clusters, monoecious.—Species 1. Madagascar. (Under Mollinedia
Ruiz & Pav.) [Tribe MOLLINEDIEAE.]  Ephippiandra Decne.

Receptacle narrowly pitcher-shaped, subsequently increasing in size and enclosing the carpels. Perianth little developed. Stamens numerous.
Anther-halves separate. [Tribe MONIMIEAE.]  5

5. Stamens with a gland on each side. Carpels few, not sunk in the receptacle.
Shrubs. Leaves opposite. Flowers in cymes, dioecious.—Species 4.
Madagascar and the neighbouring islands. They yield timber and medicaments.  Monimia Thouars

Stamens without glands. Carpels numerous, sunk in the receptacle.—Species
20. Madagascar and the neighbouring islands. Some species yield timber, dyes, or medicaments. (Ambora Juss.)  Tambourissa Sonn.

FAMILY 84. LAURACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves undivided, without stipules, sometimes scale-like. Flowers regular. Perianth of 4 or 6 segments. Fertile stamens 4-14, perigynous. Anthers opening by 2-4 valves. Ovary superior, very rarely (Hypodaphnis) inferior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, pendulous, inverted. Style simple. Seed exalbuminous; embryo straight.—Genera 15, species 75. (Plate 51.)

1. Anthers 2-celled. [Subfamily LAUROIDEAE.]  2

Anthers 4-celled. [Subfamily PERSEOIDEAE.]  11

2. Anthers all turned inwards, 8-14, usually 12. Perianth 4-cleft. Flowers in umbels, dioecious or polygamous. Leafy shrubs or trees.—Species
2. North Africa. They yield timber, oil, perfumes, spices, and medicaments, and are also used as ornamental plants. “Laurel.” [Tribe
LAUREAE.]  Laurus L.

Anthers partly (the outer) turned inwards, partly outwards, 4-12, usually
9. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, usually panicled.  3

3. Stem thread-shaped, twining, parasitic. Leaves reduced to minute scales.
Perianth 6-cleft, the outer segments much smaller than the inner.
Fertile stamens 9.—Species 4. Southern and tropical Africa. Some are used medicinally. [Tribe CASSYTHEAE.]  Cassytha L.

Stem shrub- or tree-like. Leaves perfectly developed. Perianth with 6, rarely 4, subequal segments.  4

4. Receptacle accrescent, cupuliform, enclosing the fruit. Perianth-segments
6. Fertile stamens 9, rarely 12. [Tribe CRYPTOCARYEAE.]  5

Receptacle scarcely or not accrescent, not enclosing the fruit. [Tribe
APOLLONIADEAE.]  6

5. Fruit incompletely 6-celled. Pericarp adnate to the receptacle, but free from the seed. Cotyledons 6-lobed. Leaves penninerved.—Species 8.
Madagascar. They yield timber, oil, condiments, and medicaments.
(Agathophyllum Juss.)  Ravensara Sonn.

Fruit completely 1-celled. Pericarp easily separable from the receptacle, but adnate to the seed.—Species 10. Madagascar, South and East
Africa.  Cryptocarya R. Br.

6. Perianth 4-parted. Fertile stamens 4. Shrubs. Leaves linear-lanceolate.—Species
2. Madagascar.  Potameia Thouars

Perianth 6-parted or 6-cleft. Fertile stamens 6-9.  7

7. Fertile stamens 6, each with 2 glands. Flowers in racemes.—Species 1.
Madagascar.  Berniera Baill.

Fertile stamens 9, rarely 6, all or the outer ones without glands. Flowers in panicles.  8

8. Staminodes within the fertile stamens none. Filaments oblong or obovate, the inner ones each with 2 oblong, wholly adnate glands.—Species 3.
Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons). They yield timber.  Tylostemon Engl.

Staminodes within the fertile stamens present. Inner fertile stamens with 2 roundish glands at their base.  9

9. Perianth persistent. Leaves herbaceous.—Species 1. Canary Islands and Madeira. Yields timber.  Apollonias Nees

Perianth deciduous. Leaves leathery.—Species 20. Tropics. Some species yield timber or edible seeds. (Afrodaphne Stapf, Hufelandia
Nees, Nesodaphne Hook., under Tylostemon Engl.)  Beilschmiedia Nees

10. (1.) Anthers 9-14 (usually 12), all turned inwards. Flowers dioecious, in umbels.—Species 2. Naturalized in the Mascarenes and Seychelles.
They yield timber, a fat, and medicaments. (Tetranthera Jaqu.) [Tribe
LITSEEAE.]  Litsea Lam.

Anthers 9, the outer turned inwards, the inner outwards. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, usually in panicles. [Tribe CINNAMOMEAE.]  11

11. Staminodes very small and awl-shaped or wanting. Receptacle accrescent.
Flowers usually polygamous.  12

Staminodes well developed, thickened at the apex. Receptacle scarcely or not accrescent. Flowers usually hermaphrodite.  13

12. Anther-valves side by side. Ovary inferior.—Species 1. West Africa
(Cameroons). (Under Ocotea Aubl.)  Hypodaphnis Stapf

Anther-valves in superposed pairs. Ovary superior.—Species 15. Tropical and South Africa, Canary Islands, Azores. They yield timber, fat, condiments, and medicaments. (Including Mespilodaphne and Oreodaphne
Nees). (Plate 51.)  Ocotea Aubl.

13. Leaves trinerved. Perianth-segments falling singly after the time of flowering.—Species 2 (C. zeylanicum Breyn, cinnamon, and C. camphora
Nees & Eberm., camphor). Cultivated in the tropics. They yield timber, spices, and drugs for industrial and medicinal uses.  Cinnamomum Blume

Leaves penninerved. Perianth persisting or falling off as a whole.  14

14. Perianth yellow, with oblong segments, deciduous. Fruit large, greenish.—Species
1 (P. gratissima Gaertn., avocado-pear). Cultivated in the tropics. It yields edible fruit, from which also a fat and a dye are prepared, and is used in medicine.  Persea Gaertn.

Perianth white, with ovate segments, persistent. Fruit small, blackish.—Species
1. Canary Islands and Azores. Yields timber. (Under
Persea Gaertn.)  Phoebe Nees

FAMILY 85. HERNANDIACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, palminerved, without stipules. Flowers in panicles, regular, hermaphrodite polygamous or monoecious. Perianth 4-10-parted. Fertile stamens 3-5, alternating with the inner perianth-segments. Anthers 2-celled, turned inwards, opening by valves. Ovary inferior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, pendulous, inverted. Style and stigma simple. Seed exalbuminous. Embryo with folded or coiled cotyledons.—Genera 3, species 7. Tropics. (Under LAURACEAE or COMBRETACEAE.)

1. Flowers without bracteoles, polygamous. Perianth very small. Stigma capitate. Fruit with 2 terminal wings. Cotyledons spirally twisted.
Trees. Leaves undivided or lobed.—Species 1. East Africa, Angola,
Madagascar. Yields timber. [Subfamily GYROCARPOIDEAE.]  Gyrocarpus Jaqu.

