3. Ovule 1. Stamens 4-7. Petals reddish. Fruit indehiscent. Shrubs.—Species
3. South Africa. Used as ornamental or fodder-plants.  Portulacaria Jacq.

Ovules 3 or more. Stamens 3 or 8-30. Fruit 3-valved. Herbs or undershrubs.  4

4. Ovules 3. Stamens 3. Corolla 5-cleft, slightly irregular, white. Calyx persistent.—Species 1. North Africa and subantarctic islands. Used as a vegetable.  Montia L.

Ovules numerous. Stamens 8-30. Corolla of 5 free or almost free petals, regular. Calyx deciduous.  5

5. Stipules present, but sometimes reduced to a tuft of hairs. Embryo slightly curved.—Species 15. South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants.  Anacampseros L.

Stipules absent. Embryo ring-shaped. Funicle of the seed with an appendage.—Species 4. Central and South Africa. Used as vegetables.
(Plate 44.)  Talinum Adans.

FAMILY 74. BASELLACEAE

Glabrous, twining herbs. Leaves alternate, broad, entire. Flowers in spikes, racemes or panicles, regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 2, adnate to the corolla at the base. Corolla 5-cleft or 5-parted, imbricate in the bud, persistent. Stamens 5, opposite the corolla-lobes and affixed to them at the base. Filaments straight or bent outwards in the bud. Anthers 2-celled, turned outwards. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, basal, curved; micropyle inferior. Style 3-partite. Fruit indehiscent. Seed albuminous; embryo curved or spirally twisted.—Genera 2, species 4, Tropics. (Under CHENOPODIACEAE or PORTULACACEAE.)

Flowers sessile, in spikes or panicles. Filaments broadened below. Stigmas entire. Pericarp membranous. Seed subglobose. Embryo spiral.—Species
3, two spontaneous in East Africa and Madagascar, the third cultivated in various tropical countries. They are used as vegetables, in medicine, and as dye-plants.  Basella L.

Flowers short-stalked, in racemes. Filaments thread-shaped. Stigmas forked. Pericarp somewhat fleshy. Seed sublenticular. Embryo semicircular.—Species
1. Cultivated in various regions and naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Used as a vegetable or an ornamental plant.  Boussaingaultia H. B. & K.

SUBORDER CARYOPHYLLINEAE

FAMILY 75. CARYOPHYLLACEAE

Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Leaves undivided. Perianth usually separated into calyx and corolla. Stamens 1-10. Ovary 1-celled or incompletely 2-5-celled, superior, rarely (Sclerocephalus) half-inferior. Ovules on basal or central placentas, with a distinct funicle, curved or inverted. Seeds albuminous; embryo usually curved.—Genera 45, species 280. (Including PARONYCHIEAE or ILLECEBRACEAE, ALSINACEAE, and SILENACEAE.) (Plate 45.)

1. Sepals free or united up to the insertion of the stamens. Petals not distinctly clawed, sometimes wanting. Receptacle concave or small and rather flat. [Subfamily ALSINOIDEAE.]  2

Sepals united beyond the insertion of the stamens. Petals present, usually clawed. Receptacle stalk-like or small and flat. Styles free. [Subfamily
SILENOIDEAE.]  35

2. Fruit indehiscent or irregularly bursting at the base, rarely at the top.
Ovule 1, rarely ovules 2, and then sepals 5. Petals usually scale-like or wanting. Leaves stipulate, rarely exstipulate; in the latter case styles 2.  3

Fruit opening from the top by teeth or valves. Ovules numerous, rarely 2, and then sepals 4, very rarely ovule 1; in this case leaves exstipulate and styles 3. Petals usually perfectly developed.  16

3. Flowers in clusters of 3, the middle one hermaphrodite, the side flowers male or rudimentary. Stamens nearly hypogynous. Style 1. Ovule one.
Embryo almost straight. Leaves opposite, stipulate. [Tribe PTERANTHEAE.]  4

Flowers all alike. Stamens perigynous.  6

4. Stamens 2-3. Staminodes and petals absent. Sepals 5. Stigmas 3.
Clusters of flowers on a rather thin stalk, with entire involucral bracts.
Shrubs.—Species 1. Canary Islands.  Dicheranthus Webb

Stamens 4-5. Clusters of flowers with pinnately divided involucral bracts. Herbs.  5

5. Sepals 4. Petals and staminodes none. Stamens 4. Stigmas 2. Clusters of flowers on a much broadened and hollow stalk.—Species 1. North
Africa.  Pteranthus Forsk.

Sepals 5. Petals or staminodes 5. Stamens 5. Stigmas 3. Clusters of flowers on a rather thin stalk.—Species 1. Northern East Africa to
Egypt.  Cometes L.

6. Leaves exstipulate. Petals none. Styles 2. Ovule 1. Herbs. Leaves opposite.—Species 3. North Africa, Abyssinia, and South Africa.
[Tribe SCLERANTHEAE.]  Scleranthus L.

Leaves stipulate. [Tribe PARONYCHIEAE.]  7

7. Ovule 1.  8

Ovules 2. Undershrubs.  15

8. Style-branches, stigmas, or stigma-lobes 2, very rarely 1, and then style very short.  9

Style-branches, stigmas, or stigma-lobes 3, very rarely 1, but then style
elongated.  13

9. Stem woody, shrubby, nodose. Bracts brown. Sepals mucronate.
Petals 5, thread-shaped. Style elongated. Stigmas 2.—Species 1.
Island of Socotra.  Lochia Balf. fil.

Stem herbaceous, rarely woody at the base; in the latter case sepals obtuse.  10

10. Flowers in globose heads; involucre becoming prickly. Sepals prickly beneath the tip. Petals wanting. Ovary adnate below to the calyx-tube.
Fruit bursting at the top.—Species 1. North Africa and
Cape Verde Islands.  Sclerocephalus Boiss.

Flowers in fascicles; involucre not prickly. Petals thread-shaped or wanting. Ovary free.  11

11. Sepals blunt, green. Style very short; stigmas 2. Embryo curved.
Stipules small.—Species 10. North and South Africa, Abyssinia,
Cape Verde Islands. Some are used in medicine.  Herniaria L.

