Carpels 2-4, united at least to the middle, forming a 1-celled ovary open at the top with parietal placentation; if carpels united to the middle only, then petals 4.  3

2. Carpels with a single descending ovule attached in the middle of the cell, stellately spreading when ripe. Shrubs.—Species 1. North-west Africa
(Algeria).  Astrocarpus Neck.

Carpels with 2-3 basal ovules. Herbs.—Species 3. North and Central
Africa.  Caylusea St. Hil.

3. Petals none. Sepals 6. Stamens 10-30, hypogynous. Stigmas 3.
Fruit berry-like, closed at the top. Shrubs. Leaves linear.—Species
5. North Africa and northern East Africa.  Ochradenus Del.

Petals 2-8. Fruit capsular, open at the top.  4

4. Petals 2. Disc wanting. Stamens 3-10, hypogynous. Ovary sessile.
Stigmas 4. Herbs or undershrubs.—Species 6. South Africa and
North Africa to Nubia. (Plate 55.)  Oligomeris Cambess.

Petals 4-8. Disc present.  5

5. Petals perigynous, 6-8. Stamens perigynous, numerous. Disc double.
Stigmas 2-3. Shrubs.—Species 2. North Africa and northern
East Africa.  Randonia Coss.

Petals hypogynous, 4-7. Stamens hypogynous. Ovary stalked. Herbs or undershrubs.—Species 30. North Africa and northern East Africa; one species also introduced in South Africa. Some species (especially
R. luteola L.) yield a dye, oil, and medicaments, others (especially R. odorata L.) are used as ornamental plants and in perfumery. “Mignonette.”
(Including Luteola Tourn.).  Reseda L.

SUBORDER MORINGINEAE

FAMILY 90. MORINGACEAE

Trees. Leaves alternate, pinnate. Stipules gland-like or wanting. Flowers in panicles, irregular, hermaphrodite. Petals 5, perigynous, imbricate in bud. Fertile stamens 5, perigynous, alternating with 5 staminodes. Anthers 1-celled, turned inwards. Ovary short-stalked, 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentas. Ovules numerous, pendulous, inverted. Style simple. Fruit capsular. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo straight. (Under CAPPARIDACEAE.)

Genus 1, species 6. Five species spontaneous in northern East Africa,
Madagascar, and Egypt; the sixth (M. oleifera Lam., horse-radish-tree) cultivated and sometimes naturalized on the coasts of the tropics.
This species yields gum, fibre, tanners’ bark, fodder, vegetables, oil, condiments, and medicaments.  Moringa Juss.

ORDER SARRACENIALES

FAMILY 91. NEPENTHACEAE

Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate, undivided, terminating in a pitcher. Flowers regular, dioecious. Perianth-segments 4. Stamens 4 or more, with united filaments; anthers 2-celled, opening outwards. Ovary superior, 4-celled. Ovules numerous, axile, inverted. Stigmas 4, sessile, 2-lobed. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds with a straight, axile embryo and fleshy albumen.

Genus 1, species 2. Madagascar and Seychelles. Used as ornamental plants. “Pitcher plant.”  Nepenthes L.

FAMILY 92. DROSERACEAE

Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves usually covered with glandular hairs and rolled up in the bud. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Calyx 4-8-lobed or parted, imbricate in bud. Petals 4-8, usually 5, free, clawed, imbricate or contorted in aestivation. Stamens 4-20, as many as or more than the petals, hypogynous or nearly so, free. Anthers usually turned outwards, opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Ovules numerous (10 or more), inverted. Styles or style-branches 2-5. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds albuminous, with a small embryo.—Genera 3, species 15. (Plate 56.)

1. Stamens 10-20. Styles 5, free, with capitate stigmas. Ovules basal or nearly so. Undershrubs. Leaves linear, glandular-hairy, rolled up in the bud. Flowers in corymbs.—Species 1. North-west Africa
(Morocco).  Drosophyllum Link

Stamens 4-8. Styles or style-branches 2-5, with not much thickened stigmas. Ovules parietal. Herbs.  2

2. Blade of the leaves jointed to the stalk, folded lengthwise, surrounded by bristles, without glands at the edges. Leaves whorled. Flowers solitary, axillary. Stamens 5. Styles 5, free, with branched stigmas.
Ovules few, affixed at the middle of the placentas. Floating water-plants.—Species
1. Upper Nile.  Aldrovanda L.

Blade of the leaves not jointed, flat, rolled up in the bud, bearing long-stalked glands at the edges. Ovules numerous.—Species 13. Southern and tropical Africa. Some species are used in the preparation of liquors and in medicine. “Sundew.” (Plate 56.)  Drosera L.