Flowers with bracteoles, which sometimes form an involucre, hermaphrodite or monoecious. Perianth rather small. Stigma discoid and more or less lobed. Cotyledons more or less folded or crumpled. [Subfamily
HERNANDIOIDEAE.]  2

2. Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth 10-parted. Fertile stamens 5, with 2 scales at the base. Fruit with 2-4 lateral wings. Climbing shrubs.
Leaves digitate.—Species 1. Southern West Africa (Angola).  Illigera Blume

Flowers monoecious, the female surrounded by a cupular, truncate or lobed, ultimately inflated involucel. Perianth of the male flowers
6-8-parted, of the female 8-10-parted. Fertile stamens 3-4. Trees.
Leaves undivided. Partial inflorescences surrounded by an involucre of several bracts, and consisting of a female flower and two or more male.—Species 5. Tropics. They yield timber and are used in medicine.  Hernandia L.

ORDER RHOEADALES

SUBORDER RHOEADINEAE

FAMILY 86. PAPAVERACEAE

Herbs. Leaves more or less lobed or divided. Flowers hermaphrodite. Sepals 2, very rarely 3. Petals 4, very rarely 6, free, hypogynous. Anthers opening by slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled or incompletely 2-or more-celled. Ovules parietal, curved or inverted. Fruit a capsule or a nut. Seeds with a small embryo and a copious, oily albumen.—Genera 11, species 50. (Including FUMARIACEAE.) (Plate 52.)

1. Petals, at least one of them, prolonged into a spur. Stamens 2, tripartite
(or 6 in two bundles); the middle segment of each stamen bearing a two-celled anther, the lateral ones a one-celled. Juice not milky.
[Subfamily FUMARIOIDEAE.]  2

Petals not spurred. Stamens 4 or many, all with 2-celled anthers.  5

2. Ovary with 3 or more ovules. Fruits, at least some of them, dehiscent,
3- or more-seeded.—Species 9. South and North Africa and high mountains of Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants.
(Including Cysticapnos Adans.)  Corydalis DC.

Ovary with 1-2 ovules. Fruit indehiscent, 1-2-seeded. Seeds not appendaged.  3

3. Ovary with 2 ovules. Fruit 2-seeded, compressed, with 3 nerves on each side. Leaves fleshy.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria).  Sarcocapnos DC.

Ovary with 1 ovule. Fruit 1-seeded, compressed but 1-nerved on each side, or triquetrous, or globular.  4

4. Fruit triquetrous, pendulous. Superior petal helmet-shaped, inferior spoon-shaped, lateral ones clawed. Stem climbing.—Species 1.
South Africa (Cape Colony). (Plate 52.)  Trigonocapnos Schlecht.

Fruit globular or compressed, erect.—Species 15. North, South, and East
Africa; also naturalized in West Africa and the Mascarene Islands.
“Fumitory.” (Including Discocapnos Cham. & Schlechtend. and
Platycapnos Bernh.)  Fumaria L.

5. Stamens 4. Petals 3-cleft. Placentas and styles 2. Juice not milky.—Species
7. North Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants.
[Subfamily HYPECOIDEAE.]  Hypecoum L.

Stamens numerous. [Subfamily PAPAVEROIDEAE.]  6

6. Juice not milky. Flowers solitary. Petals yellow. Placentas 2. Stigma subsessile, with 4 spreading lobes. Fruit linear, 10-ribbed, 1-celled,
2-valved to the base. Seeds unappendaged.—Species 1. Naturalized in the Canary Islands. Fodder-plant. [Tribe ESCHSCHOLTZIEAE.]  Hunnemannia Sweet

Juice milky. Placentas 4 or more, more rarely 2, but then stigmas or stigma-lobes only 2, or at least partly erect.  7

7. Stigmas (or style-branches) 2, alternating with the 2 placentas and borne upon a short, but distinct style. Ovary and fruit linear. Seeds appendaged.
Flowers in umbels, yellow. Juice reddish-yellow.—Species
1. North-west Africa. Poisonous and used medicinally.
“Celandine.” [Tribe CHELIDONIEAE.]  Chelidonium L.

Stigmas (or style-branches) 3 or more, rarely 2, as many as and opposite
to the placentas or more numerous, sessile or nearly so. [Tribe PAPAVEREAE.]  8

8. Fruit linear, dehiscing to the base. Placentas, stigmas, and fruit-valves
2-4. Juice yellow.  9

Fruit oblong, ovoid, or globular, dehiscing near the top only or indehiscent.
Placentas, stigmas, and fruit-valves 4-16.  10

9. Petals yellow or reddish-yellow, twisted in the bud. Style ending in 2 erect and 2 spreading lobes. Fruit with a false partition.—Species 2.
North Africa and Cape Verde Islands. Used as ornamental or medicinal plants; the seeds yield oil.  Glaucium Juss.

Petals violet or red, crumpled in the bud. Style ending in 2-4 connivent lobes. Fruit 1-celled.—Species 4. North Africa. Used as ornamental plants.  Roemeria Medik.

10. Stigmas in the sinuses between the connivent style-lobes. Petals yellow or whitish. Fruit oblong, usually bristly. Juice yellow.—Species 1.
Naturalized in Tropical and South Africa. Used as an ornamental and medicinal plant; the seeds yield oil.  Argemone L.

Stigmas radiating upon a disc-like expansion of the style-apex. Ovary incompletely septate. Juice white. Buds nodding.—Species 12.
North and South Africa, Abyssinia, and Cape Verde Islands; also cultivated in various regions. Some species are poisonous or are used as ornamental, medicinal, or dye-plants. P. somniferum L. yields opium, oil, and edible seeds. “Poppy.”  Papaver L.

SUBORDER CAPPARIDINEAE.

FAMILY 87. CAPPARIDACEAE

Leaves alternate, simple or digitate. Flowers solitary or in racemes or umbels, usually irregular. Petals wanting or free, usually 4, rarely (Cercopetalum) united at the base. Disc ring-or scale-like, rarely tubular. Ovary superior, usually stalked. Ovules 4 or more, rarely (Dipterygium) 1-2, curved, usually parietal. Seeds reniform, exalbuminous. Embryo curved, with folded or coiled cotyledons.—Genera 20, species 260. (Plate 53.)

1. Fruit succulent, baccate, indehiscent, rarely at length dehiscing in two valves to which the placentas remain attached. Embryo coiled. Shrubs or trees. [Subfamily CAPPARIDOIDEAE.]  2

Fruit dry, capsular and usually siliquiform, rarely nut-like. Embryo curved. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs or trees.  14

2. Calyx-tube distinctly developed. Stamens very numerous. Ovary with
a long stalk. [Tribe MAERUEAE.]  3

Calyx-tube indistinct or wanting, rarely distinctly developed, but then stamens 10 and ovary with a very short stalk. [Tribe CAPPARIDEAE.]  4

3. Calyx bursting transversely. Petals none. Stamens inserted upon
a convex receptacle. Placentas 6-10.—Species 10. East Africa,
Madagascar and Mauritius.  Thylachium Lour.

