Ovary lobed or divided. Stamens 12-24. Leaves with sunken glands.
Fruit separating into mericarps.  44

44. Fruit winged; pericarp leathery. Ovary 2-celled. Stamens 20-24.
Sepals densely clothed with silky hairs. Leaflets 4, with conspicuous veins.—Species 1. Island of Mauritius. The seeds contain oil.  Hornea Bak.

Fruit not winged; pericarp fleshy. (See 38.)  Deinbollia Schum. & Thonn.

45. (2.) Flowers irregular. Petals 4. Disc one-sided. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit capsular.  46

Flowers regular or nearly so. Petals 5 or 0. Disc complete or indistinct.  48

46. Petals with a long claw and a crisped scale, red. Disc cup-shaped. Stamens
8. Ovary stalked. Fruit inflated, bursting irregularly. Seeds with a red, bony testa and a spiral embryo. Shrubs. Leaves unequally pinnate with a winged rachis and 11-13 leaflets.—Species 2.
South Africa and Madagascar.  Erythrophysa E. Mey.

Petals with a short claw and without a scale. Disc flat. Ovary sessile.
Fruit opening regularly. Seeds with a leathery or crusty testa. Leaves with 3-10 leaflets clothed with stellate hairs.  47

47. Stamens 5-6. Fruit with septifragal dehiscence. Embryo spirally twisted. Leaves unequally pinnate, with 3-7 leaflets.—Species 2.
Madagascar and Mascarenes. Yielding timber.  Cossignia Comm.

Stamens 8. Fruit with loculicidal dehiscence. Embryo curved. Leaves equally pinnate, with 6-10 leaflets.—Species 3. Tropics. (Majidea
Kirk)  Harpullia Roxb.

48. Petals present. Stamens 8. Ovary 3-celled. Leaves equally pinnate.  49

Petals absent.  51

49. Disc somewhat one-sided. Petals green or yellowish. Fruit capsular.
Leaves with 8-10 leaflets. (See 47.)  Harpullia Roxb.

Disc equal-sided. Petals red or reddish.  50

50. Leaves with 4-6 leaflets. Petals with the margins bent back at the base. Fruit capsular, 3-celled.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Conchopetalum Radlk.

Leaves with 8-14 usually serrate leaflets along a winged rachis. Petals minutely toothed. Fruit indehiscent, leathery, usually 1-celled.—Species
1. South Africa.  Hippobromus Eckl. & Zeyh.

51. Disc indistinct. Stamens 5-15, usually 8. Ovary 2-6-, usually 3-celled.
Stigma lobed. Fruit capsular, 2-6-celled. Embryo spirally twisted. Leaves usually simple.—Species 4. Tropical and South
Africa. They yield timber, medicaments, and edible fruits; the beaten branches are used as torches.  Dodonaea L.

Disc distinctly developed. Stamens 4-5. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit indehiscent, usually drupaceous and 1-celled. Embryo not spiral. Leaves
pinnate.  52

52. Flowers 4-merous. Leaves unequally pinnate. Tall trees.—Species 1.
Southern West Africa (Angola).  Zanha Hiern

Flowers 5-merous. Leaves equally pinnate.  53

53. Calyx slightly lobed. Seeds with a thin testa and short radicle. Leaflets elliptical, entire. Flowers in panicles.—Species 1. West Africa.  Talisiopsis Radlk.

Calyx deeply divided.  54

54. Stamens alternating with the sepals. Stigma 2-lobed. Seeds with a thin testa and short radicle. Leaflets oval, crenate. Flowers in few-flowered cymes.—Species 1. East Africa. The seeds are edible.  Dialiopsis Radlk.

Stamens opposite to the sepals. Stigma entire. Seeds with a leathery testa and long radicle. Leaflets lanceolate oblong or elliptical, entire.
Flowers in panicles.—Species 1. Mascarene Islands. It yields timber, edible fruits, and medicaments. (Under Hippobromus Eckl. & Zeyh. or Melicocca L.)  Doratoxylon Thouars

SUBORDER MELIANTHINEAE

FAMILY 135. MELIANTHACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, unequally pinnate or simple and undivided. Flowers in racemes, more or less irregular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 4-5, free or united at the base, imbricate in bud. Petals 4-5, imbricate in bud, sometimes cohering in the middle. Stamens 4-10, inserted within the disc. Anthers opening lengthwise by lateral slits. Ovary superior, 4-5-celled. Style simple; stigma entire or lobed. Fruit a capsule. Seeds with a straight embryo and copious albumen.—Genera 3, species 30. (Under SAPINDACEAE) (Plate 86.).

1. Leaves simple, undivided, exstipulate. Flowers almost regular. Disc equal-sided, with 10 processes. Petals sessile. Stamens 10. Ovary 5-celled, with numerous ovules in each cell. Capsule septicidal.—Species
3. South Africa. [Tribe GREYIEAE.]  Greyia Hook. & Harv.