ORDER ROSALES

SUBORDER PODOSTEMONINEAE

FAMILY 93. PODOSTEMONACEAE

Aquatic herbs resembling mosses or algae. Flowers solitary or in cymes, usually enclosed when young in a spathe, hermaphrodite. Perianth of 2-3 minute scales, rarely larger and 3-parted. Stamens 1-4, hypogynous. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 1-3-celled, with a central placenta. Ovules numerous, sub-sessile, inverted. Fruit capsular. Seeds exalbuminous.—Genera 9, species 25. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 57.)

1. Flowers without a spathe, regular. Perianth 3-parted. Stamen 1.
Ovary 3-celled. Styles 3. Leaves undivided.—Species 5. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 57.) [Tribe TRISTICHEAE.]  Tristicha Thouars

Flowers at first enclosed in a spathe, irregular. Perianth of 2, rarely of
3 small scales. Stamens 2-4. Ovary 1-2-celled. Styles 1-2.
Leaves usually dissected.  2

2. Style 1, very short; stigma entire. Ovary 1-celled. Stamens 3-4; filaments free or nearly so. Stem elongate. Spathe close to the flower.—Species
1. Southern West Africa (Angola). [Tribe MARATHREAE.]  Angolaea Wedd.

Styles 2, free or united at the base. Stamens 2, rarely (Winklerella) 3, but then filaments united about halfway up. [Tribe PODOSTEMONEAE.]  3

3. Filaments free or nearly so. Ovary stalked.  4

Filaments obviously united.  5

4. Fruit with unequal valves, the persistent valve 5-nerved, the deciduous one 3-nerved. Stem little branched. Leaves linear or the lower with two teeth at the base.—Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons).  Ledermanniella Engl.

Fruit with two equal, persistent, linear, 5-nerved valves. Stem much branched. Leaves divided in 2-5 narrow segments.—Species 2.
West Africa. Used as salad.  Dicraeanthus Engl.

5. Ovary and fruit 1-celled, the latter with somewhat unequal valves. Flowers drooping.—Species 4. Central and South Africa. Used as salad.
(Including Isothylax Baill.)  Sphaerothylax Bisch.

Ovary and fruit 2-celled.  6

6. Fruit with unequal valves, one of which falls off, and with prominent ribs.
Pollen-grains united in pairs.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Podostemon Mich.

Fruit with equal valves.  7

7. Fruit smooth, without distinct ribs. Pollen-grains separate. Flowers drooping.—Species 3. Southern Central Africa. (Leiocarpodicraea
Engl., under Dicraea Thouars).  Leiothylax Warm.

Fruit with prominent ribs.  8

8. Fruit 2-toothed at the top, with boat-shaped valves, one of them or both falling off. Pollen-grains separate.—Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons).  Winklerella Engl.

Fruit with persistent valves. Pollen-grains united in pairs.—Species 9.
Tropics. (Under Podostemon Mich.)  Dicraea Thouars

FAMILY 94. HYDROSTACHYACEAE

Aquatic herbs. Stem tuberous. Leaves with a sheath and a ligule. Flowers in spikes, bracteate, without a perianth, dioecious. Stamen 1, with separated anther-halves (or 2 with united filaments), hypogynous. Anthers turned outwards. Pollen-grains united in groups of 4. Ovary 1-celled, with 2 parietal placentas. Ovules numerous, inverted. Styles 2. Fruit capsular. Seeds exalbuminous. (Under PODOSTEMONACEAE.) (Plate 58.)

Genus 1, species 15. Tropical and South-east Africa.  Hydrostachys Thouars

SUBORDER SAXIFRAGINEAE

FAMILY 95. CRASSULACEAE

Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. Stem and leaves usually succulent. Leaves without stipules. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Petals 3-20, free or united below, hypogynous or nearly so. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals. Filaments free. Anthers turned inwards. Carpels as many as the petals, free or united at the base, usually with a scale-like appendage. Ovules numerous, rarely (Crassula) 1-2 in each carpel. Fruit-carpels follicular. Seeds with a very scanty albumen or without albumen.—Genera 10, species 400. (Plate 59.)

1. Petals free or nearly so.  2

Petals united below into a distinct, usually long tube.  5

2. Stamens as many as the sepals or petals, 3-9, usually 5. Sepals free or nearly so. Petals white or reddish. Leaves opposite.—Species 180.
Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including
Bulliarda DC., Dinacria Harv., Helophytum Eckl. & Zeyh., and Tillaea
L.)  Crassula L.

Stamens twice as many as the sepals, rarely (Sedum) equalling the sepals in number, but then leaves alternate.  3

3. Flowers 4-5-merous, very rarely 6-7-merous. Sepals free or nearly so. Leaves usually scattered.—Species 25. North Africa and high mountains of East Africa. Some species are used as vegetables or as medicinal or ornamental plants.  Sedum L.

