Leaflets opposite. Petals not gland-dotted. Fruit more or less leathery and flattened. Inflorescence terminal. (See 356.)  Millettia Wight & Arn.

375. Calyx-teeth very short or wanting. Corolla red or white; standard distinctly clawed; petals of the keel free. Ovary stalked. Fruit drupe-like with a woody endocarp and a more or less fleshy exocarp.
Seed 1. Inflorescence terminal.—Species 2. West Africa. They yield timber and are used in medicine. (Vouacapoua Aubl.)  Andira Lam.

Calyx-teeth distinctly developed. Corolla yellow or white, sometimes marked with red or violet. Fruit more or less distinctly winged, with
a membranous or leathery pericarp. Leaflets alternate or subopposite.
(See 247.)  Pterocarpus L.

ORDER PANDALES

FAMILY 106. PANDACEAE

Trees. Leaves alternate. Flowers in fascicled racemes, or in false racemes formed of fascicles, or in panicles, unisexual. Calyx small, slightly toothed. Petals 5, large, oblong, red. Stamens 10. Ovary superior, slightly lobed, 3-4-celled. Ovule 1 in each cell, pendulous, straight. Stigmas 3-4, sessile or nearly so, oblong. Fruit a drupe; stone with many pits and cavities, 3-4-seeded. Seeds with a large axile embryo and an oily albumen.

Genus 1, species 1. Equatorial West Africa. The seeds yield oil. (Porphyranthus
Engl.)  Panda Pierre

ORDER GERANIALES

SUBORDER GERANIINEAE

FAMILY 107. GERANIACEAE

Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs. Leaves stipulate. Flowers hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, imbricate, rarely 4, valvate in bud. Petals 2-8, more or less distinctly perigynous, imbricate in bud. Stamens twice or thrice as many as the petals, some frequently sterile, the outer opposite the petals. Anthers opening inwards. Ovary lobed, 5-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell, rarely 8-celled with 1-ovuled cells. Fruit beaked, the carpels separating at maturity. Seeds albuminous.—Genera 6, species 350. (Plate 68.)

1. Sepals 4, valvate in bud. Petals 8, white. Stamens 8, opposite the petals, free. Ovary 8-celled, with 1 ascending ovule in each cell. Tails
(awns) of the carpels not recurved at maturity. Shrubs. Flowers solitary, with 4 bracteoles.—Species 1. Island of Socotra. [Tribe
DIRACHMEAE.]  Dirachma Schweinf.

Sepals 5, imbricate in bud. Petals 2-5. Stamens 10 or 15, some frequently
sterile. Ovary 5-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Tails (awns) of the carpels curved or twisted backwards at maturity. [Tribe GERANIEAE.]  2

2. Flowers irregular, with a spur-like appendage along the pedicel and without glands at the base of the stamens. Fertile stamens 5-7, rarely 2-4.—Species
250. Southern and tropical Africa; two species also naturalized in North Africa. Many of them are used as ornamental plants, some have edible roots or yield perfumes or medicaments.  Pelargonium L’Hér.

Flowers regular or almost so, without a spur-like appendage, with glands at the base of the stamens. Fertile stamens 5, 10, or 15.  3

3. Stamens 10, all or 5 of them fertile.  4

Stamens 15, all fertile.  5

4. Tails of the carpels spirally twisted, hairy. Fertile stamens 5. Petals entire. Flowers usually in umbels.—Species 40. North Africa to
Abyssinia and South Africa. Some are used medicinally; hygrometres are made from the carpel-tails. “Storks-bill.”  Erodium L’Hér.

Tails of the carpels arched, generally glabrous. Fertile stamens usually 10.
Petals mostly notched. Flowers usually solitary or in pairs.—Species
30. North and South Africa and mountains of the tropics. Some species are used as ornamental plants or yield tanning and dyeing materials or medicaments. “Cranes-bill.”  Geranium L.

5. Filaments united in 5 bundles. Stem herbaceous.—Species 25. Some are used medicinally. (Plate 68.)  Monsonia L.

Filaments free almost to the base. Stem fleshy, armed with spines formed from the persistent leafstalks.—Species 7. South Africa, southern
Central Africa, and Madagascar. Some species yield an aromatic resin. (Under Monsonia L.)  Sarcocaulon DC.

FAMILY 108. OXALIDACEAE

Leaves alternate. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 5. Petals 5, free or united at the base, with contorted aestivation. Stamens 10, rarely 5 of them sterile. Filaments united at the base. Anthers opening inwards. Glands at the base of the stamens present. Ovary superior, 5-celled. Ovules axile. Styles 5, free. Fruit a capsule or a berry. Seeds with a fleshy albumen and a straight embryo.—Genera 3, species 160. (Under GERANIACEAE.) (Plate 69.)

1. Fruit a berry. Trees. Leaves unequally pinnate, sensitive. Flowers in cymes.—Species 2. Cultivated in the Mascarene Islands. They yield timber, medicaments, and edible fruits, which are also used for preparing a scouring water.  Averrhoa L.