Sepals more or less hooded, with a dorsal point beneath the tip.  12

12. Seed with a straight embryo. Stigma 1, entire or 2-lobed, nearly sessile.
Stamens 5. Petals thread-shaped. Sepals white. Leaves in false whorls; stipules very small.—Species 1. North-west Africa. Used in medicine.  Illecebrum L.

Seed with a curved embryo. Stigma 1, two-lobed, or more frequently stigmas 2. Stipules large or rather large.—Species 15. North Africa and northern Central Africa. Some are used in medicine or yield a substitute for tea.  Paronychia Juss.

13. Sepals awned. Petals awl-shaped. Style long, with 3 stigmas. Low shrubs with knotty branches. Leaves narrow.—Species 1. North
Africa.  Gymnocarpos Forsk.

Sepals blunt. Petals scale-like. Style long with 1 stigma, or short with
3 stigmas. Herbs.  14

14. Style long, with 1 stigma. Leaves whorled, obovate.—Species 1. Island of Socotra.  Haya Balf. fil.

Style short, with 3 stigmas. Leaves opposite or alternate, narrow.—Species
3. North and South Africa and mountains of East Africa and
Madagascar.  Corrigiola L.

15. (7.) Petals 5. Stamens 5. Embryo curved. Leaves linear, fleshy.—Species
1. Nubia.  Sphaerocoma Anders.

Petals none. Stamens 1-2. Embryo straight or almost so. Leaves lanceolate, flat.—Species 2. South and Central Africa.  Pollichia Soland.

16. (2.) Styles united below. [Tribe POLYCARPEAE.]  17

Styles free from the base.  22

17. Sepals 4, concave, minutely toothed. Petals none. Stamens 3. Ovules few. Style short; stigmas 2. Flowers solitary, axillary, with two bracteoles. Leaves very small, densely crowded.—Species 1. Island of Kerguelen.  Lyallia Hook.

Sepals 5. Stamens 3-5. Ovules numerous. Stigmas 3 or 1.  18

18. Petals none. Sepals keeled, entire. Stamens 3. Leaves linear. Stipules dark red at the base.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria).  Ortegia Loefl.

Petals 5.  19

19. Petals 2-parted.—Species 1. Tropical and South Africa.  Drymaria Willd.

Petals entire, notched, or 2-toothed.  20

20. Sepals with a tooth on each side. Leaves awl-shaped. Stipules cut up into bristles.—Species 1. North Africa.  Loeflingia L.

Sepals entire.  21

21. Sepals keeled. Style short, 3-cleft.—Species 6. Some are used medicinally.  Polycarpon Loefl.

Sepals rounded on the back. Style long or rather long.—Species 25.
Some are used medicinally. (Polycarpia Webb, Polia Lour., including
Robbairea Boiss.) (Plate 45.)  Polycarpaea Lam.

22. (16.) Leaves with scarious stipules. Ovules numerous. [Tribe SPERGULEAE.]  23

Leaves without stipules. [Tribe ALSINEAE.]  25

23. Ovary incompletely 3-celled. Ovules basal. Styles 3. Stamens 5.
Flowers white. Leaves oblong or ovate.—Species 5. North Africa and
Madagascar.  Telephium L.

Ovary completely 1-celled. Ovules central. Flowers in raceme-like cymes. Leaves linear or subulate.  24

24. Styles and fruit-valves 3.—Species 10. North and South Africa, Abyssinia.
Some are used medicinally. (Lepigonum Fries, Tissa Adans.)  Spergularia Pers.

Styles and fruit-valves 5.—Species 4. North Africa; also naturalized in
Central and South Africa. Used as fodder. “Spurry.”  Spergula L.

25. Ovule 1. Styles 3. Stamens 10. Petals none, but usually 5 thread-like scales opposite the sepals. Fruit 3-valved to the middle. Leaves subulate. Flowers in clusters consisting of fertile and sterile flowers.—Species
1. North Africa.  Queria L.

Ovules 3 or more, rarely (Buffonia) 2.  26

26. Petals 2-parted, 2-cleft, or distinctly notched. Flowers solitary or in panicle-like cymes.  27

Petals entire, minutely toothed, obscurely notched, or wanting.  28

27. Fruit globose. Styles 2-3, rarely 4-5, alternating with the sepals.—Species
6. Extra-tropical regions and mountains of the tropics.
Some are used medicinally. “Stitchwort.”  Stellaria L.

Fruit cylindrical. Styles 5, rarely 3-4, opposite the sepals.—Species 20.
Extra-tropical regions and mountains of the tropics. Some are used medicinally.  Cerastium L.

28. Petals minutely toothed. Styles 3. Ovules numerous. Fruit cylindrical.
Seeds peltate, compressed dorsally. Flowers in umbel-like cymes.—Species
1. North Africa.  Holosteum L.

Petals entire, slightly notched, or wanting.  29

29. Styles as many as the sepals, 4-5.  30

Styles fewer than the sepals, 2-4, very rarely 5.  32

30. Styles opposite the sepals. Stamens 8. Fruit opening at the top by 8 recurved teeth. Leaves lanceolate.—Species 1. North Africa.
(Under Cerastium L.)  Moenchia Ehrh.

Styles alternating with the sepals. Stamens 4, 5, or 10. Fruit opening to the base in 4-5 valves.  31

31. Stamens as many as and alternating with the sepals. Petals none.—Species
2. Subantarctic islands.  Colobanthus Bartl.

Stamens as many as and opposite the sepals, or twice as many. Leaves subulate.—Species 7. North Africa, high mountains of Central Africa and subantarctic islands. Some are used as ornamental plants. “Pearlwort.”  Sagina L.

32. Styles 2. Ovules 2-4. Stamens 2-4. Sepals 4. Fruit opening to the base in 2 valves. Seeds 1-2. Leaves subulate.—Species 5. North-west
Africa.  Buffonia L.

Styles 3-5, rarely 2, but then (as usually) ovules more than 4. Sepals nearly always 5.  33

33. Valves of the fruit entire, as many as styles.—Species 8. North Africa and northern East Africa. (Including Minuartia L., under Arenaria L.) Alsine Wahlenb.