Flowers 6-20-merous, very rarely 5-merous. Sepals more or less united.
Leaves usually rosulate.  4

4. Scale-like appendages of the carpels broad, petaloid. Petals linear-lanceolate, inconspicuous, reddish or yellowish.—Species 10. North-west
Africa. (Petrophyes Webb).  Monanthes Haw.

Scale-like appendages of the carpels small or wanting. Petals lanceolate, brightly coloured.—Species 70. North Africa and northern Central
Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. “House-leek.”
(Including Aeonium Webb, Aichryson Webb, and Greenovia
Webb & Berth.)  Sempervivum L.

5. Flowers 4-merous. Leaves opposite.  6

Flowers 5-6-merous.  8

6. Calyx cleft nearly to the middle, large, inflated. Corolla urn- or almost bell-shaped. Stamens 8. Carpels not diverging. Stigmas capitate.
Undershrubs.—Species 5. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Crassuvia Comm.)  Bryophyllum Salisb.

Calyx divided to the middle or beyond, usually small.  7

7. Calyx divided to the middle, small, bell-shaped. Corolla tube- or bell-shaped; segments short and broad, triangular to orbicular. Stamens
8. Carpels diverging. Stigmas capitate.—Species 15. Madagascar.
(Under Kalanchoe Adans.)  Kitchingia Bak.

Calyx divided nearly to the base, rarely only to the middle, but then corolla with oblong, elliptical, or ovate segments. Corolla usually salver-shaped, with spreading segments. Stigmas obliquely truncate.—Species
45. Tropical and South Africa. Some yield an aromatic resin or are used in medicine. (Plate 59.)  Kalanchoë Adans.

8. Stamens twice as many as the sepals or petals, 10, rarely 12.—Species 40.
Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including
Echeveria DC., Mucizonia DC., Pistorinia DC., and Umbilicus DC.)  Cotyledon L.

Stamens as many as the sepals or petals, 5, rarely 6. Leaves opposite.  9

9. Calyx as long as the corolla-tube, bell-shaped, divided to about the middle.
Corolla bell-shaped, yellow. Small, stiff, glaucous herbs.—Species 1.
South Africa.  Grammanthes DC.

Calyx shorter than the corolla-tube, divided nearly or quite to the base.
Corolla funnel-shaped. Thick, succulent herbs or undershrubs.—Species
4. South Africa. Used as ornamental plants.  Rochea DC.

FAMILY 96. SAXIFRAGACEAE

Petals 4-5, free or united below. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals, perigynous or epigynous. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. Ovary 1-7-celled. Ovules numerous, inverted. Seeds with copious albumen, rarely (Montinia) without albumen. Genera 11, species 25. (Including GROSSULARIACEAE.) (Plate 60.)

1. Stem herbaceous. Styles 2-5, free. [Subfamily SAXIFRAGOIDEAE.] 2
Stem woody, rarely (Berenice) herbaceous above, but then style simple.
Leaves without stipules. Placentas parietal or septal.  3

2. Calyx with valvate aestivation. Stamens 5. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, with 2-3 placentas suspended from the apex of the cell. Leaves opposite, entire.—Species 4. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt.  Vahlia Thunb.

Calyx with imbricate aestivation. Stamens 8-10. Ovary 2-5-celled, with the placentas attached to the dissepiments.—Species 9. North
Africa and Abyssinia. Some species are used as ornamental or medicinal
plants.  Saxifraga L.

3. Stamens 8-10. Ovary inferior or half-inferior, completely or incompletely
2-5-celled. Styles 2-5, free or united at the base. Corolla with valvate aestivation. Outer flowers of the inflorescence often barren with enlarged sepals. Leaves opposite.—Species 1 (H. Hortensia DC.)
Naturalized in several islands (Madeira, St. Helena, Réunion). An ornamental plant. [Subfamily HYDRANGEOIDEAE.]  Hydrangea L.

Stamens 4-5. Styles 1-2.  4

4. Ovary 1-celled, inferior. Style simple with 2 stigmas, or styles 2. Fruit a berry. Leaves alternate. Flowers hermaphrodite.—Species 2.
North-west Africa (Algeria). One of them (R. Grossularia L., gooseberry) yields edible fruit, from which also a drink is prepared. (Including
Grossularia A. Rich.) [Subfamily RIBESOIDEAE.]  Ribes L.

Ovary 2-7-celled, rarely 1-celled, but then leaves opposite and flowers unisexual. [Subfamily ESCALLONIOIDEAE.]  5

5. Ovary 1-celled, inferior. Ovules 8-10. Style simple; stigma 2-lobed.
Flowers unisexual. Leaves opposite.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Grevea Baill.