Fruit a capsule. All stamens fertile. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs.  2

2. Valves of the fruit finally spreading. Leaves pinnate, sensitive.—Species
15. Tropics. Some are used medicinally. (Under Oxalis L.) (Plate
69.)  Biophytum DC.

Valves of the fruit persisting around the central column. Leaves usually digitate.—Species 140. Some are used as salad or fodder or for preparing chemical drugs and medicaments. (Including Bolboxalis Small).  Oxalis L.

FAMILY 109. TROPAEOLACEAE

Twining, succulent herbs. Leaves alternate, undivided, peltate. Flowers solitary, axillary, irregular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, the hindmost spurred. Petals 5, yellow or red, imbricate in bud. Stamens 8, free; anthers opening inwards or laterally. Ovary superior, 3-celled. Ovule 1 in each cell, pendulous, inverted. Style 1, with 3 stigmas. Fruit separating in 2-3 nutlets. Seeds without albumen. (Under GERANIACEAE.)

Genus 1, species 1 (T. majus L., Indian cress). Naturalized in the Island of St. Helena. Ornamental plant, also yielding salad, condiments, and medicaments.  Tropaeolum L.

FAMILY 110. LINACEAE

Leaves undivided. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Calyx imbricate in bud. Petals free, with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals. Filaments united at the base. Ovary 2-10-celled. Ovules 1-2 in the inner angle of each cell, pendulous, inverted. Fruit a capsule or a drupe. Seeds with fleshy albumen.—Genera 7, species 60. (Plate 70.)

1. Fertile stamens as many as the petals, 4-5, furnished with glands at their base. Styles or style-branches 2-5. Petals deciduous. Fruit capsular.
Herbs or undershrubs, very rarely shrubs. [Tribe LINEAE.]  2

Fertile stamens twice as many as the petals, 10, rarely the same number,
5, but then without glands at their base and style simple. Shrubs or trees. [Tribe HUGONIEAE.]  4

2. Sepals 3-toothed at the tip. Petals very small, white. Flowers 4-merous.
Stem repeatedly forked. Leaves opposite.—Species 1. North Africa and high mountains of Central Africa. “Alseed.”  Radiola Gmel.

Sepals entire. Flowers nearly always 5-merous.  3

3. Stipules bristle-like. Corolla yellow. Stamens partly (2-4 of them) with, partly without glands. Styles 3. Stigmas kidney-shaped.
Shrubs or undershrubs.—Species 1. Naturalized in the Mascarene
Islands. Ornamental plant. (Under Linum L.)  Reinwardtia Dumort.

Stipules gland-like or wanting. Stamens all furnished with glands.—Species
25. North, East, and South Africa and Madagascar. L. usitatissimum L. is cultivated for fibre and oil and yields also fodder and
medicaments; other species are used as ornamental plants. “Flax.”  Linum L.

4. Styles 5, free or united at the base. Stamens 10. Petals deciduous.
Fruit a drupe.—Species 25. Tropics. Some are used medicinally.
(Plate 70.)  Hugonia L.

Style 1, undivided or 2-3-cleft at the top.  5

5. Style shortly 2-cleft. Ovary 2-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell. Stamens
10. Anthers linear or oblong. Petals elongated, with a glandular pit at the claw.—Species 2. East Africa.  Nectaropetalum Engl.

Style 3-cleft or undivided. Ovary 3-5-celled.  6

6. Style shortly 3-cleft. Ovary 3-celled with 2 ovules in each cell. Stamens
10. Anthers ovoid or globose. Petals short. Inflorescence racemose, cone-shaped when young, with roundish vaulted bracts.—Species 1.
West Africa (Cameroons).  Lepidobotrys Engl.

Style undivided. Stamens usually 5. Corolla persistent. Fruit capsular.
Inflorescence racemose with small bracts, or paniculate.—Species
5. Central Africa. (Under Ochthocosmus Benth.)  Phyllocosmus Klotzsch

FAMILY 111. HUMIRIACEAE

Trees. Leaves alternate, undivided. Flowers in cymes or panicles, regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, imbricate in bud. Petals 5, yellow or greenish, imbricate in bud, deciduous. Stamens 10, at first united below, with a prolonged connective and 1-celled anther-halves. Ovary surrounded by a cupular disc, superior, 5-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, pendulous, inverted. Style simple. Fruit a nut or drupe. Seeds with fleshy albumen.

Genus 1, species 1. West Africa. Yields timber and edible fruits from which a spirituous drink is prepared. (Aubrya Baill., under Humiria
Aubl.)  Saccoglottis Mart.

FAMILY 112. ERYTHROXYLACEAE

Shrubs or trees, rarely undershrubs. Leaves entire, stipulate. Flowers solitary or in clusters, regular, hermaphrodite, rarely polygamous. Sepals 5, imbricate in bud. Petals 5, free, with a callosity or an appendage on the inner face, imbricate or contorted in aestivation. Stamens 10. Filaments united at the base. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. Ovary 3-, rarely 4-celled, usually a single cell fertile. Ovules 1-2, pendulous, inverted. Styles or style-branches 3, rarely 4. Fruit a drupe. Seeds with fleshy albumen, rarely without albumen; embryo straight.—Genera 2, species 40. Tropical and South Africa. (Under LINACEAE.) (Plate 71.)