Valves of the fruit 2-toothed or 2-parted; in the latter case apparently twice as many as styles.  34

34. Seeds with an appendage at the hilum. Flowers white.—Species 2.
North-west Africa. (Under Arenaria L.)  Moehringia L.

Seeds without an appendage. Stamens 10.—Species 10. North Africa and northern Central Africa. “Sandwort.”  Arenaria L.

35. (1.) Calyx with an odd number of ribs. Petals usually with contorted aestivation. Styles or stigmas 2. [Tribe DIANTHEAE.]  36

Calyx with an even number of ribs. Petals usually with quincuncially-imbricate aestivation. Styles or stigmas 3-5. [Tribe LYCHNIDEAE.]  41

36. Calyx with scarious stripes between the lobes and with 5-35 ribs.  37

Calyx without scarious stripes, with 15-55 ribs.  38

37. Seeds peltate; embryo nearly straight. Leaves linear.—Species 2.
North Africa. (Including Dianthella Clauson).  Tunica Scop.

Seeds reniform; embryo curved. Leaves lanceolate, oblong, elliptical, or ovate.—Species 2. North-east Africa to the Island of Socotra. The roots are used in medicine and as a substitute for soap.  Gypsophila L.

38. Petals with scales at the base of the blade, which are sometimes reduced to hairs. Calyx not surrounded by bracts.  39

Petals without scales at the base of the blade, but usually with a winged
claw.  40

39. Flowers small. Calyx tubular, 15-ribbed. Petals notched; scales small or reduced to hairs. Stamens 5-10. Fruit linear. Seeds with an anterior hilum and a straight embryo. Leaves linear.—Species 1.
North Africa.  Velezia L.

Flowers rather large. Calyx 15-25-ribbed. Petals with wing-like outgrowths on the claw and with scales at the base of the blade. Stamens
10. Seeds with a lateral hilum and a curved embryo. Leaves lanceolate.—Species
4. North Africa. They are used as ornamental or medicinal plants and yield also a substitute for soap. “Soapwort.”  Saponaria L.

40. Calyx ventricose, acutely angled, with 15-25 ribs, not surrounded by bracts. Petals minutely toothed. Fruit ovoid. Seeds with a lateral hilum and a curved embryo.—Species 1. North Africa. The roots are used as a substitute for soap. (Under Saponaria L.)  Vaccaria Medik.

Calyx tubular, with 35-55 ribs, surrounded by two or more bracts at the base. Seeds with an anterior hilum and a straight embryo.—Species
25. North and South Africa and mountains of Central Africa.
Many of them are used as ornamental plants or for the preparation of perfumes. “Pink.”  Dianthus L.

41. (35.) Styles 5, alternating with the sepals. Ovary and fruit completely
1-celled. Petals without scales at the base of the blade.  42

Styles 5, opposite the sepals, or 3-4. Stamens 10.  43

42. Petals with a two-winged claw. Stamens 10. Styles hairy. Ovules numerous.—Species 1. North Africa, also introduced into South
Africa. The seeds are poisonous and used in medicine. “Corncockle.”
(Githago Desfont., under Lychnis L.)  Agrostemma L.

Petals with a wingless claw. Stamens 5. Styles glabrous. Ovules few.—Species
3. Northern East Africa and Cameroons.  Uebelinia Hochst.

43. Ovary and fruit completely 1-celled. Calyx more or less inflated, 10-20-ribbed.
Petals with scales at the base of the blade. Fruit opening by
6-10 teeth. Seeds tubercled.—Species 6. North-west and South
Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants, or as a substitute for soap.
(Under Lychnis L.)  Melandryum Roehl.

Ovary and fruit divided into cells at the base.  44

44. Fruit a berry. Calyx shortly and widely bell-shaped. Petals greenish-white, with a recurved 2-cleft blade provided with two scales at its base.
Styles 3. Stem climbing. Leaves ovate or oblong.—Species 1.
North-west Africa.  Cucubalus L.

Fruit a capsule, opening by 6 or more teeth.—Species 75. North and South
Africa and mountains of Central Africa. Some are used as a substitute for soap, as vegetables, in medicine or as ornamental plants. (Including
Eudianthe Rohrb.)  Silene L.

ORDER RANALES

FAMILY 76. NYMPHAEACEAE

Aquatic herbs. Leaves floating, undivided, usually peltate. Flowers solitary. Sepals 3 or more. Petals 3 or more. Stamens numerous. Anthers opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Carpels 6 or more, distinct or united below into a many-celled ovary. Stigmas free or partly united. Fruit indehiscent or bursting irregularly. Seeds albuminous.—Genera 3, species 20.

1. Carpels separate, few-ovuled. Sepals 3. Petals 3. Flowers red, axillary.
Leaves ovate, without stipules.—Species 1. Southern West Africa
(Angola). Used medicinally. (Hydropeltis Michx.) [Subfamily CABOMBOIDEAE.]  Brasenia Schreb.

Carpels united, at least on the outside, many-ovuled. Sepals 4-5. Petals numerous. [Subfamily NYMPHAEOIDEAE.]  2

2. Sepals 4. Ovary more or less free from the calyx, but adnate to the corolla and the stamens. Seeds with an aril. Leaves with a stipule.
Leaf- and flower-stalks with 4-7 large air-canals.—Species 20. Used as ornamental and fodder-plants; the root-stock and the seeds are edible and yield a drink, medicaments, and a dye. “Water-lily.”
(Castalia Salisb.) [Tribe TETRASEPALEAE.]  Nymphaea Smith

Sepals 5. Petals smaller. Flowers yellow. Ovary free. Seeds without an aril. Leaves without stipules. Leaf- and flower-stalks with many small air-canals.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). Used as ornamental plants, as fodder, and for the preparation of a drink. (Nymphaea
Salisb.) [Tribe NUPHAREAE.]  Nuphar Smith

FAMILY 77. CERATOPHYLLACEAE

Branched submerged aquatic herbs. Leaves whorled, deeply divided into forked, linear segments. Flowers solitary or in pairs in the axils of the leaves, without bracteoles, unisexual. Perianth simple; segments 9-12, subequal, united at the base, greenish or whitish. Stamens 12-16, inserted upon a convex receptacle; anthers opening outwards. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, pendulous, straight. Style simple; stigma entire, grooved. Fruit a nut. Seed with a thin albumen; embryo with a large, many-leaved plumule.

