7. (1.) Petals minute or wanting. Stamens 5, free or almost free. Ovary
3-5-celled, with 3 or more ovules in each cell. Shrubs.—Species 1.
Madagascar. [Tribe LASIOPETALEAE.]  Keraudrenia Gay

Petals distinctly developed.  8

8. Carpels distinct, surrounded by 5-10 petal-like staminodes twisted in the bud. Stamens 10-30, inserted upon a raised receptacle, free.
Fruit winged. Trees. Flowers panicled. [Tribe MANSONIEAE.]  9

Carpels not surrounded by petal-like staminodes. Anthers 2-celled.  10

9. Calyx spathe-like. Petals oblong, with a gland at the base. Stamens 10, inserted upon a long androphore. Staminodes 10, oblong-linear, glabrous. Leaves toothed. Panicles terminal, many-flowered.—Species
1. West Africa. Yields timber.  Achantia A. Chev.

Calyx 5-parted. Petals obovate, without glands. Stamens 30, upon a short androphore. Staminodes 5, ovate, downy. Leaves lobed.
Panicles lateral, few-flowered.—Species 1. West Africa. Yields timber.  Triplochiton K. Schum.

10. Petals or their lower part hooded.  11

Petals or their lower part flat or slightly boat-shaped, sometimes one of them hooded, the others flat.  18

11. Ovary 1-celled, with a single ovule. Stamens united in pairs. Staminodes none. Petals clawed, with a spur-like appendage. Trees.—Species 1.
Equatorial West Africa. The bark and the seeds are used as condiments.  Hua Pierre

Ovary 2- or more-celled, with two or more ovules in each cell. [Tribe
BUETTNERIEAE.]  12

12. Staminodes absent. Fertile stamens 10, united at the base. Sepals at first imbricate. Petals with a saucer-shaped claw and a lanceolate blade.
Ovary 5-celled, with numerous ovules. Shrubs. Leaves undivided.
Flowers in racemes.—Species 1. West Africa (Congo).  Cotylonychia Stapf

Staminodes present.  13

13. Stamens united in pairs or bundles. Shrubs or trees. [Subtribe
THEOBROMINAE.]  14

Stamens united below in a ring or tube; anthers solitary between the barren lobes. Petals with a blade. Ovules 2-3 in each ovary-cell.
[Subtribe BUETTNERINAE.]  17

14. Petals with a blade above the hood. Ovules numerous in each ovary-cell.  15

Petals without a blade.  16

15. Petals with a 2-parted blade. Staminodes short. Fruit with a woody, prickly rind, dehiscent. Cotyledons coiled. Trees. Leaves serrate.
Flowers in panicles.—Species 1. Cultivated in the tropics, naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Yields timber, fibre, a mucilage used for
clarifying sugar, fodder, edible fruits, and medicaments.  Guazuma Plum.

Petals with an entire blade. Staminodes long. Fruit with a leathery rind, indehiscent. Cotyledons wrinkled. Leaves entire or sinuate. Flowers in cymes.—Species 3 (chiefly Th. Cacao L.). Cultivated in the tropics.
The seeds are used for the preparation of cocoa, chocolate, and cocoa-butter, the pericarp for making a beverage. They yield also fibres and are used in medicine.  Theobroma L.

16. Staminal tube bell-shaped. Anthers in short-stalked clusters of 3. Staminodes solitary, leaf-like, bent outwards. Shrubs.—Species 10. West
Africa.  Scaphopetalum Mast.

Staminal tube ring-shaped. Anthers singly upon long filaments. Staminodes in bundles, thread-like.—Species 10. Central Africa.  Leptonychia Turcz.

17. Petals clawed, adhering to the cupular staminal tube. Anthers sessile or nearly so. Seeds exalbuminous.—Species 13. Tropics.  Buettnera L.

Petals sessile, free from the annular staminal tube. Anthers stalked.
Seeds albuminous.—Species 2. Madagascar.  Ruelingia R. Br.

18. (10.) Stamens and carpels inserted on a long gynophore. Petals unequal, one of them hooded, red, deciduous. Stamens in bundles of 3 alternating with staminodes. Ovary 5-celled with 3-5 ovules in each cell. Trees.—Species
1. Comoro Island. Yields timber. [Tribe HELICTEREAE.]  Kleinhofia L.

Stamens and carpels inserted on a very short gynophore or without a gynophore. Petals equal or subequal, flat or slightly convex, not hooded.  19

19. Fertile stamens 5; staminodes minute or wanting. Petals deciduous, usually slightly oblique. [Tribe HERMANNIEAE.]  20

Fertile stamens 10 or more, rarely (Melhania) 5, but then alternating with long staminodes. Filaments united at the base. Petals usually very oblique and persistent. [Tribe DOMBEYEAE.]  22

20. Filaments free, broadened at the base or above the middle. Ovary 5-celled, the cells alternating with the petals. Ovules 3 or more in each cell. Seeds reniform; embryo curved. Herbs, undershrubs, or small shrubs.—Species 190. South and Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including Mahernia L.) [Subtribe HERMANNINAE.]  Hermannia L.