Leaves pinnate, stipulate. Flowers more or less irregular. Disc one-sided.
Petals clawed. Stamens 4-5. Ovary usually 4-celled. Ovules
1-12 in each cell. Capsule loculicidal. [Tribe MELIANTHEAE.]  2

2. Sepals very unequal. Petals 4, rarely 5, cohering in the middle, shorter than the sepals. Disc pouch-shaped. Stamens 4. Ovules 4-12 in each ovary-cell. Seeds without an aril.—Species 5. South Africa; one species also naturalized in the Canary Islands. The latter serves as an ornamental plant and is said to render honey poisonous.  Melianthus L.

Sepals nearly equal. Petals 5, free, longer than the sepals. Disc semi-orbicular.
Ovules solitary in each ovary-cell. Seeds with an aril.—Species
20. Central and South-east Africa. (Including Natalia
Hochst.) (Plate 86.)  Bersama Fres.

SUBORDER BALSAMININEAE

FAMILY 136. BALSAMINACEAE

Succulent herbs. Leaves herbaceous, undivided, penninerved, without stipules. Flowers solitary or in clusters or racemes, without bracteoles, irregular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 3, rarely 5, imbricate in bud, the hindmost more or less distinctly spurred. Petals 3 or 5. Stamens 5; filaments short and broad; anthers united, turned inwards, opening towards the apex. Disc none. Ovary superior, 5-celled. Ovules 3 or more, in the inner angle of each cell, pendulous, inverted, with dorsal raphe. Style 1; stigmas 1 or 5. Fruit succulent, dehiscing elastically. Seeds exalbuminous. (Under GERANIACEAE.) (Plate 87.)

Genus 1, species 100. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants (balsams), others yield dyes, medicaments, or edible oily seeds. (Including Trimorphopetalum Bak.)  Impatiens L.

ORDER RHAMNALES

FAMILY 137. RHAMNACEAE

Shrubs or trees, rarely (Helinus) undershrubs. Leaves undivided, stipulate, more rarely (Phylica) exstipulate. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite or polygamous. Receptacle more or less cup-shaped. Sepals 4-5, valvate in bud. Petals 4-5 or 0. Stamens as many as and alternate with the sepals. Anthers opening by 1-2 slits. Disc within the stamens, sometimes indistinct. Ovary 2-4-celled, sometimes not quite completely septate, rarely (Maesopsis) 1-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, basal, inverted. Style undivided or cleft. Seeds with a large, straight embryo.—Genera 18, species 140. (Plate 88.)

1. Ovary superior or almost so.  2


Ovary inferior or half-inferior.  9

2. Ovary 1-celled. Stigma 5-lobed. Fruit one-seeded, indehiscent. Leaves opposite or nearly so, penninerved.—Species 2. Equatorial regions.
The fruits are edible. (Including Karlea Pierre)  Maesopsis Engl.

Ovary completely or almost completely 2-4-celled. Stigma 2-4-lobed, or 2-4 stigmas.  3

3. Anthers opening outwards. Sepals with a far projecting ledge on the inside. Disc ring-shaped. Style undivided, with a 2-lobed stigma.
Leaves opposite or nearly so, crenate, with 2-4 lateral nerves on each side. Flowers in axillary spikes or in terminal panicles.—Species 1.
Abyssinia.  Lamellisepalum Engl.

Anthers dehiscing inwards or laterally. Flowers solitary or in cymes, rarely in racemes or panicles, but then style 2-4-cleft or with 3 stigmas.  4

4. Leaves 3-, more rarely 5-nerved from the base. Style 2-4-cleft. Fruit wingless, fleshy, indehiscent, with a 1-4-celled stone.—Species 10.
Some of them yield timber, tanning and dyeing materials, gum-lac,
food for silk-worms, medicaments, and edible fruits (jujubes) from which
a sort of bread and a beverage are prepared; others have poisonous fruits; some are used as hedge plants.  Zizyphus Juss.

Leaves penninerved.  5

5. Flowers in terminal panicles, 5-merous. Stigmas 3. Fruit with 3 stones.
Shrubs with spiny branches. Leaves opposite.—Species 1. Northern
East Africa. The fruits are edible.  Sageretia Brongn.

Flowers in axillary inflorescences.  6

6. Receptacle united with the fruit for the greatest part. Fruit with 2-4 indehiscent stones. Seeds not grooved. Disc thick. Spines in the axils of the leaves.—Species 3. Tropical and South Africa. (Adolia
Lam.)  Scutia Brongn.

Receptacle free from the fruit for the greatest part. Disc thin, rarely thick, but then spines, as usually, wanting.  7

7 Fruit with 1 two-celled stone. Disc thick. Style 2-cleft. Flowers 5-merous.
Leaves alternate.—Species 1. East Africa. The fruits are edible.  Berchemia Neck.

Fruit with 2-4 stones. Disc thin.  8

8. Fruit with a red skin and a woody stone separating into 3 elastically dehiscing portions. Seed-coat crustaceous, shining. Flowers 5-merous.
Leaves alternate.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Macrorhamnus Baill.