Petals scarcely clawed, provided with a longitudinal callosity. Filaments united into a ring. Ovary with 3-4 two-ovuled cells. Fruit 3-4-celled.
Leaves opposite. Stipules 2.—Species 1. Equatorial West
Africa.  Aneulophus Benth.

Petals distinctly clawed, with a usually 2-cleft scale. Filaments united into a cup. Ovary with 1 fertile one-ovuled cell and 2 empty ones.

Fruit 1-celled. Leaves alternate. Stipule 1.—Species 40. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber or medicaments. (Plate
71.)  Erythroxylon P. Browne

FAMILY 113. ZYGOPHYLLACEAE

Leaves stipulate. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite, rarely (Neoluederitzia) dioecious. Petals 4-5, free, rarely wanting. Stamens 1-3 times as many as the petals. Filaments usually with an appendage at the base. Anthers attached by the back. Ovary superior, 3-10-celled, lobed, angled or winged. Style simple, rarely (Seetzenia) styles 5.—Genera 12, species 90. (Plate 72.)

1. Fruit drupaceous, one-seeded. Seeds without albumen. Ovary 3-5-celled with 1 pendulous ovule in each cell. Filaments without an appendage. Corolla yellowish-green. Leaves alternate, simple and undivided or of 2 leaflets. Shrubs or trees. [Subfamilies BALANITOIDEAE and NITRARIOIDEAE.]  2

Fruit capsular or separating into several nutlets, several- or many-seeded.
Leaves opposite, at least the lower ones, more rarely all alternate, but then dissected or pinnate with many leaflets.  3

2. Fruit with a very thick endocarp. Ovary 5-celled, surrounded by a cupular disc; ovules attached at the top of the cells. Style rather long; stigma 1. Stamens 10. Petals oblong. Sepals hairy. Leaves with two leaflets. Spiny plants.—Species 3. Central Africa, Sahara,
Egypt. They yield timber, fish-poison, vegetables, medicaments, oily seeds, and edible fruits which are also used as a substitute for soap and for preparing a spirituous drink. “Zachun-oil-tree.” (Agialid Adans.)
(Plate 72.)  Balanites Del.

Fruit with a thin endocarp, opening finally by 6 teeth at the top. Ovary
3-celled; ovules attached near the middle of the cells. Style very short; stigmas 3, converging. Stamens usually 15. Petals concave, induplicate-valvate in bud. Sepals fleshy, imbricate in bud. Leaves simple, undivided, fleshy.—Species 2. North Africa and northern
Central Africa. They yield soda and edible fruits which are said to be inebriating. “Nitre bush.”  Nitraria L.

3. Leaves pinnately dissected or irregularly many-cleft, alternate. Filaments without an appendage. Ovary 3-4-celled with several or many ovules in each cell. Seeds albuminous. Herbs. [Subfamilies TETRADICLIDOIDEAE and PEGANOIDEAE.]  4

Leaves undivided, unifoliolate, digitate, or pinnate, usually opposite.
Ovary 4-10-, usually 5-celled. [Subfamily ZYGOPHYLLOIDEAE.]  5

4. Leaves pinnately dissected. Flowers small. Calyx 3-4-toothed. Petals
3-4, obovate. Stamens 3-4. Ovary deeply lobed, the lobes incompletely
3-celled, 6-ovuled.—Species 1. North-east Africa.  Tetradiclis Stev.

Leaves irregularly many-cleft. Flowers rather large. Sepals 4-5, linear. Petals 4-5, oblong. Stamens 8-15. Ovary slightly lobed, with undivided, many-ovuled cells.—Species 1. North Africa. The seeds are used medicinally, as a condiment, and for dyeing.  Peganum L.

5. Leaves unequally pinnate or digitate, rarely unifoliolate; in the latter case disc indistinct and ovules ascending. Filaments without an appendage. Ovary 5-celled with 1-2 ovules in each cell.  6

Leaves equally pinnate or undivided, rarely reduced to the stalk. Disc distinctly developed. Ovules pendulous.  8

6. Leaves alternate, with 4-6 pairs of leaflets. Flowers dioecious. Ovary surrounded by strap-shaped scales. Spiny shrubs.—Species 1. South-west
Africa (Namaland).  Neoluederitzia Schinz

Leaves opposite, with 1 or 3 leaflets. Flowers hermaphrodite. Herbs or undershrubs.  7

7. Calyx valvate in bud. Petals none. Disc 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Ovule 1 in each ovary-cell, pendulous. Styles 5, with capitate stigmas. Prostrate undershrubs. Leaflets 3.—Species 2. South and North-east
Africa.  Seetzenia R. Br.