Filaments united below, not broadened above. Ovary 5-celled, the cells opposite to the petals, or 1-celled. Ovules 2 in each cell. Seeds elliptical; embryo straight. [Subtribe MELOCHINAE.]  21

21. Ovary 1-celled. Style 1, simple; stigma penicillate.—Species 2. Tropical and South Africa and Canary Islands. Used medicinally.  Waltheria L.

Ovary 5-celled. Styles or style-branches 5.—Species 5. Tropics; one species only naturalized. They yield fibres, vegetables, and medicaments.
(Including Altheria Thouars)  Melochia L.

22. Staminodes wanting. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Shrubs or trees.  23

Staminodes 2-8, usually 5.  24

23. Ovary-cells and styles 5. Anthers 20. Fruit with loculicidal dehiscence.—Species
1. Island of Mauritius.  Astiria Lindl.

Ovary-cells and styles 10. Anthers 20-30, associated in 5 bundles.
Fruit with loculicidal and septicidal dehiscence.—Species 1. Island of
Réunion.  Ruizia Cav.

24. Fertile stamens 5. Ovary 5-celled. Bracteoles 3, persistent. Herbs, undershrubs, or low shrubs.—Species 30. Tropical and South Africa.
Melhania Forsk.

Fertile stamens 10 or more. Bracteoles deciduous or wanting.  25

25. Ovary almost completely 2-celled with 1 ovule in each cell. Petals slightly oblique, deciduous. Bracteoles remote from the flower. Undershrubs.—Species
3. East Africa.  Harmsia K. Schum.

Ovary 3-10-, usually 5-celled, with 2 or more ovules in each cell. Trees or shrubs.  26

26. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell.—Species 120. Tropical and South Africa.
Some species yield timber, fibres, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. (Including Assonia Cav. and Xeropetalum Del.) (Plate
94.)  Dombeya Cav.

Ovules 3 or more in each ovary-cell. Style simple.  27

27. Bracteoles palmately cut. Petals falling off together with the staminal tube. Leaves linear.—Species 1. Madagascar and Mascarenes.  Cheirolaena Benth.

Bracteoles entire or wanting. Petals persistent.—Species 8. Madagascar and Mascarenes.  Trochetia DC.

SUBORDER SCYTOPETALINEAE

FAMILY 145. SCYTOPETALACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, undivided. Flowers in fascicles, racemes, or panicles. Calyx entire or lobed. Petals 3-16, free or almost free, valvate in bud, more rarely wholly united. Stamens numerous, slightly perigynous. Anthers attached by the base. Ovary superior, rarely half-inferior, completely or almost completely 3-8-celled. Ovules 2 or more in each cell, pendulous, inverted, with dorsal raphe. Style simple. Seeds albuminous.—Genera 5, species 40. West Africa. (RHAPTOPETALACEAE, under OLACINEAE.) (Plate 95.)

1. Ovules 2 in each ovary-cell. Anthers usually opening by longitudinal slits. Corolla furrowed in the bud, subsequently separating into 5 or more petals. Fruit one-seeded. Seeds usually without a crown of hairs. Flowers in axillary or terminal racemes or panicles. [Tribe
OUBANGUIEAE.]  2

Ovules 6 or more in each ovary-cell. Anthers usually opening by apical
pores. Corolla not furrowed in the bud, sometimes subsequently separating into 2-5 petals. Seeds usually with a crown of hairs.
Flowers in fascicles or cymes, usually on the old wood. [Tribe RHAPTOPETALEAE.]
3

2. Flowers in racemes. Stigma usually lobed. Fruit a drupe. Albumen ruminate.—Species 9. West Africa.  Scytopetalum Pierre

Flowers in panicles. Stigma entire. Fruit a capsule. Albumen uniform.—Species
10. West Africa. (Including Egassea Pierre)  Oubanguia Baill.

3. Ovary almost superior to half-superior. Fruit a one-seeded drupe. Albumen ruminate.—Species 5. West Africa. (Plate 95.)  Rhaptopetalum Oliv.

Ovary superior. Fruit a several-seeded capsule. Albumen uniform.  4

4. Fruit long, with 2 fertile and 2 sterile cells.—Species 2. Equatorial
West Africa (Cameroons).  Pierrina Engl.

Fruit short, with 4-6 fertile cells.—Species 15. West Africa. (Including
Erythropyxis Pierre)  Brazzeia Baill.