Ovary 2-7-celled. Style simple with an entire or 5-7-lobed stigma, or
2-parted.  6

6. Ovary superior, 5-7-celled. Style simple with a 5-7-lobed stigma.
Fruit a berry or drupe.  7

Ovary inferior or half-inferior, 2-4-celled. Style simple with an entire stigma or 2-parted. Fruit a capsule. Leaves alternate.  8

7. Sepals persistent. Petals united at the base, campanulately connivent, rolled back at the tip. Stamens inserted between the lobes of the disc.
Anthers opening outwards. Ovary pyramidal. Fruit a berry. Embryo shorter than the seed. Climbing shrubs. Leaves opposite. Flowers solitary or in few-flowered clusters.—Species 1. Mascarene Islands.  Roussea Smith

Sepals deciduous. Petals free, blunt. Stamens inserted on the margin of the disc. Anthers opening inwards or laterally. Ovary ovoid. Fruit a drupe with a woody, 1-celled stone. Embryo as long as the seed. Low trees. Leaves alternate. Flowers in umbel-shaped cymes.—Species 2.
East Africa, Madagascar and Seychelles. The fruits are edible. (Venana
Lam.) (Plate 60.)  Brexia Thouars

8. Ovary 3-4-celled. Style 1, simple. Petals 5, united at the base. Seeds linear-oblong. Undershrubs. Leaves serrate. Flowers in panicles.—Species
1. Island of Réunion.  Berenice Tul.

Ovary 2-celled. Styles 2, free or united at the base (sometimes also at the top, when young). Shrubs or trees.  9

9. Ovary inferior. Flowers 4-merous, unisexual. Petals imbricate in bud.
Seeds winged, exalbuminous. Leaves entire. Male flowers panicled, female solitary.—Species 1. South Africa.  Montinia L.f.

Ovary half-inferior. Flowers 5-merous. Petals valvate in bud. Seeds albuminous. Leaves glandular-serrate. Flowers in panicles or in umbel-shaped cymes.  10

10. Sepals subulate. Petals ovate. Filaments thin. Seeds oblong. Shrubs with thin branches. Flowers small, polygamous.—Species 2. South
Africa and southern East Africa.  Choristylis Harv.

Sepals lanceolate to ovate. Petals linear or oblong. Filaments thick.
Trees with thick branches. Flowers rather large.—Species 1. Island of Réunion.  Forgesia Comm.

FAMILY 97. PITTOSPORACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, undivided, exstipulate. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, free or nearly so. Petals 5, free or united below. Stamens 5, hypogynous. Disc none. Ovary superior, sessile or short-stalked, 1-celled or incompletely 2-5-celled. Style simple; stigma entire or lobed. Ovules numerous, ascending or horizontal, inverted, with a single coat. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds with a hard albumen and a small embryo situated near the hilum. (Under SAXIFRAGACEAE.) (Plate 61.)

Genus 1, species 35. Tropical and South Africa and Canary Islands. Some are used as ornamental plants.  Pittosporum Banks

FAMILY 98. CUNONIACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite or whorled, stipulate. Flowers in spike-, raceme-, or panicle-like inflorescences, hermaphrodite. Sepals 4-5, free or united at the base. Petals 4-5. Stamens 8-10, inserted beneath the disc. Ovary superior, 2-3-celled; ovules 2 or more to each cell. Styles 2-3, free. Fruit capsular. Seeds albuminous.—Genera 3, species 17. South Africa, Madagascar and neighbouring islands. (Under SAXIFRAGACEAE.) (Plate 62.)

1. Calyx valvate in bud. Petals 3-cleft or 3-toothed, shorter than the calyx.
Disc perigynous, deeply 4-5-lobed. Connective acuminate. Ovary
2-celled, with 2 pendulous ovules in each cell. Trees. Leaves of 3 leaflets. Stipules free. Flowers in panicles.—Species 1. South
Africa (Cape Colony).  Platylophus Don

Calyx imbricate in bud. Disc 8-10-lobed. Stipules united in pairs.
Flowers in clusters arranged in spikes or racemes.  2

2. Disc perigynous, adnate to the base of the ovary. Stamens 10. Ovary
2-celled, with numerous ovules. Seeds compressed, with a narrow wing.
Leaves compound, with 3 or more leaflets.—Species 1. South Africa.
Yields timber.  Cunonia L.

Disc hypogynous, free from the ovary. Seeds hairy.—Species 15. Madagascar and the neighbouring islands. Some species yield timber, tans, dyes, and medicaments. (Plate 62.)  Weinmannia L.

FAMILY 99. MYROTHAMNACEAE

Balsamiferous shrubs. Leaves opposite, folded fan-like, undivided, stipulate. Flowers in spikes, dioecious, without a perianth. Stamens 3-8; connective produced into a point; anthers attached at the base, opening by lateral slits; pollen-grains cohering in groups of four. Ovary lobed, 3-4-celled. Ovules numerous, inverted. Styles 3-4, free, short and thick, with broadened stigmas. Fruit capsular or separating into 2-4 nutlets. Seeds with copious albumen. (Under HAMAMELIDEAE or SAXIFRAGACEAE.)