Calyx bursting lengthwise. Stamens usually inserted upon an elongated,
stalk-like receptacle. Placentas 2-4.—Species 50. Some of them yield timber, vegetables, or medicaments. (Including Niebuhria DC. and Streblocarpus Arn.)  Maerua Forsk.

4. Calyx-tube distinctly developed. Petals none. Stamens about 10. Disc and androphore wanting. Ovary with a very short stalk. Placentas 2.
Leaves digitate.—Species 2. South Africa.  Bachmannia Pax

Calyx-tube indistinct or wanting. Petals present, more rarely wanting, but then leaves undivided.  5

5. Receptacle produced behind into a tube- or strap-shaped appendage. Stamens
4-8, inserted upon a stalk-like androphore. Leaves undivided.—Species
20. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used in medicine.
(Including Schepperia Neck.)  Cadaba Forsk.

Receptacle produced into scale-like appendages or unappendaged. Stamens rarely upon a distinct stalk-like androphore, and then fertile and sterile stamens together 10 or more.  6

6. Petals none. Stamens without a distinct androphore. Leaves undivided.  7

Petals 4 or more. Ovules numerous.  9

7. Ovary 2-, rarely 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell, supported upon a long stalk. Stamens numerous. Disc cup-shaped, crenate. Sepals 3, rarely 2 or 4, united at the base.—Species 6. Central Africa.  Courbonia Brongn.

Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely 2-celled. Ovules 6 or more.
Sepals 4, rarely 5.  8

8. Disc cup-shaped, crenate, accrescent. Stamens numerous. Ovules numerous. Stigma 4-lobed.—Species 3. West Africa.  Buchholzia Engl.

Disc ring-shaped. Stamens 6-20. Ovules 6-12. Stigma entire.—Species
30. Central Africa, northern South Africa, and Sahara. The fruits and roots of some are eaten or used medicinally.  Boscia Lam.

9. Flowers dioecious. Sepals 5. Petals 5, united at the base. Stamens
10-13, borne upon a short androphore. Ovary 5-celled, with axile ovules. Leaves undivided.—Species 1. West Africa.  Cercopetalum Gilg

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, very rarely dioecious, but then stamens numerous. Flowers nearly always 4-merous.  10

10. Stamens inserted on an elongated stalk-like androphore, united in two bundles, one of which contains 5-9 fertile, the other as many sterile stamens. Petals 4. Placentas 2. Leaves ternately compound.—Species
3. East Africa.  Cladostemon A. Br. & Vatke

Stamens inserted on a very short androphore or without an androphore.  11

11. Petals very unequal, two much larger than the others, wing-like. Stamens
5-7. Placentas 2. Leaves ternately compound.—Species 1. West
Africa. Used as an ornamental plant. (Pteropetalum Pax).  Euadenia Oliv.

Petals not very unequal. Stamens 8 or more.  12

12. Petals open in aestivation, with a long claw; sepals imbricate or open.
Stamens upon a short androphore bearing scales within. Ovary upon a

long gynophore, 1- or incompletely 2-celled, with 2 placentas. Leaves ternately compound.—Species 6. Tropics. Some species yield timber, edible fruit, or medicaments.  Crataeva L.

Petals imbricate in aestivation; sepals usually valvate. Disc and androphore little developed or wanting.  13

13. Leaves ternately compound, rarely simple and undivided, and then petals numerous. Petals clawed. Ovary with a long stalk, 1-celled.—Species
25. Central Africa.  Ritchiea R. Br.

Leaves simple, undivided. Petals 4, very rarely 5.—Species 50. Some of them yield timber, salad, condiments (capers from C. spinosa L.), edible fruits, and medicaments; some are poisonous.  Capparis L.

14. (1.) Fruit indehiscent, winged, 1-seeded. Petals 4. Stamens 6. Ovary with a very short stalk, 1-celled. Ovules 1-2. Style short. Undershrubs.
Leaves undivided.—Species 1. Egypt and Nubia. [Subfamily
DIPTERYGIOIDEAE.]  Dipterygium Decne.

Fruit dehiscing by 2 or more valves. Ovules 4 or more.  15

15. Fruit 1-seeded, dehiscing by many valves. Sepals 2. Petals 5. Stamens
40-60. Ovary sessile, 1-celled. Ovules 4-6. Style long. Shrubs.
Flowers fascicled.—Species 2. East Africa. [Subfamily CALYPTROTHECOIDEAE.]  Calyptrotheca Gilg

Fruit several- or many-seeded, dehiscing by 2 valves which separate from the persistent placentas. Sepals 4. Petals 4. Ovules numerous.
[Subfamily CLEOMOIDEAE.]  16

16. Calyx-tube distinctly developed. Petals violet. Stamens 10-12, borne upon a short androphore. Ovary with a long stalk. Herbs. Leaves ternately compound.—Species 2. East Africa. (Under Cleome L.)  Chilocalyx Klotzsch

Calyx-tube none.  17

17. Stamens inserted upon a stalk-like androphore, 6, all fertile. Ovary stalked.
Herbs. Leaves digitate.—Species 1. Tropical and South Africa and
Egypt. Yields vegetables, condiments, and medicaments, and is also used as an ornamental plant. (Pedicellaria Schrank).  Gynandropsis DC.

Stamens inserted upon the receptacle, which is not prolonged into a distinct androphore.  18

18. Stamens numerous or intermixed with staminodes. Herbs. Leaves digitate.—Species 20. Some of them are used as vegetables. (Including
Dianthera Klotzsch and Tetratelia Sond., under Cleome L.)
(Plate 53.)  Polanisia Raf.

Stamens 4-6, all fertile.  19

19. Disc reduced to 4 small glands. Ovary sessile. Style long. Trees.
Leaves undivided.—Species 1. Northern East Africa (Somaliland).  Cleomodendron Pax

Disc ring- or saucer-shaped, sometimes produced into scales. Herbs or undershrubs.—Species 30. Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.  Cleome L.

FAMILY 88. CRUCIFERAE

Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Leaves alternate, rarely the lower opposite, simple, but often divided, without stipules, but frequently with auricles at the base. Flowers without bracteoles, usually in racemes, regular or nearly so, hermaphrodite. Sepals 4. Petals 4, rarely 0. Stamens 6, of which 4 are longer, rarely 2-4, hypogynous, rarely subperigynous. Glands at the base of the stamens more or less developed. Ovary superior, 1-2-celled or transversely septate, very rarely 3-celled. Ovules parietal, curved. Style simple, with 1-2 stigmas. Fruit dry, usually 2-valved. Albumen scanty or wanting. Embryo curved.—Genera 88, species 420. (Plate 54.)