ORDER PARIETALES

SUBORDER THEINEAE

FAMILY 146. DILLENIACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided. Sepals imbricate in bud, persistent in fruit. Petals imbricate in bud. Stamens numerous, hypogynous. Anthers adnate. Carpels 2 or more, free or united at the base of the ovarial portion. Ovules erect, ascending or horizontal, inverted, with a ventral raphe. Fruit dry. Seeds with an aril; albumen abundant; embryo minute, straight.—Genera 3, species 25. Tropics. (Plate 96.)

1. Filaments much broadened at the top. Anther-halves short, diverging below, opening lengthwise. Aril laciniate. Leaves hispid, penninerved with parallel side-nerves, exstipulate. Flowers in panicles.—Species
20. Tropics. The stem of several species (especially T. alnifolia L., water-tree) secretes much watery juice when cut across. (Plate 96.)
[Tribe TETRACERAE.]  Tetracera L.

Filaments not conspicuously broadened. Anther-halves long, parallel.  2

2. Stamens crowded at one side of the flower. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Carpels 2, free. Ovules 1-3. Leaves opposite, oblong, one-nerved or faintly net-veined. Flowers in racemes.—Species 2.
Madagascar.  Hibbertia Andrz.

Stamens equally distributed all round. Anthers opening by apical pores sometimes prolonged downwards into slits. Carpels 5 or more, united at the base. Ovules numerous. Leaves penninerved, with parallel side-nerves, usually stipulate.—Species 3. Madagascar and neighbouring islands. They yield timber. (Wormia Blume)  Dillenia L.

FAMILY 147. OCHNACEAE

Leaves alternate, undivided, usually stipulate. Flowers in racemes or panicles, rarely solitary, hermaphrodite. Sepals free or nearly so, imbricate in bud. Petals free, with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Stamens hypogynous or nearly so. Anthers adnate, 2-celled, usually opening by apical pores. Receptacle usually prolonged into a gynophore. Carpels almost free, but with a common style, or united. Style undivided or cleft. Ovules with a ventral raphe. Embryo of the seeds rather large.—Genera 7, species 150. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 97.)

1. Fertile stamens 5. Petals usually white or red. Seeds albuminous.
Herbs or undershrubs.  2

Fertile stamens 10 or more; no staminodes. Petals usually yellow.
Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs or trees.  4

2. Anthers opening by apical pores. Staminodes absent. Ovary 3-celled with 1 pendulous ovule in each cell. Leaves glandular. Flowers in racemes.—Species 2. South Africa (Cape Colony).  Roridula L.

Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Staminodes present. Ovary 1-celled or 3-celled at the base, with numerous parietal ovules. [Tribe
LUXEMBOURGIEAE.]  3

3. Staminodes in one row, 5, petal-like, adnate below to the fertile stamens.
Flowers in cymes.—Species 2. West Africa.  Vausagesia Baill.

Staminodes in two rows, the 5 inner petal-like, free, but twisted into a tube, the outer numerous, thread-shaped. Flowers usually solitary.—Species
2. Tropical and South Africa. Used medicinally.  Sauvagesia L.

4. Ovary 1, one-celled or two-celled at the base, with numerous basal ovules.
Style 2-cleft. Stamens numerous, in 3-5 indistinct rows. Sepals enlarged and wing-like in fruit. Fruit a woody capsule.—Species 1
(L. alata Banks). Central Africa. Yields timber, oily seeds, and medicaments. (Tribe LOPHIREAE.)  Lophira Banks

Ovaries 3-15, free, with one ovule in each and with a common style.
Stamens in 2-3 rows. Sepals not wing-like. Fruit a drupe or consisting of several drupes. [Tribe OURATEEAE.]  5

5. Stamens numerous, in 3 rows. Filaments as long as or longer than the anthers.—Species 80. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber or dye-stuffs. (Plate 97.)  Ochna L.

Stamens 10, in 2 rows. Filaments shorter than the anthers or wanting.  6

6. Anthers borne upon distinct filaments, oblong, smooth, opening by longitudinal slits or by apical pores which later on are prolonged into slits.
Ovules, seeds, and embryo curved. Flowers in few-flowered clusters.—Species
3. East Africa.  Brackenridgea A. Gray

Anthers subsessile, linear, wrinkled or warty, opening by apical pores.
Flowers in many-flowered panicles or racemes.—Species 60. Tropics.
(Gomphia Schreb.)  Ouratea Aubl.

FAMILY 148. THEACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, undivided, without stipules. Sepals 5, free or united at the base, imbricate in bud. Petals 5, free or united below, with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Stamens 10 or more, rarely (Thomassetia) 5. Ovary superior or almost so, 2-5-celled, with 2 or more ovules in each cell. Fruit a capsule or a nut. Albumen scanty or wanting.—Genera 6, species 12. Tropics and Canary Islands. (TERNSTROEMIACEAE.) (Plate 98.)