Genus 1, species 3.  Ceratophyllum L.

SUBORDER RANUNCULINEAE

FAMILY 78. RANUNCULACEAE

Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs. Leaves usually divided. Perianth simple or consisting of a calyx and a corolla of free petals, hypogynous or nearly so. Stamens usually numerous. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Carpels superior, solitary or separate, rarely (Nigella) united. Ovules inverted. Seeds with a straight embryo and copious albumen.—Genera 11, species 140. (Plate 46.)

1. Carpels containing each a single perfect ovule and sometimes some rudimentary ones, separate, indehiscent. [Tribe ANEMONEAE.]  2

Carpels containing several perfect ovules each, dehiscing at the suture.  7

2. Petals with a pit or scale at the base or the middle.  3

Petals without a pit or scale, or wanting. Ovule pendulous.  4

3. Ovule pendulous. Carpels arranged in a spike. Sepals with a short spur, yellowish. Petals narrow. Stamens few. Pericarp without a hardened layer. Small herbs. Leaves radical, undivided, linear.—Species
2. North-west Africa. Poisonous plants. “Mousetail.”  Myosurus L.

Ovule ascending. Pericarp with a hardened layer.—Species 50. Many of them are poisonous, some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.
(Including Ceratocephalus Pers. and Ficaria Dill.)  Ranunculus L.

4. Ovary and fruit with 1-3 longitudinal veins or without veins. Ovule with a single coat.  5

Ovary and fruit with 4 or more longitudinal or transverse veins. Ovule with 2 coats. Leaves alternate or all radical.  6

5. Leaves opposite. Herbs or more frequently climbing shrubs. Perianth-segments
4-8, petal-like, usually valvate in the bud.—Species 40.
Many of them are poisonous; some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.  Clematis L.

Leaves radical and alternate, or the uppermost whorled. Herbs, rarely low shrubs. Perianth-segments 4-20, imbricate in the bud.—Species
15. North, South, and East Africa. Several are poisonous; some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including Knowltonia Salisb.)
(Plate 46.)  Anemone L.

6. Perianth simple, of 3-5 segments. Carpels inserted upon a flat receptacle, marked with longitudinal veins. Flowers in racemes or cymes.—Species
4. Poisonous plants, used for dyeing and in medicine.  Thalictrum L.

Perianth of 5 sepals and 5-16 petals. Carpels inserted upon a cylindrical receptacle, marked with transverse veins. Flowers solitary, terminal.—Species
4. North Africa. Poisonous, also used in medicine and as ornamental plants.  Adonis L.

7. (1.) Perianth consisting of 5 or more sepals and 5-8 red, not glandular petals. Stamens united at the base, slightly perigynous. Carpels several, separate, fleshy. Outer coat of the ovules longer than the inner.—Species
1. North-west Africa. Poisonous and used as an ornamental and medicinal plant. [Tribe PAEONIEAE.]  Paeonia L.

Perianth consisting of 5 petal-like, usually blue sepals and 1-8 glandular petals (nectaries). Stamens free, hypogynous. Carpels not fleshy.
Outer coat of the ovules as long as or shorter than the inner. [Tribe
HELLEBOREAE.]  8

8. Perianth regular. Petals 5-8.  9

Perianth irregular. Petals 1-4, usually 2.  10

9. Petals 5, large, with a long spur. Carpels separate. Leaves ternately dissected; segments broad. Tall, perennial herbs.—Species 1. North-west
Africa. Used as an ornamental plant and in medicine. “Columbine.”  Aquilegia L.

Petals 8, small, not distinctly spurred. Carpels more or less united.
Leaves pinnately dissected; segments narrow. Low annual herbs.—Species
6. North Africa. Some (especially N. sativa L.) yield condiments and medicaments, others serve as ornamental plants.  Nigella L.

10. Petals with a long claw, enclosed by the sepals. Upper sepal erect, helmet-shaped.
Flowers yellow.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Morocco).
Poisonous and used in medicine.  Aconitum L.

Petals sessile, projecting beyond the sepals. Upper sepal spreading, spur-shaped.—Species
18. North and East Africa. Some are poisonous or used in medicine or as ornamental plants. “Larkspur.”  Delphinium L.

FAMILY 79. BERBERIDACEAE

Leaves alternate or all radical. Flowers in racemes, hermaphrodite. Sepals 4-9, more or less petal-like and yellow, at least the inner ones. Petals (nectaries) 4-8. Stamens 4-6, free. Anthers turned inwards, opening by valves. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovules 2 or more, basal or inserted along the ventral suture. Stigma 1. Fruit a capsule or a berry. Seeds with a straight embryo and copious albumen.—Genera 3, species 6. North and East Africa.

1. Stem woody, shrubby. Leaves undivided. Inflorescence terminal. Flowers
6-merous. Fruit a berry.—Species 4. North and East Africa.
They yield timber, tanning and dyeing materials, fish-poison, medicaments, and edible fruits which are also used for the preparation of drinks and confectionery. “Barberry.” [Tribe BERBERIDEAE.]  Berberis L.

Stem herbaceous, low. Leaves dissected. Inflorescence lateral. Fruit
a capsule. [Tribe EPIMEDIEAE.]  2

2. Flowers 4-merous. Ovules many, inserted along the ventral suture.
Fruit opening by two valves. Seeds with an aril.—Species 1. North-west
Africa.  Epimedium L.

Flowers 6-merous. Ovules few, basal. Fruit bursting irregularly. Seeds without an aril.—Species 1. North-west Africa. The tubers are used in medicine and as a substitute for soap.  Leontice L.

FAMILY 80. MENISPERMACEAE

Stem usually woody and twining. Leaves alternate, undivided, palmately lobed or digitate, nearly always exstipulate. Flowers small, unisexual, nearly always dioecious, mostly in racemes or panicles. Sepals usually 6. Petals usually 6, smaller than the sepals, sometimes absent. Stamens generally as many as and opposite the petals. Anthers opening by slits. Carpels 3-30, separate, more rarely solitary. Ovule 1, pendulous or laterally affixed, half-inverted with superior micropyle, sometimes accompanied at first by a second which is soon suppressed. Fruits drupaceous.—Genera 27, species 100. (Plate 47.)