Calyx imbricate in bud. Petals 5, rose, violet or yellowish. Disc obscure.
Stamens 10. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell, suspended from ascending funicles. Style 1; stigma simple.—Species 15. North Africa, northern
Central Africa, and South-west Africa. Some are used medicinally.  Fagonia Tourn.

8. Leaves alternate, abruptly pinnate, with 6-8 pairs of leaflets. Flowers large. Sepals saccate at base. Corolla yellow. Disc lobed, with 5 glands projecting into the sacks of the sepals. Stamens 10, unappendaged.
Ovary 5-lobed, with 2 ovules in each cell. Shrubs.—Species
1. East Africa (Somaliland).  Kelleronia Schinz

Leaves opposite, at least the lower ones.  9

9. Ovary 10-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Calyx valvate in bud. Petals narrow, 3-cleft. Disc cupular, 10-toothed. Stamens 10, with awl-shaped appendages at the base. Fruit winged. Seeds exalbuminous.
Erect, succulent herbs. Leaves undivided, club-shaped.—Species 1.
South Africa.  Augea Thunb.

Ovary 4-5-celled. Calyx imbricate in bud.  10

10. Ovary-cells with one ovule in each. Style long; stigma club-shaped. Disc
5-lobed, with five 3-cleft scales opposite the sepals. Stamens 10, appendaged. Fruit capsular. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs.—Species
1. South Africa.  Sisyndite E. Mey.

Ovary-cells with 2 or more ovules in each.  11

11. Ovary-cells later on transversely chambered, 3-5-ovuled. Style very short, with a large stigma. Disc thin, lobed. Fruit separating into nutlets, bristly or warty, usually with outgrowths. Seeds exalbuminous. Herbs.
Flowers cymose, 5-merous.—Species 12. Some of them have edible
seeds or serve as ornamental or medicinal plants.  Tribulus Tourn.

Ovary-cells undivided. Style awl-shaped, with a small stigma. Disc fleshy. Filaments usually appendaged. Fruit capsular. Seeds albuminous.
Flowers solitary or in pairs, whitish or yellowish.—Species
55. Some of them yield soda, edible seeds, medicaments, or poison.  Zygophyllum L.

FAMILY 114. CNEORACEAE

Shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, entire, gland-dotted, without stipules. Flowers in cymes, 3-4-merous, hermaphrodite, with an elongated receptacle. Petals free, imbricate in bud. Stamens 3-4, alternating with the petals; filaments without an appendage. Ovary 3-4-lobed, 3-4-celled. Ovules 2 in each cell, one above the other, pendulous, curved. Style simple; stigmas 3. Fruit separating in two 2-celled drupes. Seeds with a curved embryo and fleshy albumen. (Under SIMARUBACEAE.)

Genus 1, species 1. Canary Islands. Used medicinally. (Under Cneorum
L.)  Chamaelea Tourn.

FAMILY 115. RUTACEAE

Leaves gland-dotted, at least at the margin, rarely (Empleuridium) without dots. Petals free, rarely (Empleurum) wanting. Disc usually present. Anthers versatile, opening inwards or laterally by longitudinal slits. Embryo rather large, the radicle turned upwards.—Genera 33, species 320. (Including AURANTIACEAE and XANTHOXYLEAE.) (Plate 73.)

1. Fruit dehiscent and more or less dry. Carpels, at least when ripe, more or less separate, rarely only one present. [Subfamily RUTOIDEAE.]  2

Fruit indehiscent and more or less fleshy. Carpels usually united, even when ripe, rarely only one present. Shrubs or trees. Leaves compound, but sometimes with a single leaflet.  19

2. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Flowers hermaphrodite.
Corolla yellow. Stamens 8-10. Ovules 2, or more frequently more than
2 in each carpel. Seeds albuminous; embryo curved. [Tribe RUTEAE.]  3

Stem woody. Corolla green, white, red, or violet, rarely (Empleurum) wanting. Fertile stamens 3-5, rarely (Pelea) 8-10. Ovules 2 in each carpel.  4

3. Carpels 2, with 5-6 ovules in each. Flowers 4-merous. Petals entire.
Seeds spiny. Undershrubs. Leaves undivided or 3-parted.—Species
2. German South-west Africa (Hereroland) and Island of Socotra.  Thamnosma Torr.

Carpels 4-5. Seeds tubercled.—Species 8. North Africa and northern
Central Africa. Some species yield condiments and medicaments.
“Rue.” (Including Desmophyllum Webb and Haplophyllum Juss.)  Ruta L.

4. Seeds albuminous. Corolla greenish or whitish. Leaves usually compound.
[Tribe XANTHOXYLEAE.]  5

Seeds exalbuminous. Corolla white, red, violet, or wanting. Leaves simple, undivided. [Tribe DIOSMEAE.]  7

5. Stamens 8-10. Carpels 4-5. Trees. Leaves alternate, undivided.
Flowers polygamous.—Species 1. Madagascar. (Under Melicope
Forst.)  Pelea A. Gray

Stamens 3-5.  6

6. Leaves opposite. Flowers unisexual. Carpels 4-5. Styles united.
Seeds oblong. Unarmed plants.—Species 15. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Some are used medicinally.  Evodia Forst.