1. Flowers in cymes or panicles. Fruit a capsule. [Tribe ASTEROPEIEAE.]  2

Flowers solitary or in pairs in the axils of the leaves.  4

2. Fertile stamens 5, alternating with staminodes which are united in
5 bundles. Ovary 5-celled. Flowers in long-stalked, axillary clusters.—Species
1. Seychelles.  Thomassetia L.

Fertile stamens 10 or more. Flowers in panicles.  3

3. Stamens 10-15, united at the base. Anthers versatile, turned inwards.
Ovary 3-celled. Sepals enlarged and wing-like in fruit. Low trees or climbing shrubs.—Species 6. Madagascar. (Including Rhodoclada
Bak.)  Asteropeia Thouars

Stamens numerous. Ovary 5-celled. Fruit with 5 wing-like ribs. Tall trees. Inflorescence terminal, scantily branched.—Species 1. Madagascar.
Yields timber.  Nesogordonia Baill.

4. Anthers versatile, turned outwards. Stamens numerous, the outer ones united at the base. Ovules 4-6 in each ovary-cell. Fruit a capsule.
Seeds wingless, exalbuminous; embryo straight.—Species 2. Cultivated and occasionally naturalized in the tropics. One of them (Th. sinensis L.) is the tea-plant, the other (Th. japonica L., camellia) is an ornamental plant and yields wood and oily seeds. (Including Camellia
L.) [Tribe THEEAE.]  Thea L.

Anthers adnate. Fruit a nut. Seeds albuminous; embryo curved.
[Tribe TERNSTROEMIEAE.]  5

5. Ovules 2-3 in each cell, axile, descending. Styles 3. Fruit, half-inferior.—Species
1. Canary Islands. It has edible fruits and is used in medicine and as an ornamental plant. (Plate 98.)  Visnea L. f.

Ovules many in each cell, attached to a pendulous placenta. Style 1, simple.—Species 1. West Africa.  Adinandra Jacks.

FAMILY 149. GUTTIFERAE

Leaves opposite, rarely whorled, undivided. Flowers regular. Petals with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Stamens numerous, hypogynous. Ovary superior. Seeds exalbuminous.—Genera 16, species 180. (Including CLUSIACEAE and HYPERICINEAE.) (Plate 99.)

1. Ovary-cells and styles numerous (17-24). Ovules 2 in each cell, one ascending, the other pendulous. Filaments free. Shrubs.—Species 1.
Seychelles.  Medusagyne Bak.

Ovary-cells 1-12. Styles 1-5.  2

2. Styles 3-5, free or united below. Sepals 5. Embryo with distinct, not very thick cotyledons. [Subfamily HYPERICOIDEAE.]  3

Style 1, undivided or cleft at the top, or 1 sessile stigma. Shrubs or trees.  7

3. Fruit a berry or a drupe. Carpels 5. Seeds not winged; cotyledons longer than the radicle. Petals usually woolly within. Stamens in
5 bundles. Shrubs or trees. [Tribe VISMIEAE.]  4

Fruit a capsule, rarely a berry, but then carpels 3. Petals glabrous within.  6

4. Fruit a drupe. Ovules 2-3 in each ovary-cell. Stamens in bundles of
3-5.—Species 1 (H. paniculata Lodd.). Tropics. Yields timber, dyes, edible fruit from which a drink is prepared, and medicaments.
(Harungana Lam.)  Haronga Thouars

Fruit a berry. Stamens in bundles of 4-20.  5

5. Ovules 1-2 in each ovary-cell. Embryo with usually twisted cotyledons.
Flowers in terminal, umbel-like cymes.—Species 35. Tropics. Some are used medicinally.  Psorospermum Spach

Ovules 3 or more in each ovary-cell. Embryo with semiterete cotyledons.
Flowers in panicles.—Species 6. Central Africa. (Caopia Adans.)  Vismia Vell.

6. Fruit dehiscing septicidally and loculicidally. Seeds with a long wing.
Embryo with a very short radicle and longer cotyledons. Ovary 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Stamens in 3 bundles. Petals with
a basal appendage. Shrubs.—Species 2. Madagascar. [Tribe
CRATOXYLEAE.]  Eliaea Camb.

Fruit dehiscing septicidally, rarely indehiscent. Seeds without a distinct wing, but sometimes keeled. Embryo with the cotyledons usually shorter than the radicle.—Species 35. Some of them yield wood and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. (Including Androsaemum
All. and Triadenia Spach). [Tribe HYPERICEAE.]  Hypericum L.