1. Sepals 4 in the male flowers, 1-2 in the female. Petals of the male flowers
2-4, united below, of the female 1-3. Stamens united. Carpels solitary.  2

Sepals 6-24, rarely (Stephania) in the female flowers only 3-4. Petals free or wanting. Carpels 3-30, free, rarely (Stephania) solitary.  3

2. Female flowers with 1 sepal and 1 petal, rarely with 2-3 petals, in cymes.
Leaves broad. Usually high-climbing plants.—Species 12. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally.  Cissampelos L.

Female flowers with 2 sepals and 2 petals, solitary or in pairs. Leaves usually narrow. Low-growing plants.—Species 4. South Africa.
(Under Cissampelos L.)  Antizoma Miers

3. Sepals 6-8, usually 6, rarely in the female flowers 3-4.  4

Sepals 9-24.  22

4. Sepals 6-8 in the male flowers, 3-4 in the female, usually equal in length.
Petals 2-4. Carpels solitary.—Species 5. Central and South Africa.
(Including Homocnemia Miers and Perichasma Miers).  Stephania Lour.

Sepals 6-8 in both sexes. Petals usually 6. Carpels 3-6.  5

5. Sepals nearly equal in length.  6

Sepals very unequal in length, the outer usually much shorter than the inner.  7

6. Petals none. Filaments entirely united. Anthers opening lengthwise.
Stigmas thick, entire.—Species 5. Central Africa. (Including
Ropalandria Stapf).  Dioscoreophyllum Engl.

Petals 6. Anthers opening transversely. Stigmas lobed. Leaves lobed.—Species
2. Tropical and South-east Africa. Used medicinally.
“Calumba-root.”  Iatrorrhiza Miers

7. Petals 3. Stamens 3. Filaments united beyond the middle. Anthers opening by a transverse slit. Flowers in spreading panicles. Leaves sinuated or dissected.—Species 3. Equatorial West Africa.  Syntriandrium Engl.

Petals 5-8, usually 6, rarely (Tiliacora) 3, but then stamens 6-9 and leaves undivided, very rarely (Penianthus) petals wanting.  8

8. Stamens 15-30. Filaments united. Anthers opening outwards by a transverse slit. Carpels 4-6. Inner sepals united nearly to the top.
Male flowers fascicled, female solitary.—Species 2. Central Africa to
Delagoa Bay.  Epinetrum Hiern

Stamens 3-9, usually 6.  9

9. Filaments free or united at the base only.  10

Filaments, at least the inner ones, united to the middle or beyond.  17

10. Anthers opening by 1-2 transverse slits.  11

Anthers opening by 2 longitudinal slits.  13

11. Anthers opening by two slits. Staminodes in the female flowers 6 or 0.
Stigmas entire. Fruits ovoid, reniform, or globular; scar of the style nearly basal. Endocarp ribbed. Seeds with a scanty uniform albumen and thick-fleshy cotyledons. Flowers in fascicles sometimes arranged in racemes.—Species 5. Tropics to Delagoa Bay, Sahara and Egypt.
They yield dyes, drinks, and medicaments. (Cebatha Forsk.) (Plate 47.)  Cocculus L.

Anthers opening by one slit. Fruits oblong or elliptical; scar of the style nearly terminal.  12

12. Anthers opening by a slit across the apex. Staminodes in the female flowers 6 or 0. Stigmas entire. Endocarp smooth. Seeds exalbuminous, with fleshy cotyledons. Stem erect. Leaves lanceolate to ovate, penninerved. Flowers in glomerules or false umbels.—Species 2.
West Africa. (Including Heptacyclum Engl.)  Penianthus Miers

Anthers opening by a semicircular slit on the inside. Staminodes 3.
Stigmas 3-cleft. Endocarp spiny. Seeds with a ruminate albumen and thin leaf-like cotyledons. Stem climbing. Leaves cordate-ovate, 5-nerved.
Male flowers in spreading panicles, female in racemes.—Species
4. West Africa.  Kolobopetalum Engl.

13. Anthers opening laterally, almost outwards. Carpels 3. Leaves cordate-ovate, palmately 5-7-nerved.  14

Anthers opening inwards. Leaves palmately 3-nerved, peltate, or penninerved.  15

14. Leaves deeply cordate at the base. Styles short. Staminodes in the female flowers 6.—Species 1. Northern Central Africa.  Tinospora Miers

Leaves slightly cordate. Styles none. Filaments united at the base.—Species
7. Tropical and South-east Africa.  Desmonema Miers

15. Leaves palmately 3-nerved, oblong. Carpels 3. Seeds straight.—Species
1. Madagascar. (Under Cocculus DC.)  Orthogynium Baill.

Leaves peltate or penninerved. Seeds curved.  16

16. Leaves peltate. Flowers in racemes. Filaments free, flattened. Endocarp tubercled, hairy. Cotyledons thin, leaf-like.—Species 1. West Africa
(Cameroons). (Under Tinospora Miers).  Platytinospora Diels

Leaves lanceolate to ovate, not peltate. Carpels 6 or more. Staminodes in the female flowers none. Fruits with a basal style-scar; endocarp smooth or wrinkled. Cotyledons thick, fleshy.—Species 12, Central
Africa. (Including Glossopholis Pierre, under Limacia Lour.)  Tiliacora Colebr.

17. (9.) Outer stamens free, inner united to the middle. Carpels 9; scar of the style basal. Seeds spirally twisted, without albumen. Leaves oblong or lanceolate. Flowers in panicles.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Spirospermum Thouars

Outer and inner stamens more or less united.  18

18. Outer stamens united at the base, inner up to the anthers. Anthers opening lengthwise, the inner laterally, the outer inwards. Carpels 3; endocarp spiny. Leaves cordate-ovate. Flowers fascicled in racemes.—Species
1. West Africa. (Miersiophyton Engl., under Chasmanthera
Miers).  Rhigiocarya Miers

Outer and inner stamens united to the middle or beyond.  19

19. Anthers opening by a semicircular slit. Carpels 3; stigmas 3-cleft.
Endocarp spiny. Flowers in panicles. (See 12.)  Kolobopetalum Engl.

Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. Endocarp smooth, wrinkled, or tubercled.  20

20. Carpels 6-30. Scar of the style basal. Cotyledons fleshy. Anthers opening inwards. (See 16.)  Tiliacora Colebr.

Carpels 3. Scar of the style terminal. Flowers fascicled in racemes.  21

21. Petals unequal. Style none. Leaves undivided. (See 14.)  Desmonema Miers

Petals subequal. Stamens 6. Styles short. Stigmas cleft. Leaves broadly cordate.—Species 2. Central Africa. One species has edible tubers.  Chasmanthera Hochst.

22. (3.) Inner sepals united nearly to the tip.  23

Inner sepals free or nearly so.  24

23. Stamens 6-9. Filaments united at the base. Anthers opening lengthwise.
Flowers solitary or in pairs.—Species 1. West Africa.  Synclisia Benth.

Stamens 15-30. Filaments united throughout their whole length.
Anthers opening transversely. Male flowers fascicled, female solitary.
(See 8.)  Epinetrum Hiern

24. Petals none.  25

Petals 3-9, usually 6.  27

25. Stamens 3. Filaments united. Anthers opening by two transverse slits. Carpels 3-4. Scar of the style near the base of the fruit. Leaves broad-cordate. Flowers in fascicled glomerules.—Species 2. West
Africa.  Syrrheonema Miers

Stamens 3, with free filaments, or 5-6. Anthers opening by sometimes confluent longitudinal slits. Scar of the style terminal or lateral.  26

26. Carpels 3. Styles absent. Stigmas peltate. Anthers opening by confluent slits. Stem erect. Flowers in glomerules. (See 12.)  Penianthus Miers

Carpels 6 or more. Styles present. Stem climbing. Flowers in lax cymes or in panicles.—Species 12. Tropics. (Including Pycnostylis
Pierre, Rameya Baill., and Welwitschiina Engl.)  Triclisia Benth.

27. Petals 9. Stamens 21. Carpels 12.—Species 1. West Africa.  Sphenocentrum Pierre

Petals 3-6.  28

28. Stamens 3.  29

Stamens 6-18.  31

29. Filaments free. Sepals hairy. Stem climbing. (See 26.) Triclisia Benth.
Filaments united high up.  30

30. Sepals glabrous. Leaves distinctly 3-nerved. Stem climbing.—Species 1.
Madagascar.  Strychnopsis Baill.

Sepals hairy. Leaves not distinctly 3-nerved. Stem erect.—Species 5.
Madagascar. (Including Gamopoda Bak. and Tripodandra Baill.)  Rhaptonema Miers

31. Stamens 9-18. Filaments united throughout their whole length. Anthers opening transversely. Male flowers with 6 petals, female with 3 petals and 3 staminodes. Carpels 6. Flowers in false racemes or corymbs.
Leaves undivided.—Species 7. Tropics to Delagoa Bay.  Anisocycla Baill.

Stamens 9 with the filaments free or united at the base, or 6. Anthers opening lengthwise, but sometimes obliquely.  32

32. Carpels 3-4. Flowers in racemes.  33

Carpels 6-30. Flowers in cymes or panicles, or the female in racemes.
Leaves undivided.  34

33. Petals ovate. Fruits ovoid; embryo nearly straight. Stem erect. Leaves compound, with 3 leaflets.—Species 4. Madagascar.  Burasaia Thouars

Petals oblong, lobed. Fruits reniform; embryo much curved. Stem climbing. Leaves simple, undivided.—Species 1. West Africa
(Congo). Limaciopsis Engl.

34. Sepals densely hairy. Petals minute. Staminodes in the female flowers present. Carpels hairy. (See 26.) Triclisia Benth.

Sepals glabrous or scantily hairy. Staminodes in the female flowers absent. (See 16.)  Tiliacora Colebr.

SUBORDER MAGNOLIINEAE.

FAMILY 81. ANONACEAE.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided, without stipules. Flowers usually hermaphrodite. Sepals 3, rarely 2, usually valvate in the bud. Petals 3-6, free or united at the base. Stamens hypogynous, 6 or more, usually numerous, rarely (Bocagea) 3. Anthers nearly always turned outwards. Carpels 3 or more, separate, more rarely united and forming a one-or many-celled ovary. Ovules inverted. Fruit usually a berry. Seeds with a copious, ruminate albumen and a small embryo.—Genera 27, species 240. (Plate 48.)

1. Carpels whorled and united, forming a 1-celled ovary with parietal placentas.
[Tribe MONODOREAE.]  2

Carpels spirally arranged, free, more rarely united, and then forming a many-celled ovary.  3

2. Petals unequal, free or the outer united below, frequently with a wavy margin.—Species 15. Tropics to Delagoa Bay. The seeds of some
species are used as condiments and in medicine.  Monodora Dun.

Petals equal, more or less united below, not wavy at the margin.—Species
15. Tropics. (Under Monodora Dun.)  Isolona (Pierre) Engl.

3. Petals 6, the inner greatly exceeding the outer. Carpels 4-6, with united stigmas; ovules 6-10 to each. Trees with long-haired branches.
Flowers in panicles.—Species 5. West Africa (Cameroons). [Tribe
MILIUSEAE.]  Piptostigma Oliv.

Petals 6, about equal in length, or the inner shorter, or petals 3-4.  4

4. Petals thick, more or less distinctly jointed into an inferior hollow portion and a superior flat or thickened one, erect or connivent, rarely spreading, valvate in the bud, very rarely (Anona) the inner imbricate at the apex.
[Tribe XYLOPIEAE.]  5

Petals thin or rather thin, rarely thick, not jointed and usually spreading, but sometimes hollow or with a short claw appressed to the stamens.  10

5. Carpels united in fruit. Ovule 1. Styles oblong. Petals 3, alternate with the sepals, or 6.—Species 10, six of them spontaneous in tropical and South-east Africa, 4 cultivated in various regions. They yield cork-wood, fibre, gum-lac, tans and dyes, poisons, medicaments, a substitute for tea, and edible fruits (custard-apple, sour-sop, and others) from which also drinks are prepared. (Plate 48.) [Subtribe ANONINAE.]  Anona L.