Fruit with 2-4 leathery or thin-woody, scarcely or not dehiscing stones.
Seed-coat thin.—Species 17. North, East, and South Africa. They yield timber, dyes, a substitute for hop, fish-poison, and medicaments.
“Buckthorn.”  Rhamnus L.

9. (1.) Ovary half-inferior.  10

Ovary inferior.  15

10. Style simple; stigma 3-lobed. Leaves penninerved, serrate or crenate.  11

Style 2-4-cleft.  12

11. Ovary incompletely 2-3-celled, 1-2-ovuled. Fruit drupaceous, 1-celled,
1-2-seeded. Trees. Leaves opposite or nearly so. Flowers in axillary, raceme-like cymes. (See 2.)  Maesopsis Engl.

Ovary completely 3-celled, 3-ovuled. Fruit separating into 3 dehiscing mericarps, 3-seeded. Shrubs. Leaves alternate. Flowers in axillary and terminal cymes or panicles.—Species 1. South Africa and St.
Helena.  Noltia Reichb.

12. Leaves 3-5-nerved from the base, alternate. Fruit a drupe. Stem erect or decumbent.  13

Leaves penninerved. Fruit a nut, a schizocarp, or a capsule.  14

13. Fruit with a horizontal wing; epicarp leathery, endocarp woody. Leaves
3-nerved, serrate; stipules transformed into spines. Flowers in axillary and terminal, raceme-like cymes.—Species 1. Cultivated and naturalized in Algeria. Used medicinally and as a hedge-plant.  Paliurus Juss.

Fruit not winged; epicarp fleshy, endocarp horny, woody or leathery.
(See 4.)  Zizyphus Juss.

14. Ovary 2-celled. Style 2-cleft. Fruit with a long wing-like appendage, dry, 1-seeded, indehiscent. Climbing shrubs. Leaves alternate.—Species
3. Madagascar and neighbouring islands, West Africa. They yield fibres, tanning and dyeing materials, and medicaments. (Plate 88.)  Ventilago Gaertn.

Ovary 3-celled. Style 3-cleft or 3-parted. Fruit not winged, 3-seeded.
Erect or almost erect, hairy shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite. Flowers in lateral inflorescences.—Species 6. Tropics.  Lasiodiscus Hook. fil.

15. (9.) Style simple, sometimes very short, with 1-3 stigmas. Fruit separating into 3 dehiscing mericarps. Seed-coat hard. Hairy plants. Leaves alternate, entire, nearly always exstipulate. Flowers solitary or in spikes, racemes, or heads.—Species 80. South Africa, southern
Central Africa, Madagascar and the neighbouring islands. Some are used as ornamental plants.  Phylica L.

Style 2-4-cleft. Leaves stipulate. Flowers in cymes sometimes arranged in false spikes or racemes, very rarely flowers solitary.  16

16. Receptacle top-shaped, not prolonged beyond the ovary. Fruit separating into 3 elastically dehiscent mericarps. Erect shrubs or low trees.
Leaves alternate, 3-nerved at the base, serrate. Flowers in axillary cymes.—Species 1. East and South-east Africa, including the islands.  Colubrina Brongn.

Receptacle prolonged beyond the ovary.  17

17. Stem tree-like. Leaves opposite, entire, penninerved, hairy beneath.
Flowers in axillary cymes. Anthers dehiscing by longitudinal slits which are confluent at the apex. Fruit separating into dehiscent mericarps; epicarp somewhat fleshy.—Species 1. Island of St.
Helena.  Nesiota Hook. fil.

Stem shrubby, half-shrubby, or climbing. Leaves alternate. Flowers in axillary and terminal inflorescences.  18

18. Stem not climbing, without tendrils. Leaves few, lanceolate, entire.
Flowers solitary or in few-flowered cymes.—Species 1. South Africa
(Betchuanaland).  Marlothia Engl.

Stem climbing, bearing tendrils. Leaves oval. Flowers in usually many-flowered cymes, false spikes, or panicles. Mericarps 3, separating from
a central column.  19

19. Flowers in cymes. Disc entire. Fruit wingless; mericarps dehiscing elastically. Leaves entire, penninerved.—Species 3. Tropical and
South Africa.  Helinus E. Mey.

Flowers in false spikes or racemes. Disc usually lobed. Fruit 3-winged; mericarps dehiscing by a narrow slit or indehiscent—Species 12.
Tropics. Some are used medicinally.  Gouania L.

FAMILY 138. VITACEAE.

Shrubs or trees, usually climbing, rarely (Cissus) herbs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate, stipulate. Flowers regular, in cymose inflorescences. Calyx small, entire or lobed. Petals 3-7, sometimes cohering at the base or at the apex, valvate in bud. Stamens as many as and opposite to the petals, inserted outside the hypogynous, sometimes indistinct disc. Anthers opening inwards by two longitudinal slits. Ovary 2-8-celled, seated upon the disc or more or less sunk in it. Ovules solitary in each cell or two side by side, ascending, inverted, with ventral raphe. Style simple, sometimes indistinct. Stigma entire or 2-4-lobed. Fruit a berry, usually septate. Seeds with a bony or crustaceous testa and a fleshy or cartilaginous, more or less ruminate albumen enclosing a small straight embryo.—Genera 5, species 200. (AMPELIDEAE.) (Plate 89.)