7. (2.) Style very short or wanting. Fruit a berry. Seeds usually with an aril. Embryo undivided. [Subfamily CLUSIOIDEAE, tribe GARCINIEAE.]  8

Style distinctly developed. Seeds usually without an aril.  11

8. Ovary incompletely 5-celled with numerous parietal ovules in each cell.
Flowers unisexual. Sepals 5. Petals 5. Stamens in 5 bundles.
Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Seeds with an aril.—Species 4.
Central Africa. The seeds yield a fat. (Including Stearodendron
Engl.) (Plate 99.)  Allanblackia Oliv.

Ovary completely 2-12-celled with 1-2 axile ovules in each cell. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous.  9

9. Ovary with 2-3 two-ovuled cells, sometimes each cell subsequently divided into two incomplete, one-ovuled compartments. Sepals 2.
Petals 4. Filaments united at the base. Seeds without an aril. Flowers
in clusters, rarely solitary.—Species 12. Madagascar and West
Africa. They yield timber, dyes, and edible fruits. (Calysaccion
Wight)  Ochrocarpus Thouars

Ovary with one-ovuled cells. Seeds with an aril.  10

10. Sepals 2. Petals 4-7. Filaments free.—Species 4. Madagascar.
(Including Tsimatimia Jum. et Perrier)  Rheedia L.

Sepals 4-5, rarely 2, but then filaments united in several bundles.
Petals 4-5.—Species 60. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, gum-resin (gambodge), dyes, edible fruits, fat-containing seeds, and various medicaments, among which are the false cola-nuts.
(Including Xanthochymus Roxb.)  Garcinia L.

11. Ovary 5-celled, with several or many ovules in each cell. Style 5-cleft.
Sepals 5. Petals 5. Stamens united in 5 bundles or in a tube.
Fruit a berry. Embryo undivided. [Subfamily MORONOBOIDEAE.]  12

Ovary 1-4-celled with 1-2 ovules in each cell, surmounted by a simple style with an entire or 2-4-parted stigma, rarely (Hypericum) ovary
5-celled and style or stigma 5-cleft, but then fruit a capsule and embryo with distinct cotyledons.  13

12. Stamens in 5 bundles consisting of numerous stamens each. Sepals nearly equalling the petals.—Species 3. West Africa. The fruits of the tallow-tree (P. butyracea Sabine) yield a fat.  Pentadesma Sabine

Stamens united in a tube, the lobes of which bear 3-4 anthers each.
Sepals much smaller than the petals. Disc cupular.—Species 15.
Madagascar and West Africa. S. globulifera L. f. yields timber and a resin used industrially and medicinally; other species afford edible fruits, oily seeds, food for silkworms, and medicaments. (Including
Chrysopia Thouars)  Symphonia L. f.

13. Sepals 2-4. Stamens free or shortly united at the base. Ovary 1-4-celled with 1-2 ovules in each cell. Fruit a drupe. Embryo with a very short radicle and thick-fleshy cotyledons. [Subfamily CALOPHYLLOIDEAE.]  14

Sepals 5.  15

14. Ovary 1-celled, with a single erect ovule. Fleshy mesocarp thin. Flowers in racemes or panicles.—Species 6. Madagascar and East Africa.
They yield timber, resin, oil, fish-poison, and medicaments.  Calophyllum L.

Ovary 2-4-celled, with altogether 4 ovules. Flowers solitary or in clusters.—Species
2, one growing wild in West Africa, the other (M. americana
L.) cultivated in the tropics and naturalized on the Cape Verde Islands.
The latter species yields timber, resin, medicaments, and edible fruits
(mammee-apples), which are also used for preparing drinks.  Mammea L.

15. Ovary 1-celled, with a single pendulous ovule. Filaments united at the base in 5 bundles, further upwards in a tube. Fruit a drupe.
Embryo with a very short radicle and thick cotyledons.—Species 1.
West Africa. [Subfamily ENDODESMIOIDEAE.]  Endodesmia Benth.

Ovary 2-5-celled.  16

16. Flowers unisexual. Ovary 2-celled with 2 ovules in each cell. Fruit a berry.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Leioclusia Baill.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Ovary 3-5-celled. Fruit a capsule. (See 6.)  Hypericum L.

FAMILY 150. DIPTEROCARPACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, entire, stipulate. Flowers in cymes or panicles, regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, imbricate in bud, enlarged in fruit. Petals 5, with contorted aestivation. Stamens numerous, hypogynous or nearly so, with a prolonged connective. Ovary superior, 3-celled. Ovules 2 in each cell, descending, inverted. Style simple. Fruit a one-seeded nut. Seeds without albumen or with a very thin albumen.—Genera 2, species 15. Tropics.