Genus 1, species 2. Tropical and South Africa. The resin is used as a fumigant and in medicine. (Including Myosurandra Baill.)  Myrothamnus Welw.

FAMILY 100. BRUNIACEAE

Undershrubs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, small, undivided, without stipules, rarely (Staavia) with gland-like stipules. Flowers in heads, more rarely in spikes or racemes or solitary, hermaphrodite, 5-merous, very rarely 4-merous. Calyx with imbricate or open aestivation. Petals free or united below, imbricate in bud. Stamens as many as and alternate with the petals. Anthers opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior or half-inferior, rarely (Lonchostoma) almost superior, 1-3-celled. Ovules 1-4 in each cell, pendulous, inverted. Style 1-3. Fruit a capsule or nut. Seeds with a copious albumen and a minute embryo next the hilum.—Genera 12, species 55. South Africa. (Plate 63.)

1. Anthers linear or oblong, with parallel, wholly adnate cells. Petals clawed, the claw without distinct glands. Ovary and receptacle (calyx-tube) glabrous. Style 1, with 2-3 punctiform stigmas. [Tribe AUDOUINIEAE.]  2

Anthers sagittate or cordate, with partly free and divergent cells. [Tribe
BRUNIEAE.]  4

2. Ovary 3-celled. Ovules 6. Stigmas 3. Connective prolonged beyond the anther-cells, strap-shaped. Receptacle obconical. Petals red.
Flowers in head-like spikes. Bracteoles 7-10.—Species 1. Cape
Colony.  Audouinia Brongn.

Ovary 2-celled or later on 1-celled. Ovules 4 or 8. Stigmas 2. Connective not prolonged. Fruit a 1-seeded nut. Flowers solitary or in racemes.  3

3. Ovary inferior. Receptacle obconical or cupular. Sepals hairy, deciduous.
Petals lanceolate. Flowers solitary.—Species 5. South Africa.  Thamnea Soland.

Ovary half-inferior. Ovules 4. Receptacle globular-urceolate. Sepals glabrous, persisting in fruit. Petals obovate, white. Flowers in racemes. Bracteoles 6.—Species 1. Cape Colony.  Tittmannia Brongn.

4. Anthers sagittate. Petals sessile or with a glandless claw. Ovary 2-celled with 2 ovules in each cell. Fruit consisting of 2 dehiscing parts.
Flowers in spikes.  5

Anthers cordate. Petals clawed, the claw with 2 glands.  6

5. Petals with the claws united into a tube. Sepals, anthers, and ovary hairy. Ovary almost superior. Bracteoles 2.—Species 3. Cape
Colony.  Lonchostoma Wickstr.

Petals sessile, free. Flowers glabrous. Sepals very short. Ovary almost inferior. Styles free. Bracteoles 4-8.—Species 3. Cape Colony.  Linconia L.

6. Ovary 1-celled. Ovule 1. Style and stigma simple. Glands at the base of the petals crest-like. Flowers hairy. Fruit indehiscent.  7

Ovary 2-celled. Styles 2, or a single style with 2 stigmas. Glands at the base of the petals tubercle- or pouch-like.  8

7. Sepals short and broad, triangular. Stamens curved inwards, shorter than the petals; anthers shortly cleft. Flowers solitary, axillary, spicately arranged. Bracteoles thread-shaped.—Species 1. Cape Colony.
(Under Berzelia Brongn.)  Mniothamnea Oliv.

Sepals awl-shaped. Stamens curved outwards, longer than the petals; anthers deeply cleft. Flowers in heads. Bracteoles club- or spoon-shaped.—Species
9. South Africa.  Berzelia Brongn.

8. Fruit one-seeded, usually indehiscent.  9

Fruit consisting of two dehiscent, usually one-seeded parts. Flowers in heads.  10

9. Receptacle obconical. Sepals united beyond the ovary. Petals short, with a very short, 2-tubercled claw. Stamens shorter than the petals, equal. Anthers adnate, shortly cleft. Style short and thick, kneed.—Species
8. South Africa. (Under Brunia L.)  Pseudobaeckea Nied.

Receptacle cylindrical. Sepals free above the ovary. Petals long, with
a long claw bearing a 2-lobed pouch. Stamens longer than the petals, unequal, the anterior longer. Anthers versatile, deeply cleft. Style long or rather long, almost straight. Ovules 2 in each cell. Flowers in heads.—Species 4. South Africa.  Brunia L.

10. Style 1, short and thick; stigmas 2, obliquely terminal, slightly thickened.
Anthers pointed at the apex. Receptacle rather long. Sepals united beyond the ovary. Petals oblong, shortly clawed, 2-tubercled at the base. Bracteoles thread-shaped.—Species 9. South Africa.  Staavia Thunb.