1. Filaments united with one another and with the petals. Ovary 3-8-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell. Erect shrubs or trees, without tendrils.
Leaves 1-3 times pinnate.—Species 3. Tropics. They yield vegetables, edible fruits, dyes, and medicaments, and serve as ornamental plants. [Subfamily LEEOIDEAE.]  Leea L.

Filaments free from each other and from the petals. Ovary 2-celled, with
2 ovules in each cell. [Subfamily VITOIDEAE.]  2

2. Flowers polygamous-dioecious. Petals 5, cohering at the top and falling off together. Disc 5-lobed. Style very short, conical. Seeds pear-shaped, with two pits on the ventral face. Climbing shrubs. Leaves more or less distinctly 3-5-lobed. Inflorescences paniculate, often with tendrils.—Species 1 (V. vinifera L., grape-vine). North Africa, also cultivated in other regions. It yields edible fruits, also used for preparing wine vinegar and brandy, oily seeds, and medicaments.  Vitis Tourn.

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous-monoecious. Petals usually spreading at the time of flowering, very rarely cohering at the top, but then only 4. Seeds more or less egg-shaped.  3

3. Style short-conical or wanting. Petals usually 5. Disc ring-shaped.
Seeds egg- or boat-shaped. Climbing shrubs. Inflorescences with tendrils.—Species 30. Tropics. Some have edible fruits. (Under
Cissus L. or Vitis Tourn.)  Ampelocissus Planch.

Style filiform or columnar, usually rather long. Inflorescences mostly without tendrils.  4

4. Petals 5 or 6, very rarely 4 or 7, thickened, fleshy, persistent. Disc adnate to the ovary. Style usually short. Climbing shrubs. Inflorescences compact.—Species 15. Central and South Africa. (Under Cissus L. or Vitis Tourn.)  Rhoicissus Planch.

5. Petals 4, not thickened. Disc usually saucer-shaped, 4-lobed and adnate to the ovary at the base only. Style usually long.—Species 150.
Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. Some of them yield edible fruits or tubers, mucilage, or medicaments. (Under Vitis Tourn.) (Plate 89.)  Cissus L.

ORDER MALVALES

SUBORDER ELAEOCARPINEAE

FAMILY 139. ELAEOCARPACEAE

Trees. Leaves undivided, stipulate. Flowers in axillary racemes, regular, hermaphrodite or polygamous. Sepals 4-6, valvate in bud. Petals 4-6, hypogynous, free, flat at the base, toothed or fringed at the apex, valvate in bud. Stamens numerous, inserted upon a cushion-shaped receptacle. Filaments free. Anthers linear, 2-celled, opening by a terminal pore. Ovary superior, 2-5-celled. Ovules 2 or more in the inner angle of each cell, inverted, pendulous, with ventral raphe, or one of them ascending. Style simple. Fruit a drupe with a septate stone. Seeds albuminous; embryo straight. (Under TILIACEAE.)

Genus 1, species 15. Madagascar, Mauritius, and Socotra.  Elaeocarpus L.

SUBORDER CHLAENINEAE

FAMILY 140. CHLAENACEAE

Trees or shrubs, rarely climbing. Leaves alternate, simple, entire, stipulate. Flowers solitary or in panicles, regular, hermaphrodite, each flower or pair of flowers usually surrounded by an involucre. Sepals 3-5, imbricate in bud. Petals 5-6, free, hypogynous, with contorted aestivation. Disc ring-or cup-shaped, rarely 5-parted or indistinct. Stamens 10 or more, inserted within the disc or at its edge. Filaments free or united below with the disc, very rarely in 5 bundles. Anthers roundish, opening by 2 sometimes confluent longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 3-celled, with 2 or more ovules in each cell. Style simple; stigmas 1 or 3. Fruit a capsule or a nut. Seeds with a leathery testa and copious albumen.—Genera 7, species 25. Madagascar. (Under TERNSTROEMIACEAE.) (Plate 90.)

1. Involucre large, calyx-like, 3-10-lobed or many-parted. Sepals 3. Disc cupular. Ovules 2-4 in each ovary-cell, pendulous.  2

Involucre not calyx-like, either 2-parted or shortly cup-shaped or indistinct or wanting; in the two former cases ovules numerous in each ovary-cell. Stamens 12 or more.  4

2. Involucre consisting of numerous densely crowded bracts, fleshy. Stamens numerous. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Fruit a capsule.—Species 5.
Madagascar. Used medicinally. (Sarcolaena Thouars).  Sarcochlaena Thouars

Involucre cup-shaped, lobed, dry.  3

3. Stamens 10. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Involucre 6-toothed. Fruit
a one-seeded nut.—Species 7. Madagascar. (Leptolaena Thouars).
(Plate 90.)  Leptochlaena Thouars

Stamens numerous. Fruit a capsule.—Species 4. Madagascar.  Xerochlamys Bak.