Receptacle flat. Filaments short. Anthers linear, adnate. Ovary glabrous.
Embryo with thick, fleshy cotyledons. Tall trees.—Species 1. Seychelles.
Yields timber, resin, and fatty seeds. [Subfamily DIPTEROCARPOIDEAE.]  Vateria L.

Receptacle raised. Filaments long. Anthers oval, versatile. Embryo with thin, leaf-like, twisted cotyledons.—Species 15. Central Africa.
(Under Vatica L.) [Subfamily MONOTOIDEAE.].  Monotes A. DC.

SUBORDER TAMARICINEAE

FAMILY 151. ELATINACEAE

Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite or whorled, undivided, stipulate. Flowers solitary or in cymes, regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 3-5, free or united at the base, imbricate in bud. Petals 3-5, free, hypogynous, imbricate in bud, persistent in fruit. Stamens hypogynous, as many or twice as many as the petals. Anthers attached by the back, opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Ovary 3-5-celled. Ovules numerous, axile, inverted, with a short funicle. Styles 3-5, free. Fruit a septicidal capsule. Seeds exalbuminous.—Genera 2, species 15. (Plate 100.)

Flowers 3-4-merous. Sepals united below, with a faint midrib and without membranous margins. Ovary depressed at the top. Flowers solitary.—Species 3. North Africa.  Elatine L.

Flowers 5-merous. Sepals free or almost free, with a very projecting midrib and with membranous margins. Ovary narrowed at the top. Leaves serrate.—Species 12. Central and South Africa and Egypt. (Plate
100.)  Bergia L.

FAMILY 152. FRANKENIACEAE

Herbs or undershrubs, rarely low shrubs. Stem jointed. Leaves opposite, undivided, stipulate. Flowers in cymes, bracteolate, regular, hermaphrodite. Calyx 4-5-lobed or-cleft, valvate in bud. Petals 4-5, hypogynous, free or united in the middle, clawed, usually with a scale-like appendage, persistent. Stamens 4-6, hypogynous. Filaments united at the base, broadened in the middle. Anthers versatile, opening outwards by longitudinal slits. Ovary 1-celled, with 2-3 parietal placentas bearing the ovules at their base. Style simple with 2-3 stigmas, or 2-3-cleft at the top. Ovules with a long ascending funicle, inverted. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds with a copious, mealy albumen and a straight, axile embryo.—Genera 2, species 10.

Stamens 5, equal. Carpels 2. Petals without a ligule. Small shrubs.—Species
1. Island of St. Helena. Used as a substitute for tea. (Under
Frankenia L.)  Beatsonia Roxb.

Stamens 4 or 6, the outer ones shorter. Carpels usually 3. Petals usually with a ligule.—Species 10. North Africa, northern Central Africa, and South Africa.  Frankenia L.

FAMILY 153. TAMARICACEAE

Shrubs, undershrubs, or trees. Leaves alternate, undivided, exstipulate. Flowers terminal, solitary or in racemes, regular, 4-5-, rarely 6-7-merous. Petals hypogynous, free. Disc present. Anthers versatile, opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with basal or parietal placentas. Ovules numerous, ascending, inverted, with a very short funicle. Styles or sessile stigmas several, free or united at the base. Fruit a capsule. Seeds hairy; embryo straight.—Genera 3, species 25. (Plate 101.)

1. Flowers solitary. Petals 5, with an appendage on the inner face. Stamens numerous. Styles distinctly separated from the ovary, thread-shaped; stigmas small, simple. Placentas extending throughout the ovary, but bearing ovules at the base only, later on separating from the wall of the ovary. Seeds with a boss at the top, hairy all round, albuminous.—Species
3. North Africa. Used for making salt. [Tribe REAUMURIEAE.].  Reaumuria L.

Flowers in racemes. Petals unappendaged. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals. Ovary beaked. Styles short and thick or wanting; stigmas broadened. Placentas basal-subparietal, cushion-shaped.
Seeds without a boss, but with a tuft of hairs at the top, exalbuminous. [Tribe TAMARICEAE.]  2

2. Anthers turned inwards. Stigmas sessile, cushion-shaped. Seeds with
a stalked tuft of hairs.—Species 1. North West Africa (Algeria).  Myricaria Desv.

Anthers turned outwards. Filaments free or almost free. Stigmas borne upon a short style, more or less spatulate. Seeds with a sessile tuft of hairs.—Species 20. Some of them yield timber, tanning and dyeing materials, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants.
(Plate 101.) “Tamarisk.”  Tamarix L.

SUBORDER CISTINEAE

FAMILY 154. CISTACEAE

Leaves simple, entire. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 3 or 5, with contorted aestivation. Petals 5, with contorted aestivation, deciduous. Stamens hypogynous, 7 or more, usually numerous, unequal. Anthers opening inwards or laterally. Ovary 1-celled with 3-10 parietal placentas, or more or less completely 3-10-celled. Style simple or wanting, stigma large. Ovules numerous, usually straight. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds albuminous; embryo curved.—Genera 5, species 75. North Africa and Cape Verde Islands. (Plate 102.)