1. Hairs, all or some of them, branched, at least at the base. Stigma more developed above the placentas than between them. [Tribe HESPERIDEAE.]  2

Hairs simple or wanting.  37

2. Fruit at least 4 times as long as broad.  3

Fruit less than 4 times as long as broad, or broader than long.  19

3. Fruit-valves with a horn-like appendage. Radicle of the embryo accumbent.  4

Fruit-valves without an appendage, but the style sometimes appendaged.  7

4. Fruit-valves with a basal appendage. Seeds margined. Style appendaged at the base. Petals violet. Lateral sepals gibbous at the base.
Herbs covered with glandular tubercles.—Species 1. North Africa.  Lonchophora Dur.

Fruit-valves with an apical appendage. Seeds not margined. Petals white, yellow, or red. Plants without glandular tubercles.  5

5. Fruit-valves with a forked appendage. Petals pink. Leaves linear, entire. Undershrubs.—Species 1. Canary Islands.  Parolinia Webb

Fruit-valves with an entire appendage.  6

6. Fruit-valves with a blunt appendage below the apex. Petals red. Leaves oblong or ovate, sinuate or toothed. Undershrubs with star-shaped hairs.—Species 5. East Africa.  Diceratella Boiss.

Fruit-valves with a pointed appendage at the apex. Petals white or yellow. Leaves linear. Herbs with 2-cleft hairs.—Species 1. North
Africa.  Notoceras R. Br.

7. Lateral glands alone present, one on each side of the lateral stamens.
Stigmatic lobes usually long and erect, but sometimes united.  8

Lateral and median (anterior and posterior) glands present, sometimes blended into a ring. Stigmatic lobes usually short and spreading or indistinctly developed.  14

8. Plants covered with glandular tubercles. Style with a dorsal gibbosity; stigma not sharply limited. Seeds flat; radicle accumbent.—Species
15. North, East, and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants or in medicine. “Stock.”  Matthiola R. Br.

Plants without glandular tubercles. Stigma more or less sharply limited
at the base.

9. Longer filaments united to the top. Sepals connivent. Petals linear, white or pink. Seeds minute, in two rows. Bracts leaf-like. Leaves divided into narrow segments.—Species 1. North-east Africa (Egypt).  Leptaleum DC.

Longer filaments free or slightly cohering.  10

10. Seeds thick; radicle incumbent. Fruit-valves more or less convex.
Petals white or pink.—Species 10. North Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including Maresia Pomel).  Malcolmia R. Br.

Seeds flat; radicle accumbent.  11

11. Fruit-valves convex, with a faint middle-nerve, constricted between the seeds. Sepals saccate at the base. Petals pink. Hairs stellate.—Species
3. North Africa. (Under Farsetia Desv. or Malcolmia R. Br.).  Eremobium Boiss.

Fruit-valves flat, sometimes keeled.  12

12. Fruit-valves projecting inwards between the seeds, thick, obtusely angled.
Stigma acutely 2-lobed. Sepals erect. Petals pink.—Species 3.
North and East Africa.  Morettia DC.

Fruit-valves not projecting between the seeds.  13

13. Petals purple, narrow. Sepals erect, not saccate. Stigma acutely 2-lobed.
Seeds winged. Leaves narrow. Hairs 2-cleft.—Species 13. East and North Africa. Some are used medicinally.  Farsetia Desv.

Petals white, rarely yellowish, reddish, or bluish. Fruit-valves with a faint middle-nerve. Seeds in one row.—Species 15. North, East, and
South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. “Rock-cress.”  Arabis L.

14. (7.) Median glands 4. Style 2-lobed; stigma dilated, not sharply limited.
Fruit-valves convex or keeled.  15

Median glands 2, usually confluent with the lateral ones into a ring.
Style short, truncate or somewhat depressed at the apex; stigma usually sharply limited.  16

15. Seeds flat; radicle accumbent.—Species 4. North Africa. Used as ornamental plants or in medicine. “Wallflower.” (Including Dichroanthus
Webb).  Cheiranthus L.

Seeds thick; radicle incumbent.—Species 5. North Africa to Abyssinia.
Some are used as ornamental plants or in medicine.  Erysimum L.

16. Partition of the fruit with two bundles of fibres; valves with a strong midrib. Radicle incumbent. Petals yellow. Leaves pinnatipartite.—Species
4. North Africa to Abyssinia. (Under Sisymbrium L.).  Descurainia Webb & Berth.

Partition of the fruit without bundles of fibres. Petals white, rarely yellowish, reddish, or bluish.  17

17. Fruit-valves flat, with a faint middle-nerve. Seeds in one row; radicle accumbent. (See 13.).  Arabis L.

Fruit-valves more or less convex, with a strong middle-nerve.  18

18. Seeds with an accumbent radicle, in 2 rows.—Species 1. South Africa.
(Under Arabis L.).  Turritis L.

Seeds with an incumbent radicle, usually in 1 row.—Species 2. East,
South, and North Africa, and Cape Verde Islands. (Under Arabis L. or
Sisymbrium L.).  Stenophragma Celak.

19. (2.) Fruit 1-seeded.  20

Fruit 2- or more-seeded.  22

20. Sepals petal-like. Petals reddish. Glands none. Ovary 3-celled. Style very short. Fruit elliptical, much compressed. Shrubs.—Species
1. South Africa (Cape Colony).  Schlechteria Bolus

Sepals not petal-like. Petals yellow or whitish. Glands present. Ovary
2-celled. Fruit orbicular. Herbs.  21

21. Filaments with a tooth-like appendage. Style none. Fruit flat, without a partition. Radicle accumbent. Fruit-stalk bent back. Leaves linear.
Hairs star-shaped.—Species 2. North Africa.  Clypeola L.

Filaments not appendaged. Style thread-shaped. Fruit thick, with a rudimentary partition. Radicle incumbent. Fruit-stalk erect or spreading. Cauline leaves sagittate. Hairs 2-3-cleft.—Species 1.
North Africa. Used medicinally. (Vogelia Medik.)  Neslia Desv.

22. Fruit 2-4-seeded.  23

Fruit many-seeded.  30

23. Petals yellow.  24

Petals white or reddish.  26

24. Sepals, at least the lateral, saccate at the base. Filaments without an appendage. Stigma 2-lobed. Fruit with laterally compressed, boat-shaped valves and a linear partition. Seeds 2-3; radicle incumbent.
Shrubs. Leaves entire. Flowers solitary, axillary.—Species 1.
Island of Socotra.  Lachnocapsa Balf.

Sepals not saccate. Herbs or undershrubs. Flowers in spikes or racemes.  25

25. Median and lateral glands present. Filaments without an appendage.
Stigma 2-lobed. Fruit winged, 4-celled, indehiscent. Seeds 4; funicle very short. Embryo spirally twisted; radicle incumbent. Plants covered with glandular tubercles. Leaves toothed.—Species 1.
North Africa. Used medicinally.  Bunias L.

Median glands absent. Filaments usually appendaged. Stigma obscurely lobed. Fruit dehiscing in two valves. Embryo not spiral; radicle accumbent. Plants without glandular tubercles.—Species 13. North and South Africa. Some are used in medicine or as ornamental plants.
(Including Meniocus Desv.)  Alyssum L.