4. Involucre cup-shaped, enlarged in fruit. Sepals 5, the two outer somewhat smaller than the others. Disc consisting of 5 scales. Filaments united in 5 bundles. Ovules many in each ovary-cell, descending.
Fruit a nut.—Species 1. Madagascar. (Sclerolaena Bak., Xylolaena
Baill.)  Xylochlaena Baill.

Involucre of two bracts or rudimentary or wanting. Sepals 5, the two outer much smaller than the others, or 3. Disc ring- or cup-shaped.
Filaments not united in bundles.  5

5. Ovules many in each ovary-cell, descending. Involucre enclosing two flowers, usually consisting of two laciniate bracts enlarged in fruit.
Sepals 3. Disc cup-shaped. Fruit a capsule splitting to the base.—Species
5. Madagascar. (Schizolaena Thouars).  Schizochlaena Thouars

Ovules few in each ovary-cell. Involucre rudimentary or wanting.  6

6. Ovules axile, descending. Outer stamens inserted on the inside of the disc. Fruit a capsule dehiscing at the top only.—Species 4. Madagascar.
(Rhodolaena Thouars).  Rhodochlaena Thouars

Ovules basal, ascending. Sepals 5. Outer stamens inserted at the edge of the ring-shaped disc. Stigma 3-lobed.—Species 1. Madagascar.
(Eremolaena Baill.)  Eremochlaena Baill.

SUBORDER MALVINEAE

FAMILY 141. TILIACEAE

Leaves toothed or lobed, more rarely entire or deeply divided. Stipules present. Flowers regular. Calyx valvate in bud. Petals entire or notched at the apex, rarely (Grewia) wanting. Stamens hypogynous, 10 or more, rarely 5-9, free or united in 4-10 bundles. Anthers 2-celled, the cells sometimes confluent at the top. Ovary superior, completely or almost completely 2-or more-celled, rarely (Christiania) deeply divided.—Genera 18, species 260. (Plate 91.)

1. Sepals combined into an entire, crenate, or 2-6-lobed calyx. Petals with contorted aestivation. Stamens numerous. Anthers roundish, opening by usually confluent, longitudinal slits. Style 4-5-parted or wanting. Ovules 1-2 in each ovary-cell. Trees or shrubs. Leaves cordate. Flowers panicled. [Tribe BROWNLOWIEAE.]  2

Sepals free or nearly so. Anthers opening by separate slits or by pores.
Style simple.  4

2. Ovary 2-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell. Stigma sessile, petal-like, lobed.
Calyx 2-3-lobed. Flowers dioecious. Fruit 4-winged.—Species
2. East Africa and Madagascar.  Carpodiptera Gris.

Ovary 4-6-celled. Styles 4-6, free or united at the base.  3

3. Flowers dioecious or polygamous. Calyx 3-4-lobed. Filaments united at the base. Ovary 5-6-parted. Stigmas horizontal, laciniate.
Fruit with one-seeded cells.—Species 2. Tropics.  Christiania DC.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Calyx 5-6-cleft. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell.
Stigmas twisted, almost entire.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Speirostyla Bak.

4. Petals with a gland at the base, rarely (Grewia) petals wanting. Receptacle nearly always prolonged into a more or less stalk-like androphore.
Anthers roundish. [Tribe GREWIEAE.]  5

Petals without a gland at the base. Receptacle not stalk-like, rarely
(Corchorus) somewhat prolonged. Anthers linear or oblong, rarely
(Sparmannia) oval.  11

5. Flowers dioecious or polygamous. Stamens 10. Ovary 3-5-celled, with numerous ovules in each cell. Leaves elliptical. Inflorescence raceme-like.—Species
1. West Africa (Congo).  Pentadiplandra Baill.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Stamens numerous, rarely (Triumfetta) 5-10, but then ovary-cells with 2 ovules in each.  6

6. Fruit a spiny nut or schizocarp. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs.
Flowers in cymes, yellow. Stigma lobed. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell.—Species
50. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield fibres, vegetables, or medicaments.  Triumfetta L.

Fruit an unarmed nut or drupe. Shrubs or trees.  7

7. Fruit few-seeded, usually fleshy. Ovary 2-5-celled, with usually 2 ovules in each cell. Filaments free.—Species 140. Tropical and
South Africa and the Sahara. They yield timber, fibre, edible fruits from which drinks are prepared, and medicaments. (Plate 91.)  Grewia L.

Fruit many-seeded, fibrous. Ovary 4-10-celled, with numerous ovules in each cell. Petals 4-5, small. Trees.  8

8. Flowers 2-3 together surrounded by an involucre of 3-4 bracts. Filaments free. Ovary 6-8-celled.  9

Flowers without a distinct involucre. Filaments united at the base.
Stipules cleft.  10

9. Involucral bracts 3, enclosing 3 flowers. Ovary 8-celled. Fruit with 8 furrows. Stipules awl-shaped.—Species 1. West Africa. The seeds are used as a substitute for coffee.  Duboscia Bocq.