1. Stamens partly (the outer ones) sterile. Carpels 3. Ovules 6-12, inverted.
Style long. Undershrubs.—Species 5. North Africa.
(Under Helianthemum L.)  Fumana Spach

Stamens all fertile. Ovules straight.  2

2. Carpels 5 or 10. Funicle thread-shaped. Petals white or red. Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite, without stipules.—Species 15. North
Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants; the resin of others
(ladanum) is employed in medicine and perfumery and as a fumigant.
(Plate 102.)  Cistus L.

Carpels 3. 3  3

3. Style long, usually kneed or sigmoid at the base. Funicle obconical.
Embryo folded. Herbs or undershrubs.—Species 40. North Africa and Cape Verde Islands. Some are used as ornamental plants. “Rock-rose.”  Helianthemum Adans.

Style short and straight or wanting. Funicle thread-shaped or thickened in the middle. Embryo coiled or hooked.  4

4. Funicle thread-shaped. Embryo coiled. Leaves, at least the upper ones, alternate, without stipules.—Species 3. North Africa. (Under
Helianthemum Tourn.)  Halimium Willk.

Funicle thickened in the middle. Embryo hooked. Herbs.—Species
10. North Africa. (Under Helianthemum Tourn.)  Tuberaria Spach

FAMILY 155. BIXACEAE

Shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire or lobed, palminerved, stipulate. Flowers in terminal racemes, clothed with scales, regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, free, glandular at the base, imbricate in bud. Petals 5, free, rose-coloured, with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Stamens numerous, hypogynous, free or slightly united at the base. Anthers curved, opening at the top by two short, transverse slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with 2 parietal placetas. Ovules numerous, inverted. Style simple; stigma small, 2-lobed. Fruit 2-valved, usually prickly. Seed-coat red and fleshy outside, hard within. Albumen copious.

Genus 1, species 1 (B. orellana L.). Cultivated and naturalized in the tropics. Yields fibres, dyes (arnatto), and medicaments.  Bixa L.

SUBORDER COCHLOSPERMINEAE

FAMILY 156. COCHLOSPERMACEAE

Trees, shrubs, or undershrubs. Leaves undivided or palmately lobed or divided, stipulate. Flowers in racemes or panicles, glabrous or clothed with simple hairs, regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 4-5, free, imbricate in bud. Petals 4-5, free, with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Stamens numerous, hypogynous, free or united at the base. Anthers straight, opening by two sometimes confluent slits or pores. Ovary superior, 1-celled with 3-5 more or less projecting parietal placentas, or 2-3-celled. Ovules several or many, inverted. Style simple. Fruit a capsule. Seeds with a curved embryo and copious albumen.—Genera 2, species 7. Tropics. (Under BIXINEAE.)

Petals large, yellow. Anthers long, attached by the base, opening at the top.
Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely 3-5-celled. Ovules numerous, parietal. Seeds covered with long hairs. Leaves palmately lobed or divided. Flowers in few-flowered racemes or panicles.—Species 5.
Central Africa. They yield fibre, gum, dyes, and medicaments. (Maximilianea
Mart. & Schrank.)  Cochlospermum Kunth

Petals small. Anthers short, attached by the back, opening lengthwise.
Ovary 2-3-celled. Ovules few, subbasal. Leaves undivided, penninerved.
Flowers in compound cymes.—Species 2. Madagascar.  Sphaerosepalum Bak.

SUBORDER FLACOURTIINEAE

FAMILY 157. WINTERANACEAE

Trees. Leaves alternate, simple, entire, penninerved, gland-dotted, without stipules. Flowers solitary or in cymes, axillary, hermaphrodite. Sepals 3, imbricate in bud. Petals 4-10, free or united below, imbricate in bud. Stamens 7-18, hypogynous. Filaments wholly united. Anthers opening outwards by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with 3-5 parietal placentas. Ovules inverted. Style simple, short. Fruit a berry. Seeds with a minute embryo and copious albumen.—Genera 2, species 4. Tropics. (CANELLACEAE.)

Petals 4-6, united beyond the middle. Anthers 7-9, two-celled, or 14-18,
1-celled. Placentas 3-4. Stigma 1. Flowers solitary.—Species 2.
Madagascar. Used medicinally. [Tribe CINNAMOSMEAE.]  Cinnamosma Baill.

Petals 10, free. Anthers 10. Placentas 5. Stigmas 5. Flowers cymose.—Species
2. East Africa. Yielding an aromatic oil. [Tribe CINNAMODENDREAE.]  Warburgia Engl.