Styles 2, free or more or less cohering, but then long and thread-shaped; stigmas simple, terminal. Anthers rounded at the apex.  11

11. Sepals united beyond the ovary, triangular. Petals oblong, with a short claw bearing two tubercles at the base. Styles free, kneed above.
Bracts broad, shorter than the flowers. Bracteoles linear.—Species 8.
South Africa. (Under Berardia Sond.) (Plate 63.)  Raspalia Brongn.

Sepals free above the ovary, linear. Petals strap-shaped, with a long claw bearing two tubercles in the upper part. Styles more or less cohering, long, almost straight. Bracts narrow, longer than the flowers. Bracteoles spatulate or sickle-shaped.—Species 5. South Africa. (Berardia
Brongn.)  Diberara Baill.

FAMILY 101. HAMAMELIDACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves undivided, stipulate. Flowers in heads or head-like spikes, 4-5-merous. Petals narrow, sometimes wanting in the female flowers. Fertile stamens as many as and alternating with the petals, sometimes accompanied by staminodes. Filaments free. Anthers opening by lateral slits or by valves. Ovary 2-celled. Ovules 1 in each cell, pendulous, inverted. Styles 2, free. Fruit capsular. Seeds with a straight embryo and thin albumen.—Genera 3, species 20. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 64.)

1. Flowers unisexual, rarely polygamous, 5-merous. Staminodes none.
Anthers ovoid., opening by valves. Shrubs. Stipules short and narrow.
Flowers in many-flowered heads.—Species 3. South and East Africa.
(Plate 64.)  Trichocladus Pers.

Flowers hermaphrodite, usually 4-merous. Sepals short. Ovary inferior or almost so.  2

2. Staminodes none. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Trees. Flowers in many-flowered heads, 4-merous.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Franchetia Baill.

Staminodes as many as and alternate with the stamens. Anthers oblong.
Shrubs. Stipules long and broad. Flowers in 3-8-flowered head-like spikes.—Species 15. Madagascar and Comoro Islands. Some species yield timber and medicaments.  Dicoryphe Thouars

SUBORDER ROSINEAE

FAMILY 102. PLATANACEAE

Trees. Leaves alternate, palmately lobed; stipules connate. Flowers on a thickened receptacle in spicately arranged globose heads, monoecious. Sepals 3-8, free, hairy. Petals the same number, nearly hypogynous. Stamens as many as and alternating with the petals; connective peltate; anthers opening inwards or laterally by longitudinal slits. Carpels the same number, free. Ovules solitary, pendulous, straight. Fruit consisting of achenes densely crowded in a head. Seed with scanty albumen; cotyledons linear.

FAMILY 103. ROSACEAE

Leaves alternate, stipulate. Receptacle (floral axis) more or less concave, saucer-, cup-, urn-, or tube-shaped, in the male flowers sometimes very small. Stamens curved inwards in the bud, usually numerous. Anthers opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Carpels superior, solitary or free, or inferior and then more or less united. Ovules inverted.—Genera 32, species 230. (Including AMYGDALACEAE and POMACEAE.) (Plate 65.)

1. Ovaries 1-10, inferior (adnate to the concave receptacle) and usually connate. Petals 5. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous.  2

Ovaries (or ovary) superior, free from the receptacle, but sometimes tightly enclosed by it.  10

2. Stem herbaceous. Leaves lobed or dissected. Petals yellow. Stamens 10.
Carpels 1-10, one-ovuled. Fruiting receptacle dry. [Subfamily
NEURADOIDEAE.]  3

Stem woody. Petals white or red. Carpels 1-5. Fruiting receptacle succulent. [Subfamily POMOIDEAE.]  4

3. Flowers small, with a persisting epicalyx. Carpels 10. Leaves lobed.—Species
2. North Africa to Nubia, German South West Africa.  Neurada L.

Flowers large. Epicalyx none.—Species 6. South Africa.  Grielum L.

4. Carpels 2-5, distinct from each other on their inside, 2-ovuled. Fruit small. Endocarp bony. Leaves undivided.—Species 3. North-west
Africa (Algeria). Used medicinally.  Cotoneaster Medik.

Carpels 2-5, united as to the ovaries, or carpel 1.  5

5. Carpels 3-5, incompletely divided in two cells each; hence cells twice as many as the style-branches and containing a single ovule each.
Fruit small. Endocarp membranous. Petals narrow. Leaves undivided.
Flowers in racemes.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria).
Used as an ornamental plant.  Amelanchier Medik.