Leaves alternate. Carpels 1-5. Styles free or united above.—Species
30. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, vegetables, condiments, and medicaments. (Including Pterota P. Br., under
Zanthoxylum L.)  Fagara L.

7. Carpels 1-2. Fertile stamens 4. Flowers unisexual or polygamous.
Shrubs. [Subtribe EMPLEURINAE.]  8

Carpels 4-5. Fertile stamens 5. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous.  9

8. Flowers dioecious. Sepals united at the base. Petals 4. Disc 4-lobed.
Anthers roundish, without terminal glands. Leaves needle-like, three-edged, without glandular dots.—Species 1. South Africa (Cape
Colony).  Empleuridium Sond.

Flowers polygamous-monoecious. Sepals united beyond the middle.
Petals wanting. Disc none. Anthers oblong, with a gland at the top.
Ovary beaked. Stigma entire. Leaves linear-lanceolate, flat, glandular-serrate.—Species
1. South Africa (Cape Colony). Used medicinally.  Empleurum Soland.

9. Endocarp cartilaginous, adnate at the back and separating from the tubercled exocarp at the margins only. Seeds with thick cotyledons.
Ovules one above the other. Ovary with a long and thin stalk. Staminodes linear, glandulose. Trees.—Species 2. East and South Africa.
[Subtribe CALODENDRINAE.]  Calodendron Thunb.

Endocarp separating from the exocarp. Seeds with flat cotyledons.
Ovules usually side by side. Shrubs. [Subtribe DIOSMINAE.]  10

10. Staminodes 5.  11

Staminodes none.  15

11. Style long. Stigma small.  12

Style short or rather short. Stigma capitate or discoid. Inflorescences terminal.  13

12. Petals clawed. Stamens with glabrous filaments and gland-tipped anthers.
Staminodes petaloid, with hairy claws. Disc crenate or lobed. Carpels
2-4. Flowers in terminal umbels or heads, rarely solitary and axillary.—Species
100. South Africa (Cape Colony). Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Plate 73.)  Agathosma Willd.

Petals subsessile, glabrous. Carpels 5. Flowers solitary or in cymes in the axils of the leaves.—Species 20. South Africa (Cape Colony).
Some are used medicinally.  Barosma Willd.

13. Petals with a very short, glabrous claw. Anthers ending in a stalked gland. Staminodes exceeding the fertile stamens. Disc lobed. Ovary covered with stalked glands. Flowers rather large.—Species 25.
South Africa (Cape Colony). Several species are used as ornamental or medicinal plants, or as a substitute for tea.  Adenandra Willd.

Petals with a long or rather long, usually channelled or bearded claw.
Anthers with a sessile gland or without a gland.  14

14. Petals channelled inside, glabrous. Anthers bearing a sessile gland.
Staminodes adnate below to the petals or enclosed by their channelled claw. Ovary glabrous. Leaves alternate.—Species 6. South Africa
(Cape Colony). Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.  Coleonema Bartl. & Wendl.

Petals not channelled, usually with a hairy claw. Stamens short. Staminodes very small.—Species 15. South Africa (Cape Colony).  Acmadenia Bartl. & Wendl.

15. Style long. Stigma small. Petals with a hairy claw.  16

Style short or rather short. Stigma capitate. Filaments glabrous.  17

16. Disc 5-parted. Filaments and style hairy. Carpels 5. Flowers solitary or in clusters, white.—Species 1. South Africa (Cape Colony).  Phyllosma Bolus

Disc entire, urn-shaped. Filaments glabrous. Carpels 3-5.—Species
10. South Africa (Cape Colony).  Macrostylis Bartl. & Wendl.

17. Petals sessile, obovate, glabrous.—Species 15. South Africa (Cape
Colony). Some are used medicinally.  Diosma L.

Petals clawed, hairy within.  18

18. Petals oblong or lanceolate, slightly exceeding the calyx. Anthers with a terminal gland. Flowers very small.—Species 6. South Africa (Cape
Colony).  Euchaetis Bartl. & Wendl.

Petals obovate. (See 14.)  Acmadenia Bartl. & Wendl.

19. (1.) Fruit a drupe. Flowers usually unisexual. Stigma sessile or nearly so. [Subfamily TODDALIOIDEAE, tribe TODDALIEAE.]  20

Fruit a berry. Flowers usually hermaphrodite. [Subfamily AURANTIOIDEAE, tribe AURANTIEAE.]  27

20. Fruit 1-celled. Seed 1, exalbuminous. Ovary 1-celled. Petals imbricate in bud. Leaflets 1-3. [Subtribe AMYRIDINAE.]  21

Fruit 2-7-celled or consisting of 2-4 carpels cohering at the base only,
1-3 of them sometimes abortive. Ovary 2-7-celled.  22

21. Flowers hermaphrodite. Fertile stamens 10. Disc cup-shaped. Style long, with a minute stigma. Ovule 1.—Species 1. Equatorial West
Africa (Cameroons).  Eriander H. Winkl.