Involucral bracts 4, enclosing 2 flowers. Petals 4. Ovary 6-7-celled.
Fruit with 6-7 ribs. Stipules large, oblique.—Species 1. West
Africa (Cameroons).  Diplanthemum K. Schum.

10. Ovary and fruit 4-5-celled. Fruit oblong. Seeds winged.—Species 1.
West Africa.  Desplatzia Bocq.

Ovary and fruit 8-10-celled. Fruit ovoid or globose.—Species 3. Equatorial
West Africa. Used medicinally. (Grewiopsis De Wild. & Dur.)  Grewiella O. Ktze.

11. (4.) Anthers linear, surmounted by a two-tipped or scale-like appendage.
Stamens numerous. Ovary 6-10-celled, with 3 or more ovules in each cell. Shrubs or trees. [Tribe APEIBEAE.]  12

Anthers without an appendage at the top, rarely surmounted by a short
point. Ovary 2-5-celled, rarely 6-celled. [Tribe TILIEAE.]  13

12. Petals 4, white, shorter than the calyx. Filaments united in 4 bundles.
Anthers with a two-tipped appendage. Ovary 6-celled. Fruit globular, spiny.—Species 2. West Africa. (Including Acrosepalum Pierre).  Ancistrocarpus Oliv.

Petals 4-5, yellow, equalling the calyx. Filaments almost free. Anthers with a scale-like appendage. Ovary 8-10-celled. Fruit spindle-shaped, many-celled.—Species 5. Tropics. Some are used for dyeing and in medicine.  Glyphaea Hook. fil.

13. Staminodes 5 or more. Shrubs or trees.  14

Staminodes none.  17

14. Staminodes 5, within the stamens. Anthers ending in a short point.
Petals 5, white. Ovary 5-celled with 2 ovules in each cell. Stigma
5-parted. Leaves undivided, oblong or oval.—Species 3. Central
Africa.  Cistanthera K. Schum.

Staminodes numerous, outside the stamens. Ovary 4-6-celled, with 3 or more ovules in each cell.  15

15. Fertile stamens 7-10. Anthers linear. Petals 4-5, violet. Fruit oblong, prickly, not winged.—Species 3. West Africa to the Great
Lakes. They yield fibre.  Honckenya Willd.

Fertile stamens numerous. Petals 4, white or yellow.  16

16. Petals white. Ovary 4-celled. Fruit globose, prickly.—Species 6.
South and East Africa and Madagascar. S. africana L. is used as an ornamental, medicinal, and textile plant.  Sparmannia L. f.

Petals yellow. Ovary 5-6-celled. Fruit oblong, with bristly ciliate wings.—Species 1. Equatorial West Africa. Yields fibre.  Cephalonema K. Schum.

17. Stem woody, shrubby. Leaves 6-7-parted. Sepals united at the base, bearing a small horn at the top. Petals 5, notched at the top or minutely toothed, shorter than the sepals. Stamens very numerous. Ovary 5-6-celled with 2 ovules in each cell.—Species 1. East Africa.  Ceratosepalum Oliv.

Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Leaves undivided. Sepals free. Petals yellow. Ovary 2-5-celled, with more than 2 ovules in each cell. Fruit more or less elongate, not prickly.—Species 30.
Tropical and South Africa and Egypt; one species also cultivated in other parts of North Africa. Some of them yield fibre (jute), vegetables, and medicaments.  Corchorus L.

FAMILY 142. MALVACEAE

Leaves simple, stipulate. Calyx valvate in bud. Petals 5, adhering to the staminal tube, with contorted aestivation. Stamens numerous; filaments united into a tube; anthers 1-celled; pollen-grains large, prickly. Ovary superior, sessile, 3-or more-celled, or many distinct ovaries. Ovules inverted. Seeds albuminous; embryo curved.—Genera 21, species 300. (Plate 92.)

1. Carpels in several rows placed one above the other, one-seeded, indehiscent, falling singly. Staminal tube beset with anthers to the top. Flowers with an epicalyx of 3 bracteoles. Herbs.—Species 3. North Africa.
Used as ornamental and medicinal plants. [Tribe MALOPEAE.]  Malope L.

Carpels placed side by side in one plane.  2

2. Style-branches 10, twice as many as the ovary-cells. Ovules solitary in each cell. Staminal tube truncate or minutely toothed at the top.
Fruit splitting into mericarps. [Tribe URENEAE.]  3

Style-branches as many as the ovary-cells, or a simple style.  5

3. Flowers without an epicalyx, but inflorescence with an involucre. Carpels opposite to the petals. Hispid herbs.—Species 2. Tropics. Yielding fibre.  Malachra L.

Flowers with an epicalyx of 5 or more bracteoles.  4

4. Mericarps covered with hooked bristles, indehiscent. Carpels alternating with the petals. Epicalyx of 5 bracteoles. Leaves glandular beneath.—Species
2. Tropical and South Africa; one species only cultivated.
Used as medicinal and textile plants.  Urena L.