Carpels not divided, containing 2 or more ovules each.  6

6. Ovules and seeds more than 2 to each carpel (or ovary-cell). Carpels 5.
Fruit large. Endocarp cartilagineous. Seed-coat mucilagineous. Leaves undivided.—Species 1 (C. vulgaris Pers., quince). Cultivated in
North and South Africa and in some tropical islands. The fruit is edible and used for the preparation of confectionery and in medicine.
(Under Pyrus L.)  Cydonia Tourn.

Ovules and seeds 1-2 to each carpel (or ovary-cell).  7

7. Fruit with a bony endocarp and a mealy mesocarp. Ovules 2, one of them sterile and covering the fertile one.  8

Fruit with a membranous, parchment-like, or cartilagineous endocarp.
Carpels 2-5.  9

8. Style furrowed. Carpel 1. Embryo with coiled cotyledons. Stamens
10-15. Flowers in racemes. Leaves undivided, persistent.—Species
1. Madeira.  Chamaemeles Lindl.

Style not furrowed. Embryo with flat cotyledons. Leaves usually lobed or divided and deciduous.—Species 5. North-west Africa.
They yield timber, tanners’ bark, edible fruits (medlars) and medicaments and are also used as ornamental plants (hawthorn). (Including
Crataegus L.)  Mespilus L.

9. Carpels projecting above the receptacle; hence cells of the fruit reaching to the cavity at its top. Styles 5, free. Fruit with a membranous endocarp. Seeds very large, with thick cotyledons. Leaves undivided, persistent.—Species 1 (E. japonica Lindl., loquat). Cultivated in North Africa and some tropical islands for its edible fruits.
(Under Photinia Lindl.)  Eriobotrya Lindl.

Carpels completely enclosed in the receptacle; hence cells of the fruit not reaching to its top. Leaves usually deciduous.—Species 8, of which 6 are growing wild in North Africa, the other two (P. communis
L., pear, and P. Malus L., apple) cultivated in North and South Africa and Madagascar. They yield timber, tanners’ bark, and edible fruits, from which also drinks and medicaments are prepared. Several species are used as ornamental plants. (Pyrus L., including Malus Tourn. and
Sorbus L.).  Pirus Tourn.

10. (1.) Carpels 2 or more, with 1-2 ovules each, rarely carpel 1, with a single ovule. Flowers regular. [Subfamily ROSOIDEAE.]  11

Carpel 1, with 2 ovules, sometimes more or less completely 2-celled or one ovule abortive; in this cases flowers distinctly irregular. Fruit
a drupe. Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided.  25

11. Receptacle of the female flowers deeply concave, tube- or urn-shaped, tightly enclosing the carpels, especially in fruit.  12

Receptacle flat, convex, or moderately concave (cup- or saucer-shaped), not tightly enclosing the carpels. Carpels 5 or more. Stamens numerous.  21

12. Carpels numerous. Ovules pendulous. Stamens numerous. Petals 4-6, large, red, white or yellow, imbricate in bud. Sepals imbricate. Flowers hermaphrodite. Receptacle becoming succulent in fruit. Shrubs.
Leaves pinnate.—Species 10. North Africa and Abyssinia; also naturalized in several tropical islands. Used as ornamental plants, and in the preparation of perfumes and medicaments; some have edible fruits. [Tribe ROSEAE.]  Rosa Tourn.

Carpels 1-4. Petals small, yellow or white, or wanting. [Tribe SANGUISORBEAE.]  13

13. Perianth consisting of an epicalyx, a calyx, and a corolla. Carpels 2-4.  14

Perianth consisting of calyx and corolla, or of epicalyx and calyx, or of the calyx only.  15

14. Flowers hermaphrodite. Epicalyx of 5-6 small segments. Petals broad.
Stamens 10-12. Shrubs. Leaves pinnatipartite. Flowers in racemes.—Species
1. South Africa.  Leucosidea Eckl. & Zeyh.

Flowers polygamous-dioecious. Epicalyx of 4-5 large segments. Petals narrow. Stamens 20. Trees. Leaves pinnate. Flowers in panicles.—Species
1. East Africa. Used medicinally. (Brayera Kunth)  Hagenia Gmel.

15. Perianth consisting of a corolla and a calyx surrounded by several rows of hooked bristles. Stamens 10 or more. Styles 2, subterminal.
Herbs. Leaves pinnate. Flowers in spikes.—Species 1. North and
South Africa. Yields tanning and dyeing materials, and is also used in medicine.  Agrimonia L.

Perianth consisting of a calyx with an epicalyx, or only of a calyx.  16

16. Epicalyx of 4-5 segments alternating with the sepals. Stamens 1-5.
Ovules ascending. Styles basal. Stigmas capitate. Leaves lobed or digitate.—Species 25. Some of them yield tanning and dyeing materials and medicaments. “Lady’s mantle.” (Including Aphanes
L.)  Alchimilla L.

