

Filaments free or nearly so. [Tribe OLACEAE.]  4

3. Flowers 4-merous, unisexual. Ovules 2. Calyx cupular, not splitting at the time of maturity.—Species 1. West Africa.  Aptandra Miers

Flowers 5-merous. Ovules 3. Calyx splitting into 3 segments at the time of maturity.—Species 2. Equatorial West Africa. They yield timber and oily seeds which are also used in medicine.  Ongokea Pierre

4. Ovules 2. Stamens 5-10. Calyx not enlarged in fruit.—Species 6. West
Africa.  Ptychopetalum Benth.

Ovules 3. Stamens 6-12, of which 3-6 are fertile. Calyx enlarged in fruit.—Species 40. Tropics. Some species yield timber. (Plate
36.)  Olax L.

5. Stamens as many as and opposite the petals, 4-6, free or nearly so. [Tribe
ANACOLOSEAE.]  6

Stamens 2-4 times as many as the petals. Ovary superior, completely or almost completely 3-4-celled.  9

6. Ovary superior, septate at the base, with 4-5 ovules. Flowers 5-merous, in panicles.—Species 1. Island of Mauritius.  Stolidia Baill.

Ovary inferior or half-inferior. Flowers in axillary spikes, racemes or fascicles.  7

7. Flowers 6-merous. Calyx entire or toothed. Ovary very incompletely
2-celled. Ovules 2.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Anacolosa Blume

Flowers 4-5-merous. Ovary completely or almost completely 3-4-celled.
Ovules 3-4.  8

8. Flowers 4-merous. Calyx shortly toothed. Ovary 4-celled. Fruit a drupe.—Species 2. Equatorial West Africa.  Strombosiopsis Engl.

Flowers 5-merous. Calyx deeply divided. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit a berry.—Species
7. Central Africa. (Including Lavalleopsis Van Tiegh.)  Strombosia Blume

9. Stamens 3-4 times as many as the petals, 12-20. Calyx entire, not enlarged in fruit. Juice resinous.—Species 1. Equatorial West
Africa. Yields timber and edible oily seeds. [Tribe COULEAE.]  Coula Baill.

Stamens twice as many as the petals, 8-12. Calyx 4-6-toothed. Juice not resinous.  10

10. Anthers globose. Ovary incompletely 3-celled. Style short. Petals
5-6. Calyx much enlarged in fruit. Leaves with milky juice.—Species
3. West Africa. [Tribe HEISTERIEAE.]  Heisteria Jaqu.

Anthers linear. Ovary almost completely 3-4-celled. Style as long as the ovary. Petals 4-5. Calyx not enlarged in fruit. Leaves with watery juice.—Species 3. Tropical and South-East Africa. They yield fragrant wood, bark for tanning, edible fruits, and oily seeds, and are also used in medicine. [Tribe XIMENIEAE.]  Ximenia Plum.