26. Fruit-valves with a large, wing-like appendage near the top, projecting inwards between the seeds. Style long. Seeds 4. Leaves toothed.—Species
1. North Africa. “Rose of Jericho.”  Anastatica L.

Fruit-valves without an appendage.  27

27. Fruit-valves boat-shaped, laterally compressed; partition narrow. Stigma sessile. Seeds 4.—Species 2. North Africa. (Including Hinterhubera
Reichb. and Hornungia Reichb.)  Hutchinsia R. Br.

Fruit-valves flat or convex, dorsally or not compressed; partition broad.  28

28. Fruit-valves strongly convex; partition thick, woody. Fruit elliptical, tapering into the style. Seeds 2. Median glands wanting. Flowers short-stalked.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria).  Euclidium R. Br.

Fruit-valves flat or slightly convex; partition thin, membranous.  29

29. Median glands wanting. Partition of the fruit without fibres. Fruit orbicular. Spinous undershrubs.—Species 1. North-west Africa.
(Under Alyssum L.).  Ptilotrichum C. A. Mey.

Median and lateral glands present. Partition of the fruit with scattered fibres.—Species 6. North and South Africa, Cape Verde Islands, and
St. Helena. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Koniga
Adans., under Alyssum L.)  Lobularia Desv.

30. Petals yellow.  31

Petals white or red.  34

31. Sepals, at least the lateral, saccate at the base. Shorter filaments with a tooth-like appendage. Fruit elliptical, flat. Seeds numerous, winged.—Species
1. North-east Africa (Egypt). (Under Farsetia Desv.)  Fibigia Medik.

Sepals not saccate.  32

32. Filaments, at least some of them, with an appendage, more rarely without, but then, as usually, seeds 2-8. Fruit-valves marked with a mid-rib at the base. (See 25.)  Alyssum L.

Filaments without an appendage. Seeds 10 or more. Fruit-valves with the mid-rib extending to the top.  33

33. Fruit ovate or elliptical, with rather flat valves and a faint middle-nerve.
Radicle accumbent.—Species 5. North-west Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including Erophila DC.)  Draba L.

Fruit obovate or pear-shaped, with very convex valves and a strong middle-nerve.
Radicle incumbent. Leaves sagittate.—Species 3. North
Africa. They yield oil and medicaments.  Camelina Crantz

34. Petals red. Stigma 2-cleft. Seeds winged. Hairs 2-cleft. (See 13.).  Farsetia Turr.

Petals white. Stigma entire or notched. Seeds not winged.  35

35. Valves of the fruit flat or slightly convex, with a faint middle-nerve; partition broad. Radicle accumbent. Leaves undivided. (See 33.)  Draba L.

Valves of the fruit boat-shaped; partition narrow. Radicle incumbent.  36

36. Fruit broadened or notched at the apex.—Species 1. North Africa and northern East Africa, also naturalized in South Africa and the islands of St. Helena and St. Thomas. Used medicinally. “Shepherds purse.”  Capsella DC.

Fruit rounded or pointed at the apex. (See 27.).  Hutchinsia R. Br.

37. (1.) Stigma equally developed all round. Style-apex entire, rarely notched at right angles to the placentas. Cotyledons usually folded or twisted.
[Tribe THELYPODIEAE.]  38

Stigma more developed above the placentas than between them. Style-apex entire or 2-lobed. [Tribe SINAPEAE.].  45

38. Fruit at least 4 times as long as broad.  39

Fruit less than 4 times as long as broad. Cotyledons transversely folded or spirally twisted.  42

39. Fruit without a partition, oblong, with convex, angled valves. Seed-coat spongy. Cotyledons neither folded nor twisted; radicle accumbent.
Leaves roundish.—Species 1. Island of Kerguelen. Used as a vegetable and in medicine.  Pringlea Hook. fil.

Fruit with a partition. Cotyledons folded or twisted; radicle incumbent.  40

40. Sepals connivent, the lateral saccate at the base. Petals white. Fruit oblong. Seeds flat. Cotyledons twice inflected lengthwise. Leaves reniform-cordate.—Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony).  Chamira Thunb.

Sepals erect, not saccate. Cotyledons rolled inwards or folded transversely.  41

41. Seeds turgid, separated by transverse partitions. Fruit linear. Petals blue or red. Leaves linear.—Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony).  Carponema Sond.

Seeds flat, not separated by transverse partitions, but the fruit often constricted between the seeds.—Species 60. South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Plate 54.)  Heliophila L.

42. Fruit 1-seeded. Seed winged. Leaves thread-shaped.—Species 1.
South Africa (Cape Colony).  Palmstruckia Sond.

Fruit 2- or more-seeded.  43

43. Fruit dehiscent, rather flat, with usually more than 2 seeds. (See 41.)  Heliophila L.

Fruit indehiscent, 2-seeded. Leaves linear or lanceolate.  44

44. Fruit compressed dorsally; valves with elevated ridges radiating from the centre. Style long. Seeds flat; cotyledons folded. Petals red.—Species
2. South Africa (Cape Colony).  Cycloptychis E. Mey.

Fruit compressed laterally; valves ventricose; dissepiment very narrow.
Style short. Seeds subglobose; cotyledons involute. Petals yellow or red.—Species 2. South Africa (Cape Colony).  Brachycarpaea DC.

45. (37.) Fruit at least 4 times as long as broad.  46

Fruit less than 4 times as long as broad, or broader than long.  77

46. Fruit transversely divided into two or more fertile cells. Cotyledons folded; radicle incumbent. [Subtribe BRASSICINAE.]  47

Fruit not transversely septate, but sometimes produced into a seedless beak.  59

47. Fruit with 2 transverse cells (joints).  48

Fruit with 3 or more transverse cells.  56

48. Upper joint of the fruit 3-4-seeded, flat. Seeds oblong. Petals yellow. Undershrubs.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Morocco).  Hemicrambe Webb

Upper joint of the fruit 1-seeded.  49

49. Fruit-valves flat, usually 1-nerved.  50

Fruit-valves convex.  51

50. Sepals connivent, the lateral saccate. Petals violet. Stigmatic lobes long, erect, connate.—Species 7. North Africa.  Moricandia DC.

Sepals spreading, not saccate. Stigmatic lobes short. Leaves pinnatipartite.—Species
10. North Africa, northern Central Africa, and
Island of St. Thomas; one species also naturalized in South Africa.
The seeds of some species are used as a condiment.  Diplotaxis DC.

51. Beak of the fruit flat, sharp-edged. Valves usually 3-nerved.  52

Beak of the fruit cylindrical or conical, terete or but slightly flattened.  53

52. Petals red. Lateral sepals saccate. Seeds ovoid. Fruits erect. Leaves dissected.—Species 2. North Africa. (Under Erucaria Gaertn.)  Reboudia Coss. & Durieu

Petals yellow or whitish with violet veins. Seeds globose. Leaves lyrate.—Species 5. North Africa, one species also cultivated in the
Mascarene Islands. The white mustard (S. alba L.) yields salad, oil, condiments, and medicaments. (Under Brassica L.)  Sinapis L.