Flowers dioecious. Fertile stamens 4-5. Disc ring-shaped. Style short, with a broad stigma. Ovules 2.—Species 18. Tropical and
South Africa. (Under Toddalia Juss.)  Teclea Del.

22. Carpels almost free when ripe, some of them rudimentary. Seeds exalbuminous.
Ovary distinctly 2-4-lobed. Stamens 4. Petals valvate in bud. Leaves digitate. [Subtribe ORICIINAE.]  23

Carpels united up to maturity, forming a 2-7-celled fruit. Ovary not or obscurely lobed. Petals imbricate in bud. [Subtribe TODDALIINAE.]  24

23. Carpels 2, one of them rudimentary at maturity. Seeds with equal cotyledons.
Ovary almost glabrous. Petals oblong. Flowers in racemes.—Species
1. Equatorial West Africa (Gaboon).  Diphasia Pierre

Carpels 4, of which 1-3 are rudimentary at maturity. Seeds with unequal cotyledons. Ovary very hairy. Petals oval. Flowers in panicles, unisexual.—Species
4. West Africa.  Oricia Pierre

24. Fruit with 2-seeded cells. Seeds albuminous. Flowers 4-merous. Trees.
Leaves digitate, with 5 leaflets.—Species 1. Equatorial West Africa
(Gaboon).  Araliopsis Engl.

Fruit with 1-seeded cells. Flowers unisexual. Leaves digitate with
3 leaflets, rarely pinnate with 7-9 leaflets.  25

25. Fertile stamens as many as the petals. Flowers 5-merous. Seeds albuminous; embryo curved. Climbing shrubs. Leaves digitate.—Species 1.
Tropics. Yields condiments and is used in medicine. (Cranzia Schreb.)  Toddalia Juss.

Fertile stamens twice as many as the petals. Flowers 2-4-merous.
Embryo straight or almost so.  26

26. Filaments awl-shaped. Flowers 4-merous. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs.
Leaves digitate.—Species 1. East Africa.  Toddaliopsis Engl.

Filaments flattened. Seeds albuminous.—Species 30. Tropical and
South Africa. Some species yield timber and medicaments. (Under
Toddalia Juss.)  Vepris Comm.

27. (19.) Ovary 2-5-celled, with 1-2 ovules in each cell. Stamens twice as many as the petals. [Subtribe LIMONIINAE.]  28

Ovary 5- or more-celled, with 4 or more ovules in each cell. Leaves with
1-3 leaflets. [Subtribe CITRINAE.]  32

28. Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell.  29

Ovules two or more in each ovary-cell. Unarmed plants.  30

29. Flowers solitary or in groups of three in the axils of the leaves, 3-, rarely
4-merous. Calyx toothed. Seeds usually with unequal and lobed cotyledons. Spiny shrubs. Leaflets 3, unequal.—Species 1. Cultivated in the tropics. Yields timber, fragrant flowers, and edible fruits.  Triphasia Lour.

Flowers in racemes or panicles, 4-5-merous. Calyx lobed or more deeply divided. Leafstalk winged.—Species 10. Tropics. They yield timber, edible fruits, oily seeds, and medicaments.  Limonia L.

30. Style very short, not jointed with the ovary. Leaves unifoliolate.—Species
1. West Africa.  Glycosmis Correa

Style long or rather short, jointed with the ovary. Leaves unequally pinnate.  31

31. Filaments awl-shaped. Petals 5, linear lanceolate or oblong. Flowers rather large.—Species 1. Cultivated and naturalized in the tropics.
Yields timber, fragrant flowers, and medicaments.  Murraya L.

Filaments broadened below. Petals 4-5, elliptical or roundish. Flowers rather small.—Species 6. Central and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Including Myaris Presl).  Clausena Burm.

32. Ovary with 4-8 ovules in each cell. Anthers oblong. Pericarp leathery.
Seed-coat white, leathery. Leaves leathery.—Species 4. Cultivated; also naturalized in the tropics. They serve as ornamental plants and afford wood, fragrant flowers, and edible fruits (especially oranges and citrons) from which drinks, medicaments, and perfumes are prepared.  Citrus L.

Ovary with numerous ovules in each cell. Anthers linear. Pericarp hard. Leaves with 3 leaflets.  33

33. Stamens 10. Seed-coat smooth. Leaves leathery.—Species 1. Region of the great lakes.  Balsamocitrus Stapf

Stamens numerous. Seed-coat woolly and sticky. Leaves herbaceous.—Species
1. West Africa. Yields timber and is used in medicine.  Aegle Correa

FAMILY 116. SIMARUBACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves simple or pinnate, not gland-dotted. Flowers in spikes racemes or panicles, regular. Sepals 2-5. Petals 3-9, free. Disc usually present. Anthers versatile, opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Carpels free or united and then forming a several-celled ovary. Ovules 1-2, pendulous or laterally attached. Seeds with a very thin albumen or without albumen.—Genera 16, species 40. Tropical and South Africa. (Under RUTACEAE.) (Plate 74.)