Mericarps winged, tubercled, or with 1-3 awns, rarely smooth. Leaves without glands on the under surface.—Species 25. Tropical and
South Africa. Some of them are used as ornamental, medicinal, or textile plants. (Malache Vogel). (Plate 92.)  Pavonia L.

5. Fruit splitting into mericarps. Carpels 5 or more. Style cleft. Staminal tube loaded with anthers to the top. [Tribe MALVEAE.]  6

Fruit capsular, loculicidal. Staminal tube beset with anthers on the outer face, truncate or minutely toothed at the top. [Tribe HIBISCEAE.]  14

6. Carpels with 1 ovule.  7

Carpels with 2 or more ovules, sometimes transversely septate. [Subtribe
ABUTILINAE.]  11

7. Ovule pendulous. Stigmas terminal. Epicalyx absent.—Species 20.
Some of them yield fibre, fodder, tea, and medicaments. [Subtribe
SIDINAE.]  Sida L.

Ovule ascending. Epicalyx usually present. [Subtribe MALVINAE.]  8

8. Style-branches bearing the stigma at the thickened, capitate apex. Shrubs or undershrubs.—Species 20. Tropical and South Africa. Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.  Malvastrum A. Gray

Style-branches pointed, bearing the stigma on the inner face.  9

9. Epicalyx consisting of 3 free bracteoles or wanting. Central column of the fruit overtopping the mericarps.—Species 15. Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Mallow.”  Malva L.

Epicalyx consisting of 3-9 bracteoles united below.  10

10. Central column of the fruit overtopping the mericarps. Epicalyx 3-6-cleft.—Species
12. North Africa; one species also introduced into
South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.
(Including Navaea Webb & Berth. and Saviniona Webb & Berth.)  Lavatera L.

Central column of the fruit not overtopping the mericarps. Epicalyx
6-9-cleft. Herbs.—Species 7. North and South Africa, Mascarene
Islands, and St. Helena. Several species yield fibres, dyes, mucilage, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. (Including Alcea L.)  Althaea L.

11. Carpels completely or nearly completely divided into two compartments by a transverse partition. Style-branches capitate at the top. Ovules
2-3 in each carpel.  12

Carpels without a partition. Style-branches filiform throughout or club-shaped.  13

12. Flowers with an epicalyx of 3 bracteoles. Petals red. Carpels numerous.
Mericarps with 2 prickles at the back. Prostrate herbs. Leaves lobed.—Species
1. South Africa; naturalized in the Island of Madeira.  Modiola Moench

Flowers without an epicalyx. Petals yellow. Carpels 5. Mericarps beaked. Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves undivided.—Species 3.
Tropics. They yield fibres.  Wissadula Med.

13. Flowers with an epicalyx of 3 bracteoles. Carpels numerous; ovules 2-3 in each.—Species 5. South Africa. Used as ornamental plants.
(Including Sphaeroma Harv.)  Sphaeralcea St. Hil.

Flowers without an epicalyx. Ovules 3-9 in each carpel.—Species 30.
Some of them yield fibres, medicaments, and a substitute for coffee, or serve as ornamental plants.  Abutilon Gaertn.

14. (5.) Style split into long or rather long branches. Ovary 5-celled. Seeds kidney-shaped.  15

Style split into very short, erect branches, or simple.  17

15. Ovules solitary in each carpel. Stigma capitate. Epicalyx of 7-10 bracteoles.—Species 9. Tropical and South Africa.  Kosteletzkya Presl

Ovules 2 or more in each carpel.  16

16. Ovules 2 in each carpel. Epicalyx consisting of 3 large, cordate bracteoles.
Shrubs.—Species 1. East Africa.  Senra Cav.

Ovules 3 or more in each carpel. Epicalyx consisting of 3 or more narrower bracteoles or wanting.—Species 130. Some of them yield timber, fibres, dyes, perfumes, oil, vegetables, condiments, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. (Including Abelmoschus Medik., Lagunaea
Cav., and Paritium St. Hil.)  Hibiscus L.

17. Epicalyx of partly united bracteoles. Calyx deeply divided. Ovary 5-celled.
Leaves small, undivided.  18

Epicalyx of free bracteoles. Calyx not deeply divided.  19

18. Epicalyx 5-parted, large. Calyx 5-parted. Trees. Leaves ovate.—Species
1. Madagascar.  Macrocalyx Cost. & Poisson
Epicalyx 11-toothed. Calyx 2-parted. Corolla yellow. Shrubs. Leaves reniform or orbicular.—Species 1. East Africa.  Symphyochlamys Guerke

19. Epicalyx of 3 large, cordate bracteoles. Ovary 5-celled. Seeds woolly.
Species 5, three of them growing wild in Central and South Africa, the others (cotton-plants) cultivated in various regions. They yield cotton, oil, dyes, vegetables, and medicaments.  Gossypium L.

Epicalyx of small or narrow bracteoles.  20

20. Calyx sprinkled with black dots. Ovary 3-4-celled. Fruit readily dehiscing. Cotyledons not dotted. Shrubs or undershrubs.—Species
7. Central and South Africa. (Fugosia Juss.)  Cienfuegosia Cav.