53. Lower joint of the fruit indehiscent, narrower than the upper one, 3-4-seeded.
Petals yellow. Lateral sepals saccate.—Species 1. North-west
Africa. (Under Rapistrum Desv.)  Cordylocarpus Desf.

Lower joint of the fruit dehiscing in two valves, as broad as the upper one, rarely narrower, but then petals violet.  54

54. Seeds globular, sometimes slightly flattened. Cotyledons 2-lobed. Petals yellow or white, sometimes with violet veins.—Species 25, five of them only cultivated or naturalized. Some species yield vegetables, salad, oil, condiments, or medicaments, especially B. oleracea L., cabbage,
B. campestris L., rapeseed, B. Napus L., turnip, and B. nigra Koch, black mustard. (Including Melanosinapis Schimp. & Spenn.)  Brassica L.

Seeds ovoid or oblong. Leaves pinnatipartite.  55

55. Fruit-valves net-veined with a strong midrib. Cotyledons truncate.
Sepals spreading. Petals white or yellow.—Species 6. North and
East Africa. (Including Hirschfeldia Moench, under Brassica L.)  Erucastrum Presl
Fruit-valves with several longitudinal nerves. Sepals connivent. Petals violet.—Species 4. North Africa. (Including Hussonia Coss.)  Erucaria Gaertn.

56. Seeds pendulous.  57

Seeds partly (the upper ones) erect.  58

57. Fruit flat or 4-angled. Stem very short. Leaves radical. Flowers solitary, axillary.—Species 3. North-west Africa. (Raffenaldia
Godr.)  Cossonia Durieu

Fruit turgid. Stem branched. Leaves radical and cauline. Flowers racemose.—Species 2, one spontaneous in North Africa and naturalized in South Africa, the second (R. sativus L.) cultivated and naturalized in various regions. The latter yields salad, oil, and medicaments.
“Radish.” (Raphanus L.)  Rhaphanus L.

58. Lower joint of the fruit 1-celled, indehiscent, 1-4-seeded. Hispid herbs.
Leaves lyrate, the upper toothed. Flowers, at least the lower, subtended by bracts.—Species 4. North Africa to Nubia.  Enarthrocarpus Labill.

Lower joint of the fruit 2-celled lengthwise, usually dehiscing in two valves, 4-12-seeded. Almost glabrous herbs. Leaves dissected.
Flowers without bracts. (See 55).  Erucaria Gaertn.

59. (46.) Fruit 1-seeded, flat, winged, 6-nerved, indehiscent. Stigma sessile.
Radicle incumbent. Petals yellow. Leaves undivided.—Species 5.
North Africa. Woad (I. tinctoria L.) yields a dye, other species are used medicinally.  Isatis L.

Fruit 2- or more-seeded.  60

60. Fruit-valves flat, but sometimes with a prominent midrib.  61

Fruit-valves convex or keeled.  67

61. Stigmatic lobes long, erect, sometimes connate. Median glands none.
Radicle incumbent; cotyledons folded. Lateral sepals saccate. Petals violet or purple. Glabrous plants.  62

Stigmatic lobes short or not developed. Median, sometimes confluent, glands besides the lateral ones present, rarely only the latter, but then radicle accumbent. Radicle accumbent or incumbent; in the latter case cotyledons flat, rarely folded, but then sepals not saccate.  63

62. Seeds broadly winged, in a single row. Fruit broadly linear. Petals with a broad claw. Shrubs. Leaves linear-oblong, sessile, entire.—Species
1. North-west Africa (Algeria). (Including Oudneya R. Br.)  Henophyton Coss. & Durieu

Seeds narrowly or not winged. Fruit narrowly linear. Herbs or undershrubs.
Leaves undivided, the upper stem-clasping, or pinnately divided. (See 50.).  Moricandia DC.

63. Radicle of the embryo incumbent. Seeds usually in 2 rows. Leaves, at least the lower, pinnately divided.  64

Radicle of the embryo accumbent. Seeds usually in a single row.  65

64. Seeds oblong. Cotyledons not folded. Sepals converging or erect, the lateral saccate at the base. Petals purple or violet.—Species 2. North
Africa.  Ammosperma Hook. fil.

Seeds ovoid or globose. Cotyledons folded. Fruit-valves 1-nerved.
Sepals erect or spreading, not saccate. (See 50.).  Diplotaxis DC.

65. Fruit-valves without distinct veins, opening elastically. Fruit linear or linear-lanceolate. Seeds in a single row, oblong or elliptical, not winged.
Sepals not saccate. Leaves usually pinnately divided.—Species 8. Some of them are used as salad or in medicine. “Bittercress.” Cardamine L.

Fruit-valves with distinct veins, not elastic. Fruit linear. Leaves usually undivided.  66

66. Fruit-valves with a faint midnerve. Seeds in a single row. (See 13.)  Arabis L.

Fruit-valves with a prominent midnerve. Seeds in two rows, ovoid.
Sepals spreading. Petals white. Leaves undivided. (See 18.)  Turritis L.

67. (60.) Median glands absent. Fruit-valves with a prominent midnerve.
Cotyledons convex or folded; radicle incumbent. Sepals erect or converging. Petals yellow or violet. Glabrous plants.  68

Median and lateral glands present, sometimes blended into a ring, rarely
(Nasturtium) median glands absent, but then fruit-valves with a faint or scarcely visible midnerve. Sepals erect or spreading. Petals white or yellow, sometimes with red or violet veins.  69

68. Petals violet. Stigmatic lobes long, erect, sometimes cohering. Cotyledons folded. (See 50.)  Moricandia DC.

Petals yellowish. Stigmatic lobes short or imperceptible. Seeds in a single row, oblong. Cotyledons convex. Leaves undivided.—Species
1. North Africa to Nubia. Used as a vegetable.  Conringia Heist.

69. Radicle of the embryo accumbent. Sepals not saccate.  70

Radicle of the embryo incumbent; cotyledons usually folded.  71

70. Fruit-valves with a strong midnerve. Seeds in a single row. Petals yellow.—Species 3. North, East, and South Africa, also naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Used as vegetables, salad, or fodder. “Wintercress.”  Barbarea R. Br.

Fruit-valves with a faint midnerve not reaching to the top. Seeds usually in two rows.—Species 15. Some of them (especially N. officinale
R. Br., watercress) yield salad, condiments, and medicaments. (Including
Roripa Scop.)  Nasturtium R. Br.

71. Cotyledons not folded. Fruit not beaked; valves with 1-3 strong ribs.
Glands confluent into a ring.  72

Cotyledons folded. Fruit usually beaked.  73

72. Style-apex truncate beneath the stigma. Seeds striate. Petals white.
Leaves broad-cordate, toothed.—Species 1. North-west Africa.
Used medicinally. (Under Sisymbrium L.)  Alliaria Adans.