Carpels free till maturity. [Subtribe XYLOPIINAE.]  6

6. Ovules solitary.  7

Ovules 2 or more to each carpel. Petals 6.  8

7. Petals 3, opposite the sepals. Stigmas sessile. Trees with a yellow bark and yellow hairs.—Species 3. Central Africa. They yield timber, dyes, and medicaments. (Under Xylopia L.)  Enantia Oliv.

Petals 6, the outer greatly exceeding the inner. Stigmas borne upon linear styles.—Species 6. Equatorial West Africa. (Under Oxymitra
Blume)  Stenanthera (Oliv.) Engl. & Diels

8. Carpels containing numerous ovules or seeds, coiled spirally when ripe and contracted between the seeds. Trees.—Species 1. German East
Africa.  Polyceratocarpus Engl. & Diels

Carpels containing 2-8 ovules or 1-8 seeds, straight or slightly curved when ripe.  9

9. Petals spreading, subequal. Ovules 2. Stalks of the inflorescence and the flowers usually thickened and hooked. Mostly climbing or scrambling shrubs.—Species 18. Tropics to Delagoa Bay. Some have edible fruits or are used in medicine.  Artabotrys R. Br.

Petals suberect or connivent, the inner shorter and triangular above.
Sepals more or less united. Receptacle usually concave. Ovules
2-8, inserted along the ventral suture. Styles long.—Species 30.
Tropics. Some yield timber, spices (guinea-pepper), and medicaments.
(Xylopicrum P. Br.)  Xylopia L.

10. (4.) Petals transversely folded, at least in the bud, united at the base, subequal. Carpels 3-12, hairy; ovules numerous; styles 2-cleft.—Species
6. Tropics. [Tribe HEXALOBEAE.]  Hexalobus A. DC.

Petals not folded, usually free. [Tribe UVARIEAE.]  11

11. Petals valvate in the bud. Carpels free. [Subtribe UNONINAE.]  12

Petals, at least the inner ones, imbricate in the bud. [Subtribe UVARIINAE.]  23

12. Petals 3-4. Sepals or calyx-lobes 2. Connective of the stamens not or scarcely prolonged. Carpels and ovules numerous. Flowers unisexual.  13

Petals 6. Sepals 3. Connective usually prolonged beyond the anther-cells.  15

13. Petals 3, thick. Flowers in clusters springing from the old wood, the female somewhat larger than the male. Trees.—Species 1. Equatorial
West Africa (Congo).  Thonnera De Wild.

Petals 4.  14

14. Petals free. Flowers in clusters springing from the old wood, the female much larger than the male. Trees.—Species 2. Equatorial West
Africa.  Tetrastemma Diels

Petals united below. Flowers solitary, axillary, the female about as large as the male. Shrubs.—Species 1. Equatorial West Africa
(Cameroons).  Uvariopsis Engl.

15. Petals in 1 row, rather thick. Stamens 12, six of them sometimes sterile.
Anther-cells ovate. Carpels numerous, 1-seeded.—Species 2. West
Africa (Congo).  Monanthotaxis Baill.

Petals in 2 rows.  16

16. Outer petals spreading, inner smaller and converging.—Species 30. Tropical and South-east Africa. (Including Clathrospermum Planch.)  Popowia Endl.

Outer and inner petals spreading or erect.  17

17. Stamens 3-6; connective ovate, prolonged above, but not dilated. Carpels
3, one-seeded.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Bocagea St. Hil.

Stamens numerous.  18

18. Stamens with an acuminate connective. Ovules several. Style short.
Fruit slightly constricted between the seeds. Trees. Flowers in axillary clusters.—Species 1 (C. odorata Hook. f. & Thoms., Ylang-Ylang).
Cultivated in the tropics for its fragrant flowers, which yield a perfume.  Cananga Rumph.

Stamens with a truncate or rounded connective.  19

19. Style long. Ovules 2. Peduncles thick and hooked. Climbing shrubs.
(See 9.)  Artabotrys R. Br.

Style short or wanting.  20

20. Ovules 1-2 to each carpel, rarely 3-8, and then fruits constricted between the seeds, and young branches, leaves and flowers glabrous or clothed
with simple hairs. Carpels usually numerous.  21

Ovules 10-30 to each carpel, rarely 8, but then fruits not constricted between the seeds, and young branches, leaves and flowers clothed with stellate hairs. Carpels usually few.  22

21. Fruit-carpels with a single seed appressed to the pericarp, or with 2-8 seeds, and then constricted between them. Style present. Flowers hermaphrodite.—Species 9. Tropics.  Unona L. f.

Fruit-carpels with a single seed not appressed to the pericarp, or with 2 seeds without a distinct constriction between them. Ovules 1-2.—Species
8. Tropics. Several species yield timber.  Polyalthia Blume

22. Sepals small. Plants covered with stellate hairs.—Species 2. Central
Africa. (Under Unona L. f.)  Meiocarpidium Engl. & Diels

Sepals large. Plants covered with simple hairs or glabrous.—Species 3.
Central Africa.  Uvariastrum Engl.

23. (11.) Ovules 1-2 in each carpel.  24

Ovules numerous in each carpel.  26

24. Carpels united as to the ovary and sunk in the receptacle, numerous, one-seeded.
Flowers unisexual, with two large bracteoles enclosing the bud. Sepals 3, small.—Species 2. Equatorial West Africa. (Under
Anona L.)  Anonidium Engl. & Diels

Carpels free. Flowers hermaphrodite.  25

25. Sepals large, leathery, cohering in the bud. Outer petals ovate, scarcely larger than the inner. Receptacle rather flat. Carpels 6-9, one-ovuled; styles linear. Shrubs.—Species 1. Southern East Africa.
(Under Unona L. f.)  Cleistochlamys Oliv.

Sepals small, membranous. Outer petals oblong, larger than the inner.
Receptacle convex. Carpels usually 2-ovuled; stigmas usually sessile.—Species
9. West Africa. (Under Oxymitra Benth.)  Cleistopholis Pierre

26. Carpels united, at least in fruit, numerous. Petals much overlapping in the bud. Flowers on dwarf shoots, with a thick stalk and two large bracteoles enclosing the bud. Plants covered with stellate hairs.—Species
2. Equatorial West Africa.  Pachypodanthium Engl. & Diels

Carpels free.  27

27. Stigmas lanceolate; margin not rolled inwards, or at the base only. Carpels about 10. Sepals triangular. Petals lanceolate, united at the base, greatly exceeding the calyx.—Species 1. East Africa. (Asteranthopsis
O. Ktze., under Uvaria L.)  Asteranthe Engl. & Diels

Stigmas truncate; margin rolled inwards all round. Petals usually free.—Species 55. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some species yield edible fruits, dyes, or medicaments.  Uvaria L.