Epicalyx none. Stigmas more or less penicillate.  17

17. Flowers hermaphrodite or monoecious; in the latter case receptacle of the male flowers resembling that of the female. Leaves pinnate. Flowers in spikes or heads.  18

Flower dioecious. Stamens numerous. Receptacle of the male flowers very small. Shrubs or trees.  20

18. Receptacle armed with hooked bristles, at least in fruit. Flowers hermaphrodite.
Stamens 2-5. Herbs or undershrubs.—Species 3. South
Africa. Used medicinally.  Acaena Vahl

Receptacle without bristles.  19

19. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Fruiting receptacle dry, not coloured, wrinkled and pitted or winged. Herbs.—Species 10.
North Africa, one species also introduced in South Africa. Some species yield tans, dyes, and medicaments, or are used as potherbs.
(Under Poterium L.)  Sanguisorba L.

Flowers monoecious. Fruiting receptacle somewhat fleshy, coloured, smooth. Stamens numerous. Spinous shrubs.—Species 1. North
Africa. Used medicinally. (Sarcopoterium Spach).  Poterium L.

20. Leaves pinnate, with several pairs of leaflets. Flowers in spikes. Fruiting receptacle somewhat fleshy.—Species 2. Canary Islands and
Madeira.  Bencomia Webb

Leaves 1-3-foliolate. Flowers solitary, axillary. Fruiting receptacle cartilaginous, rarely somewhat fleshy.—Species 40. South Africa and southern Central Africa.  Cliffortia L.

21 (11.) Filaments narrowed towards the base. Petals 5, white. Ovules 2.
Styles terminal. Ripe carpels dry and indehiscent. Herbs. Leaves pinnatisect. Flowers in panicles.—Species 1. North-west Africa
(Algeria). Used as an ornamental plant. (Ulmaria Tourn., under
Spiraea L.) [Tribe FILIPENDULEAE].  Filipendula L.

Filaments broadened at the base. Sepals valvate in bud. Carpels usually inserted on an elevated receptacle. [Tribe POTENTILLEAE].  22

22. Carpels with 2 ovules each, drupe-like when ripe. Style subterminal.
Epicalyx none.—Species 30. Many of them yield edible fruits, from which also drinks are prepared; some are used as ornamental plants, for tanning, and in medicine. “Bramble.” [Subtribe RUBINAE.]  Rubus L.

Carpels with 1 ovule each, nut-like when ripe. Epicalyx nearly always present.  23

23. Ovule ascending. Style persistent, terminal. Herbs. Radical leaves pinnatisect.—Species 4. North and South Africa; one species also naturalized in St. Helena. They yield tanning and dyeing materials and medicaments. “Avens.” [Subtribe DRYADINAE.]  Geum L.

Ovule pendulous. Style deciduous. [Subtribe POTENTILLINAE.]  24

24. Ripe carpels on a greatly enlarged, coloured, and succulent receptacle.
Petals white. Herbs. Leaves usually trifoliolate.—Species 5. Cultivated in various regions; one species also growing wild in the Azores,
Madeira, and the Canary Islands. They yield edible fruits (strawberries), dyeing and tanning materials, and medicaments.  Fragaria L.

Ripe carpels on a slightly or not enlarged, not coloured, dry (sometimes spongy, but not succulent) receptacle. Flowers hermaphrodite.—Species
10. Some of them yield tanning and dyeing materials, or serve for the preparation of ink and medicaments, or as ornamental plants.  Potentilla L.

25. (10.) Style terminal or nearly so. Ovules pendulous. Flowers regular.
[Subfamily PRUNOIDEAE.]  26

Style basal. Ovules erect. [Subfamily CHRYSOBALANOIDEAE.]  27

26. Petals sepaloid. Flowers in racemes.—Species 1. Central and South-east
Africa.  Pygeum Gaertn.

Petals petaloid.—Species 9; six of them spontaneous in North Africa, the others, as well as the former, cultivated in various regions. They yield timber, tanners’ bark, gum, oil, medicaments, and edible fruits
(plums, cherries, apricots, peaches, almonds), from which also drinks and confectionery are prepared. Several species are used as ornamental plants. (Including Amygdalus L., Armeniaca Juss., Cerasus Juss., and
Persica Tourn.)  Prunus L.

27. Flowers almost regular. Stamens 10 or more. Carpel inserted at or near the base of the bell- or funnel-shaped receptacle. [Subtribe
CHRYSOBALANINAE.]  28

Flowers distinctly irregular. Fertile stamens 3-20, all on one side of the flower. Carpel inserted at or near the upper margin of the more or less tubular receptacle. [Subtribe HIRTELLINAE.]  29

28. Receptacle swelling on one side; carpel slightly excentrical. Stamens
10-15. Fruit with a 3-angled stone. Flowers in racemes.—Species 2.
Madagascar and Mascarenes. Used medicinally.  Grangeria Comm.