1. Carpels 5, free, 2-ovuled. Disc indistinct. Stamens 5-10, without an appendage. Corolla yellow. Fruit drupe-like. Embryo curved, with
a large radicle. Shrubs. Leaves undivided.—Species 1. Tropics.
[Subfamily SURIANOIDEAE.]  Suriana L.

Carpels united at least by the base or the apex of the style, 1-ovuled.
Disc distinctly developed. Embryo with a very short radicle. [Subfamily
SIMARUBOIDEAE.]  2

2. Filaments with a scale-like appendage at the base. [Tribe SIMARUBEAE.] 3
Filaments without a scale at the base.  9

3. Stamens 6-14, twice as many as the petals. Anthers oblong or oval.  4

Stamens 15-18, thrice as many as the petals or more. Anthers linear.
Ovaries 5. Style 1. Corolla red. Trees. Leaves pinnate. [Subtribe
MANNIINAE.]  8

4. Ovaries and style-tips united. Fruit a drupe with 4-5 stones. Embryo curved. Shrubs. Leaves compound.—Species 2. Central Africa.
[Subtribe HARRISONIINAE.]  Harrisonia (R.Br.) Juss.

Ovaries free. Styles united. Fruit consisting of 1-5 nuts or drupes.
[Subtribe SIMARUBINAE.]  5

5. Leaves undivided. Flowers in umbels. Calyx 3-5-lobed, imbricate in bud. Petals with contorted aestivation. Filaments with a minute scale at the base. Style long; stigma small, entire. Fruits woody.
Trees.—Species 2. Madagascar. Used medicinally.  Samadera Gaertn.

Leaves pinnate. Flowers in racemes or panicles.  6

6. Calyx 5-parted, imbricate in bud. Petals 5, with contorted aestivation.
Filaments with a short scale. Style long; stigma slightly 5-lobed.
Leaflets lanceolate, acuminate.—Species 1. West Africa. Yields arrow-poison and is used in medicine.  Quassia L.

Calyx 2-4-lobed or -cleft. Petals with imbricate aestivation. Filaments with a long scale. Style short. Flowers in panicles.  7

7. Calyx 4-, rarely 5-lobed. Petals 4, rarely 5. Fruits woody. Leaflets oblong or obovate.—Species 3. Equatorial regions. The seeds yield a fat. (Under Quassia L.)  Odyendea (Pierre) Engl.

Calyx at first closed, later on unequally 2-4-cleft. Petals 5, rarely 6-9.
Stigma 5-parted. Fruits drupe-like.—Species 4. Central Africa.
They yield timber, oily seeds, and medicaments.  Hannoa Planch.

8. Calyx shortly lobed. Anthers shorter than the filaments. Ovaries united below. Leaflets with a spoon-shaped appendage at the tip.—Species
1. West Africa (Cameroons).  Pierreodendron Engl.

Calyx deeply divided. Anthers longer than the filaments. Ovaries free.
Leaflets with an awl-shaped appendage at the tip.—Species 1. West
Africa.  Mannia Hook. fil.

9. (2.) Stamens 4-6. Carpels free, either as to the ovaries or as to the styles. Flowers usually polygamous.  10

Stamens 8-10. Fruit drupe-like. Trees.  12

10. Sepals 3. Petals 3. Stamens 6. Carpels 2, united at the base. Stigma subsessile, discoid. Fruit 2-celled, winged. Leaves undivided.—Species
1. Seychelles. [Tribe SOULAMEEAE.]  Soulamea Lam.

Sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels 4. Stigma small. Leaves pinnate.  11

11. Ovaries and styles free or united at the base only. Petals short. Fruit consisting of 4 drupes. Rusty-hairy plants.—Species 5. Central
Africa. Used medicinally. [Tribe PICRASMEAE.]  Brucea J. S. Muell.

Ovaries united; styles free. Petals long. Fruit separating into 4 leathery mericarps suspended from a central column.—Species 5. Central
Africa. [Tribe KIRKIEAE.]  Kirkia Oliv.

12. Carpels free for the greater part. Leaves pinnate.—Species 1. Madagascar.
Poisonous.  Perriera Courchet

Carpels wholly united. Leaves undivided. Flowers hermaphrodite.  13

13. Stigma 2-parted. Ovary 2-celled. Disc ring-shaped, lobed. Anthers oblong. Flowers solitary or in clusters in the axils of the leaves.—Species
1. South Africa. (Under Nectaropetalum Engl.)  Peglera Bolus

Stigma entire. Disc cushion-shaped. Anthers ovate. Flowers in panicles.
[Tribe IRVINGIEAE.]  14

14. Ovary 4-5-celled. Fruit broader than long, angled, 4-5-celled, with
a thin fleshy layer.—Species 3. Equatorial West Africa.  Klainedoxa Pierre

Ovary 2-celled. Fruit oblong, 1-2-celled.  15

15. Fruit much compressed, broadly winged all round, 2-celled, 2-seeded, with a thin fleshy layer.—Species 2. Equatorial West Africa. (Under
Irvingia Hook. fil.)  Desbordesia Pierre

Fruit slightly compressed, not winged, 1-celled, 1-seeded, with a thick fleshy layer.—Species 5. Central Africa. They yield timber, edible fruits, and oily seeds (dika). (Including Irvingella van Tiegh.) (Plate
74.)  Irvingia Hook. fil.