Style-apex notched beneath the stigma. Petals usually yellow.—Species
25. Some are used as vegetables or in medicine. (Including Kibera
DC. and Nasturtiopsis Boiss.)  Sisymbrium L.

73. Fruit with a flat, sharp-edged beak, dehiscing in two valves. Seeds globular. Herbs with lyrate leaves.  74

Fruit with a cylindrical or conical, terete or slightly flattened beak, or without a beak.  75

74. Fruit-valves with a single strong longitudinal nerve. Seeds in 2 rows.
Sepals converging. Fruits erect, pressed against the stem.—Species 4.
North Africa and northern East Africa. The seeds are used as a condiment or in medicine. (Including Rytidocarpus Coss.)  Eruca Lam.

Fruit valves with 3 longitudinal nerves. Seeds in 1 row. Sepals spreading.
(See 52.).  Sinapis L.

75. Seeds oblong. Fruit-valves with a strong midrib. Lateral sepals saccate.
Petals yellow. Undershrubs. Leaves undivided.—Species 6. Madeira and Cape Verde Islands. (Under Brassica L.)  Sinapidendron Lowe

Seeds globular, sometimes slightly flattened. Herbs.  76

76. Fruit indehiscent, spongy. Leaves lyrate. (See 57.)  Rhaphanus L.

Fruit dehiscing in two valves. (See 54.)  Brassica L.

77. (45.) Fruit indehiscent, transversely divided into 2-7 cells (joints), the lowest cell sometimes seedless.  78

Fruit not transversely septate, but sometimes prolonged into a seedless beak.  82

78. Fruit 3-7-jointed, oblong, flat. Style rather long. Seeds solitary in each cell, pendulous. Sepals erect or connivent, the lateral saccate.
Stem very short. Leaves radical, lyrate. Flowers solitary, axillary.
(See 57.)  Cossonia Durieu

Fruit 2-jointed. Flowers racemose.  79

79. Fruit compressed, the lower joint with a pendulous, the upper with an erect seed. Stigma sessile. Radicle accumbent. Lateral sepals saccate. Petals pale-violet or rose-coloured.—Species 1. North
Africa. Used medicinally.  Cakile Gaertn.

Fruit not essentially compressed. Radicle incumbent. Cotyledons folded.
Petals white or yellow.  80

80. Upper joint of the fruit with a partition and an erect seed; lower joint
1-2-seeded or seedless. Sepals spreading. Leaves pinnatipartite.—Species
7. North Africa; one species also naturalized in South Africa.
(Including Ceratocnemon Coss. et Balansa, Didesmus Desv., Otocarpus
Durieu, and Rapistrella Pomel).  Rapistrum Desv.

Upper joint of the fruit without a partition, one-seeded; lower joint seedless. Sepals not saccate. Petals white.  81

81. Upper joint of the fruit tubercled, beaked. Seed erect or pendulous from the top of the cell. Cotyledons not lobed. Sepals suberect. Filaments not toothed. Leaves lobed.—Species 2. North-west Africa. (Including
Kremeria Coss.).  Muricaria Desv.

Upper joint of the fruit ribbed or smooth, not beaked. Seed pendulous from the long, ascending funicle. Cotyledons 2-lobed. Sepals spreading.—Species
7. North and East Africa. Some are used as vegetables
(sea-kale).  Crambe L.

82. (77.) Fruit prolonged into a broad beak. Radicle incumbent. Petals yellow, often marked with violet veins.  83

Fruit not distinctly beaked.  87

83. Fruit indehiscent, 1- or 3-celled, with a single perfect seed and usually a rudimentary one below it. Seed oblong. Herbs. Leaves toothed, lobed, or cleft.  84

Fruit dehiscing in 2 valves, completely or incompletely 2-celled, with 2 or more seeds, but the seed of one cell sometimes rudimentary (in this case shrubs). Seeds globose or nearly so. Cotyledons folded.  85

84. Fruit 1-celled, with an oblique, sword-shaped beak.—Species 1. North-east
Africa (Egypt).  Schimpera Hochst. & Steud.

Fruit 3-celled, with a broad, hollow, chambered beak.—Species 1. North-west
Africa (Algeria).  Myagrum L.

85. Fruit with 2 seeds. Longer filaments united in pairs. Small shrubs.
Leaves entire.—Species 1. North-west Africa.  Vella L.

Fruit with 6 or more seeds. Filaments free. Herbs. Leaves divided, at least some of them.  86

86. Fruit with 6-8 seeds and a leaf-like beak. Leaves twice pinnately dissected.—Species
1. North Africa.  Carrichtera Adans.

Fruit with many seeds and a sword-shaped beak. Leaves lyrate or undivided.
(See 74.)  Eruca Lam.

87. (82.) Fruit 1-seeded.  88

Fruit 2- or more-seeded.  91

88. Fruit slightly or not compressed, ovoid, with a crusty rind. Seed globular.
Cotyledons folded; radicle incumbent. Petals white. Filaments without an appendage. Glands confluent. Radical leaves pinnately divided. Fruit-stalks spreading-erect.—Species 1. North-west Africa
(Algeria).  Calepina Adans.

Fruit much compressed. Leaves undivided.  89

89. Sepals petal-like. Petals rose-coloured. Filaments without an appendage.
Glands wanting. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit elliptical. Radicle accumbent.
Shrubs. Leaves entire. (See 20.)  Schlechteria Bolus

Sepals not petal-like. Glands present. Ovary 2-celled. Herbs or undershrubs.  90

90. Petals rose-coloured. Longer filaments with a tooth-like appendage.
Median glands wanting. Apex of the style truncate beneath the stigma.
Fruit discoid, winged.—Species 2. North-west Africa (Algeria). Used as ornamental plants.  Aethionema R. Br.

Petals yellow. Filaments without an appendage. Median and lateral
glands confluent into a ring. Apex of the style more or less 2-lobed beneath the stigma. Fruit with 6 longitudinal nerves. Fruit-stalks bent downwards. (See 59.)  Isatis L.

91. (87.) Fruit 2-seeded.  92

Fruit 4- or more-seeded.  99

92. Fruit much compressed from the back, oblong, with a soon vanishing partition and flat, net-veined valves. Seeds horizontal, winged; radicle accumbent. Lateral sepals saccate. Petals pale-violet. Leaves pinnatisect.—Species 1. North-east Africa (Egypt).  Ricotia L.

Fruit compressed from the side, and then with a narrow partition, or not compressed; partition well developed.  93

93. Fruit distinctly compressed laterally.  94

Fruit not distinctly compressed.  97

94. Fruit moderately compressed, with a lanceolate or elliptical partition, opening by 2 valves. Seeds pendulous; radicle incumbent, rarely obliquely accumbent; cotyledons inserted behind the bend of the embryo. Petals white, more rarely yellowish or wanting.—Species 20.
Some of them (especially L. sativum L., garden-cress) yield salad, oil, and medicaments.  Lepidium L.