FAMILY 82. MYRISTICACEAE.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves entire, penninerved, without stipules. Flowers dioecious. Perianth simple, 2-5-, usually 3-lobed. Stamens 2-40; filaments more or less, usually wholly, united; anthers 2-celled, turned outwards. Ovary superior, 1-celled; ovule 1, ascending, inverted; stigma 1. Fruit fleshy, usually dehiscent. Seed with an aril; albumen copious; embryo small.—Genera 9, species 25. Tropics. (Plate 49.)

1. Stamens 30-40; filaments united at the base. Style distinctly developed.
Aril very small. Inflorescence head-like.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Mauloutchia Warb.

Stamens 2-24; filaments wholly united. Style very short or absent.
Aril distinctly developed.  2

2. Flowers with a bracteole at the base of the perianth, rather large, in racemes or panicles, or the female solitary. Anthers 8-24. Fruit ovoid, dehiscent. Aril slit. Albumen ruminate. Embryo with spreading cotyledons.—Species 2. Cultivated in several tropical islands. The seeds (nutmeg) and the arils (mace) are used as spices and medicaments and for the preparation of perfumes; the pericarp is edible.  Myristica L.

Flowers, at least the male, without bracteoles. Anthers 2-10.  3

3. Flowers rather large, stalked, in cymosely arranged fascicles. Perianth funnel-shaped. Anthers 4-10, somewhat shorter than the united filaments. Fruit very large, subglobose, indehiscent. Aril entire.
Albumen ruminate. Embryo with spreading cotyledons. Lateral nerves of the leaves not forked, joined by distinct arches close to the margin; transverse veins faint.—Species 3. West Africa. They yield timber and oil. (Including Ochocoa Pierre).  Scyphocephalium Warb.

Flowers very small, in fascicles or heads, which are sometimes arranged in racemes or panicles. Fruit ovoid or elliptical, dehiscent. Embryo with suberect cotyledons.  4

4. Flowers in simple, fascicle- or head-like inflorescences, subsessile. Anthers
3-4. Aril almost entire. Albumen not ruminate. Leaves with forked lateral nerves and distinct transverse veins.—Species 4. West
Africa. They yield timber.  Staudtia Warb.

Flowers in heads or fascicles, which are arranged in racemes or panicles.
Aril slit.  5

5. Flowers stalked, in fascicles. Anthers 2-7. Albumen ruminate. Lateral nerves of the leaves not distinctly confluent at the margin.  6

Flowers sessile, in heads.  7

6. Partial inflorescences supported by an involucral disc. Perianth cup-shaped.
Anthers 3-5. Albumen with a cavity in the centre.—Species
4. West Africa. They yield timber and oil.  Coelocaryon Warb.

Partial inflorescences without an involucral disc. Perianth funnel- or pitcher-shaped. Albumen solid in the centre.—Species 1. Cultivated in the tropics. The seeds yield a fat.  Virola Aubl.

7. Heads distinctly stalked. Perianth obovoid or club-shaped. Anthers
2-4, shorter than the filaments. Albumen ruminate. Lateral nerves
of the leaves joined by arches near the margin.—Species 5. West
Africa and Upper Nile. They yield timber and oil. (Under Myristica
L.) (Plate 49.)  Pycnanthus Warb.

Heads sessile or nearly so. Perianth cupular. Anthers 3-10. Albumen uniform.  8

8. Heads large, distant on the branches of a panicle. Anthers 3-4, as long as or somewhat shorter than the filaments. Leaves whitish below; lateral nerves joined by arches distant from the margin; transverse veins faint.—Species
1. German East Africa. (Under Brochoneura Warb.)  Cephalosphaera Warb.

Heads arranged in dense racemes or panicles. Anthers 4-10, usually longer than the filaments. Leaves with forked lateral nerves and nearly as strong transverse veins.—Species 4. Madagascar. The seeds are used as a condiment and yield a fat. (Under Myristica L.)  Brochoneura Warb.

FAMILY 83. MONIMIACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves undivided, without stipules. Flowers unisexual. Perianth simple, 3-6-lobed. Stamens 10 or more. Carpels solitary or several and then separate at the time of flowering, often sunk in the receptacle. Ovule 1. Seeds with a small embryo and fleshy albumen.—Genera 6, species 30. (Plate 50.)

1. Anthers opening by valves. Stamens numerous. Carpels 4 or more, sunk in the receptacle. Ovules erect. Perianth irregular, strap-shaped.
Leaves alternate. Flowers solitary or in clusters.—Species
3. West Africa. (Plate 50.) [Subfamily ATHEROSPERMOIDEAE, tribe SIPARUNEAE.]  Glossocalyx Benth.

Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Ovule pendulous. Perianth regular or nearly so. [Subfamily MONIMIOIDEAE.]  2

2. Receptacle (floral axis) small. Perianth-segments of the female flowers falling off singly. Stamens numerous. Carpel 1. [Tribe TRIMENIEAE.]  3

Receptacle large, cup- or urn-shaped, at length bursting. Perianth falling off entire and lid-like, or little developed and persistent. Carpels several or many.  4

3. Perianth of the male flowers protruding beyond the stamens. Flowers on long stalks, in lax racemes. Leaves alternate.—Species 2. Equatorial
West Africa (Cameroons).  Chloropatane Engl.

Perianth of the male flowers concealed by the stamens. Flowers on short stalks, in dense racemes. Leaves opposite.—Species 3. Tropical and
South Africa. They yield timber. (Including Paxiodendron Engl.)  Xymalos Baill.

4. Receptacle cup-shaped, subsequently spreading, not enclosing the carpels.
Perianth falling off as a whole, lid-like. Stamens 10-12. Anther-halves confluent above. Leaves opposite. Flowers solitary or in