Calyx not dotted. Ovary 5-celled. Fruit not or hardly dehiscing. Seeds woolly. Cotyledons usually marked with black dots. Trees or shrubs.
Leaves undivided.—Species 5. Tropics to Delagoa Bay. They yield timber, fibres, dyes, and medicaments.  Thespesia Corr.

FAMILY 143. BOMBACACEAE

Trees. Leaves digitate, stipulate. Flowers solitary or fascicled, hermaphrodite, without an epicalyx. Calyx with valvate, closed, or open aestivation. Petals 5, adhering at the base to the staminal tube, with contorted aestivation. Stamens 5 or more, united below. Anthers 1-celled. Pollen-grains smooth or almost so. Ovary superior or nearly so, 5-10-celled, the cells opposite to the petals. Ovules numerous in each cell, ascending or horizontal, inverted. Style simple. Fruit a capsule or a nut. Seeds with a scanty albumen and a curved embryo with folded or coiled cotyledons.—Genera 3, species 13. Tropics. (Under MALVACEAE or STERCULIACEAE.) (Plate 93.)

1. Stamens 5. Anthers twisted. Calyx lobed. Stigma capitate. Fruit leathery, woolly within, dehiscent.—Species 1 (C. pentandra Gaertn., silk-cotton-tree). Central Africa; naturalized in Madagascar and the
Mascarenes. Yields timber, bast, tanning materials, wool for stuffing, oil, condiments, vegetables, and medicaments. (Eriodendron DC.)  Ceiba Gaertn.

Stamens numerous.  2

2. Calyx truncate or irregularly 3-5-cleft, with open or closed aestivation.
Stigma 5-partite or capitate. Fruit hairy within, dehiscent.—Species 6.
Central Africa. They yield timber, wool for stuffing, and medicaments
(Including Pachira Aubl.) (Plate 93.)  Bombax L.

Calyx 5-cleft, with valvate aestivation. Stigma 5-10-partite. Fruit woody, filled with pulp, indehiscent. Flowers solitary, pendulous.—Species
6. Tropics. They yield wood, fibres, tanning materials, vegetables, oil, condiments, and medicaments. The pulp of the fruits and the seeds are edible; from the former a drink is prepared. “Baobab.”  Adansonia L.

FAMILY 144. STERCULIACEAE

Leaves alternate, stipulate, rarely (Hua) exstipulate. Sepals more or less united, valvate in bud, rarely (Cotylonychia) at first imbricate. Petals 5, with contorted, rarely (Hua) valvate aestivation, sometimes adnate to the staminal tube, or rudimentary, or wanting. Stamens as many as the sepals or more. Filaments usually more or less united. Anthers 2-celled, rarely (Triplochiton) 1-celled. Ovary superior, 3-or more-celled, or several free ovaries, rarely ovary 1-2-celled. Ovules inverted, usually 2 or more to each carpel.—Genera 28, species 470. (Including BUETTNERIACEAE and TRIPLOCHITONACEAE.) (Plate 94.)

1. Flowers unisexual or polygamous, without a corolla. Filaments united.
Male flowers without staminodes. Styles free at the base or throughout.
Trees. [Tribe STERCULIEAE.]  2

Flowers hermaphrodite, rarely polygamous, but then, as nearly always, provided with a corolla.  7

2. Carpels numerous, in several rows. Calyx-lobes 6-8, yellow or brown.
Anthers numerous, arranged in a ring.—Species 2. West Africa.  Octolobus Welw.

Carpels 3-12, in a single row. Calyx-lobes 4-5.  3

3. Anthers arranged irregularly, crowded in a head, numerous. Seeds albuminous.  4

Anthers arranged in a ring.  5

4. Calyx tubular, red. Ovules 2 in each carpel. Fruit with a membranous rind, one-seeded, dehiscing before the time of maturity. Leaves undivided.—Species
1. West Africa. Yields fibre. (Under Sterculia L.)  Firmiana Marsigli

Calyx campanulate. Ovules more than 2 in each carpel. Fruit with
a woody or leathery rind, dehiscing at maturity.—Species 25. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, fibre, gum (African tragacanth), vegetables, edible fruits, oily seeds, and medicaments.
(Including Eribroma Pierre).  Sterculia L.

5. Anthers 4-5, inserted below the apex of the staminal column. Ovules
2 in each carpel. Calyx shortly lobed. Ripe carpels woody, winged, indehiscent. Seeds exalbuminous.—Species 3. Tropics. They yield timber, bark for tanning, and medicaments.  Heritiera Ait.

Anthers 8 or more, rarely 5, but then inserted at the apex of the staminal column. Ovules 3 or more in each carpel. Ripe carpels dehiscent.  6

6. Seeds winged, albuminous. Leaves undivided.—Species 4. Central
Africa. (Under Sterculia L.)  Pterygota Endl.

Seeds wingless, exalbuminous.—Species 45. Central and South-east
Africa. Some species yield timber, vegetables, and edible seeds (cola-nuts) which are also used medicinally. (Edwardia Rafin.)  Cola Schott