Fruit strongly compressed, with a linear partition.  95

95. Seeds horizontal, inserted in the middle of the cell. Radicle short, accumbent; cotyledons inserted behind the bend of the embryo. Petals yellow. Median and lateral glands present.—Species 6. North
Africa. Some are used medicinally.  Biscutella L.

Seeds pendulous from the top of the cell. Petals, when present, white, red or violet.  96

96. Radicle incumbent; cotyledons inserted behind the bend of the embryo.
Style very short. Fruit reniform, wrinkled, indehiscent.—Species 7.
Some of them are used medicinally. (Senebiera Poir.)  Coronopus Gaertn.

Radicle accumbent; cotyledons inserted at the bend of the embryo.
Style distinctly developed. Fruit ovate. Outer petals larger than the inner. Median glands wanting.—Species 4. North-west Africa.
Some are used as ornamental plants or in medicine. “Candytuft.”  Iberis L.

97. Fruit dehiscing by two valves, globular, prickly, with a pierced partition.
Style subulate, with short, blunt lobes. Seeds globose, with a thread-shaped funicle. Radicle incumbent; cotyledons folded, inserted at the bend of the embryo. Sepals erect. Petals yellow. Herbs.
Leaves pinnatisect.—Species 1. North-west Africa.  Succowia Medik.

Fruit indehiscent, with a thick partition. Style conical. Seeds with a very short funicle.  98

98. Fruit angular-subglobose, tubercled. Style very short, with short lobes.
Seeds oblong. Radicle obliquely accumbent; cotyledons inserted behind the bend of the embryo. Sepals spreading. Petals yellow.
Herbs. Leaves pinnately divided.—Species 1. North-east Africa
(Egypt).  Ochthodium DC.

Fruit ovoid. Style rather long, with long lobes. Radicle incumbent; cotyledons folded, inserted at the bend of the embryo. Sepals erect.
Petals rose-coloured. Spinous shrubs. Leaves undivided.—Species 2.
North Africa to Nubia.  Zilla Forsk.

99. (91.) Fruit compressed from the back or not compressed; hence partition as broad as the fruit.  100

Fruit laterally compressed; partition narrower than the fruit.  104

100. Seeds 4, in a single row, flat, with a long free funicle; radicle accumbent.
Fruit with a soon vanishing partition; valves flat, without a distinct median nerve; style very short. Lateral sepals saccate. Petals violet. Only two lateral glands present. Leaves pinnately dissected.
Fruit-stalks bent downwards. (See 92.).  Ricotia L.

Seeds more than 4, nearly always in two rows. Fruit with a persistent partition. Sepals not saccate.  101

101. Seeds flat, winged. Funicle adnate to the partition at the base. Radicle incumbent; cotyledons folded. Fruit with a stalk-like appendage at the base; valves slightly convex. Petals rose or violet. Leaves undivided or lobed.—Species 2. North Africa. Used medicinally.  Savignya DC.

Seeds turgid or flat but not winged. Funicle free. Radicle accumbent.
Petals white or yellow.  102

102. Fruit-valves with a very faint median nerve not reaching the top, or without
a distinct median nerve, convex. Seeds turgid. Style-apex lobed.
Median and lateral glands developed. (See 70.)  Nasturtium R. Br.

Fruit-valves with a distinct median nerve reaching the top. Median glands wanting.  103

103. Fruit-valves distinctly convex. Seeds turgid. Style-apex truncate beneath the stigma. Petals white. Filaments curved.—Species 1.
Naturalized in the Island of St. Helena. (Under Cochlearia L.)  Kernera Medik.

Fruit-valves rather flat. Style-apex lobed or depressed beneath the stigma. Glands 4. Leaves undivided. (See 33.)  Draba L.

104. (99.) Median and lateral glands present. Sepals erect. Fruit winged.
Style long. Seeds numerous. Radicle incumbent; cotyledons folded.
Leaves undivided.  105

Median glands absent. Style short, rarely long, but then radicle accumbent.
Cotyledons not folded.  106

105. Petals white, with dark veins. Fruit obcordate. Style-apex shortly and obtusely lobed. Hispid herbs.—Species 1. North-west Africa.  Psychine Desf.

Petals violet or red. Fruit ovoid. Style-apex distinctly and acutely
lobed. Glabrous herbs.—Species 1. North Africa and Abyssinia.  Schouwia DC.

106. Stamens more or less perigynous. Petals white. Seeds 4-6. Cotyledons inserted behind the bend of the embryo.  107

Stamens hypogynous. Cotyledons inserted at the bend of the embryo.  108

107. Filaments with an appendage at their base. Fruit winged above. Style short. Seeds 4. Radicle accumbent. Leaves lanceolate, ovate, or pinnatipartite.—Species 2. North-west Africa. Used as vegetables.  Teesdalia R. Br.

Filaments without an appendage. Fruit not winged. Style absent.
Seeds 6. Radicle incumbent. Leaves linear.—Species 1. High mountains of East Africa.  Subularia L.

108. Filaments, at least the longer ones, with a tooth-like appendage. Lateral sepals saccate at the base. Petals rose-coloured. Style short. Radicle incumbent. Flowers in racemes. (See 90.).  Aethionema R. Br.

Filaments without an appendage. Sepals not saccate.  109

109. Flowers solitary in the axils of the radical, undivided leaves. Petals rose-coloured. Fruit-valves wingless, separating from the laterally dilated placentas. Seeds 6. Radicle incumbent.—Species 2. North-west
Africa. Used as ornamental plants.  Ionopsidium Reichb.

Flowers in racemes. Fruit-valves separating from the narrow or thickened but not dilated placentas, or fruit indehiscent.  110

110. Fruit-valves not winged. Fruit oblong or ovate. Petals white. Leaves pinnately divided. (See 27.)  Hutchinsia R. Br.

Fruit-valves winged.  111

111. Radicle accumbent. Petals white or rose. Leaves undivided.—Species
6. North Africa and Abyssinia. Used medicinally. “Penny-cress.”  Thlaspi L.

Radicle incumbent.  112

112. Fruit oblong or elliptical. Stigma sessile. Petals white or yellow.
Leaves undivided.—Species 2. North-west Africa (Algeria). (Including
Pastorea Tod.)  Bivonaea DC.

Fruit obcordate. Stigma borne upon a short style. Funicle free. Petals white. (See 36.).  Capsella DC.

SUBORDER RESEDINEAE

FAMILY 89. RESEDACEAE

Leaves alternate, stipulate. Flowers in terminal spikes or racemes, irregular. Sepals 4-8. Petals 2-8, free, rarely 0. Disc hypogynous, one-sided, rarely wanting. Stamens 3-40, free or united at the base. Carpels 2-6, superior and usually stalked, open at the top, distinct or united and then forming a 1-celled ovary. Ovules inverted. Stigmas sessile. Seeds reniform, exalbuminous, with a curved embryo.—Genera 6, species 45. (Plate 55.)

1. Carpels 5-6, distinct or cohering at the base only. Petals 5. Leaves lanceolate, entire.  2