FAMILY 117. BURSERACEAE

Trees, rarely shrubs. Bark resinous. Leaves usually pinnate. Flowers panicled, regular, mostly polygamous. Perianth consisting of a calyx and a corolla of 3-5 free petals. Stamens twice as many as the petals, inserted on the margin or the outside of the disc, rarely within. Anthers versatile, opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Ovary 2-5-celled. Ovules 2 in each cell, pendulous or attached laterally. Style simple or wanting; stigma lobed. Fruit drupe-like, but sometimes dehiscent. Seeds exalbuminous. Embryo with a superior radicle and usually folded or twisted cotyledons.—Genera 7, species 160. Tropical and South Africa. (Under TEREBINTHACEAE). (Plate 75.)

1. Receptacle concave; tube-, cup-, or urn-shaped; sepals, petals, and stamens inserted at its upper rim. Sepals 4 and petals 4, valvate in bud. Ovary
2-3-celled. Fruit drupaceous, but dehiscent, with a 2-3-celled stone; one cell only fertile.—Species 110. Tropical and South Africa.
Several species yield timber and odorous resins (especially myrrh) which are used for preparing varnish, incense, and medicines. Some are also used as hedge plants. (Balsamea Gled., Balsamodendron Kunth. including Hemprichia Ehrenb. and Hitzeria Klotzsch).  Commiphora Jacq.

Receptacle flat or convex, usually bearing a free disc, outside of which the sepals and petals are inserted. Leaves pinnate. Trees.  2

2. Flowers 3-merous. Petals valvate in bud. Fruit with a 2-3-celled stone, indehiscent, sometimes only one cell fertile.  3

Flowers 4-5-merous. Fruit with 2-5 stones.  5

3. Fruit depressed, obliquely hemispherical, broader than long, with a lateral style and 1-2 fertile cells; endocarp thin, mesocarp rather thick.
Embryo with a short radicle and thick, pinnately divided cotyledons.
Stamens inserted outside the thick disc. Ovary 3-celled; one cell
sterile.—Species 6. Equatorial West Africa. They yield timber, edible fruits, and medicaments. (Under Pachylobus Don or Santiria
Blume)  Santiriopsis Engl.

Fruit oblong, ovate, or subglobose.  4

4. Fruit with 2 cells, one of which is sterile, and with a terminal style or style-scar; endocarp thin crusty, mesocarp thick fleshy. Embryo with
a long radicle and thick, much divided cotyledons. Ovary 2-celled.
Sepals united at the base.—Species 13. West Africa. They yield timber, resin, and edible oily fruits (safu). (Under Canarium L.)
(Plate 75.)  Pachylobus Don

Fruit with 3 cells, two of them sometimes sterile; endocarp usually thick, woody or bony; mesocarp usually thin. Embryo with a short radicle and slightly divided cotyledons. Ovary 3-celled. Sepals united high up.—Species 13. Tropics. Some species yield timber, resin (elemi) used in medicine and manufacture, and edible oily fruits and seeds.  Canarium L.

5. Disc situated outside the stamens. Petals 5, imbricate in bud. Ovary
5-celled. Fruit top-shaped, with 5 stones, dehiscent.—Species 1.
Equatorial West Africa. Yields timber and an aromatic resin.  Aucoumea Pierre

Disc situated inside the stamens.  6

6. Petals 4-5, valvate in bud. Ovary 4-5-celled. Fruit globular or ovoid.
Species 4. Madagascar and Mascarenes. They yield timber and resin. (Marignia Comm.)  Protium Burm.

Petals 5, imbricate in bud. Ovary 2-3-celled. Fruit with 2-3 stones, dehiscent. Flowers hermaphrodite.—Species 15. Central Africa.
The resin of several species (frankincense) is used as an incense and in medicine.  Boswellia Roxb.

FAMILY 118. MELIACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves without stipules, usually pinnate. Flowers regular, mostly panicled. Petals 3-6, usually free. Stamens as many or more frequently twice as many as the petals. Filaments usually united. Anthers 2-celled, opening inwards or laterally by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, usually 2-or more-celled. Ovules inverted. Style simple or wanting; stigma entire or lobed.—Genera 23, species 150. (Including AITONIEAE, CEDRELEAE, and PTAEROXYLEAE.) (Plate 76.)

1. Filaments free. Ovule 1 in each ovary-cell. Seeds winged. Leaves pinnate. [Subfamily CEDRELOIDEAE]  2

Filaments more or less united into a tube.  3

2. Ovary and fruit 2-celled. Petals 4. Stamens 4.—Species 2. South and
East Africa. They yield timber (sneezewood).  Ptaeroxylon Eckl. & Zeyh.

Ovary and fruit 5-celled.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Cedrelopsis Baill.