FAMILY 158. VIOLACEAE

Leaves simple. Flowers bracteolate, more or less irregular. Sepals 5, free or united at the base, with open or imbricate aestivation. Petals 5, free, hypogynous or nearly so, imbricate in bud. Stamens 5, alternating with

the petals, hypogynous or nearly so. Filaments short. Anthers turned inwards; connective usually prolonged. Ovary superior, sessile, 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentas. Ovules inverted. Style simple. Fruit a loculicidal capsule with an elastically seceding exocarp. Seeds albuminous.—Genera 4, species 100. (Plate 103.)

1. Flowers distinctly irregular. Lowest petal larger than the rest and furnished with a spur or boss at the base. Anterior filaments bearing a spur, a boss, or a gland. Style thickened and usually curved above.
Ovules numerous. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. [Tribe
VIOLEAE.]  2

Flowers nearly regular. Petals subequal, without spur or boss.
Style straight, with a terminal stigma. Shrubs or trees. [Tribe
RINOREEAE.]  3

2. Sepals produced at the base into two auricles. Filaments very short.
Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate. Flowers solitary or in pairs.—Species
20. Some of them yield perfumes and medicaments and serve as ornamental plants (violets and pansies).  Viola L.

Sepals not auricled. Lowest petal saccate or gibbous.—Species 10.
Tropical and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Calceolaria
Loefl., Ionidium Vent.)  Hybanthus Jacq.

3. Flowers in clusters springing from the old wood. Petals connivent.
Ovules 3. Seeds with an aril and with scanty albumen.—Species 1.
West Africa (Cameroons).  Allexis Pierre

Flowers solitary or in terminal or axillary racemes or panicles. Seeds without an aril, with copious albumen.—Species 70. Tropical and
South-east Africa. Some yield timber. (Alsodeia Thouars). (Plate
103.)  Rinorea Aubl.

FAMILY 159. FLACOURTIACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves undivided, usually stipulate. Flowers regular. Petals free, with imbricate or valvate, rarely (Dioncophyllum) with contorted aestivation, or wanting. Stamens as many as the sepals or more. Anthers 2-celled, very rarely 4-celled, opening by longitudinal slits, rarely (Kiggelaria) by apical pores. Ovary superior and sessile or nearly so, or half-inferior, rarely (Bembicia) inferior, one-celled or incompletely, rarely completely 2-or more-celled, with 2-8 parietal, rarely axile placentas bearing the ovules sometimes at the top only, rarely with a single placenta. Ovules 3 or more, rarely 2, inverted. Seeds nearly always albuminous and with a straight embryo.—Genera 46, species 250. Tropical and South Africa. (Including SAMYDACEAE, under BIXINEAE.) (Plate 104.)

1. Perianth-leaves spirally arranged; sepals gradually passing into the petals. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Flowers in spikes or racemes.
[Tribe ERYTHROSPERMEAE.]  2

Perianth-leaves whorled; sepals separated from the petals, or petals
absent.  7

2. Inner perianth-leaves with small, scale-like appendages at the base.  3

Inner perianth-leaves without appendages.  5

3. Outer perianth-leaves much smaller than the inner, free, leathery. Style very short.—Species 4. East and South-east Africa.  Rawsonia Harv. & Send.

Outer perianth-leaves about as large as the inner.  4

4. Stamens 5.—Species 5. West Africa. (Under Dasylepis Oliv.)  Scottelia Oliv.

Stamens numerous.—Species 3. Central Africa.  Dasylepis Oliv.

5. Stamens 5-15, hypogynous. Anthers broad-sagittate. Style simple, with a 2-4-lobed stigma. Leaves exstipulate. Flowers in racemes, hermaphrodite.—Species 15. Madagascar and neighbouring islands and East Africa.  Erythrospermum Lam.

Stamens 20 or more, perigynous. Anthers oblong or linear. Style 3-4-cleft or -parted.  6

6. Flowers hermaphrodite. Style 3, free. Fruit a few-seeded, loculicidal capsule. Low trees. Leaves stipulate. Flowers in spikes.—Species 1.
Equatorial West Africa.  Pyramidocarpus Oliv.

Flowers unisexual or polygamous. Style 1, with 4 branches. Fruit a many-seeded, septicidal capsule. Tall trees. Flowers in racemes.—Species
2. Equatorial West Africa. (Cerolepis Pierre).  Camptostylus Gilg

7. (1.) Petals present. Ovary 1-celled.  8

Petals absent. Sepals 3-6, very rarely 7-8.  35

8. Petals more than sepals, unappendaged. Stamens numerous. Ovary superior.  9

Petals as many as sepals.  17

9. Stamens collected in bundles opposite to the petals and alternating with
8 glands inserted at the margin of the receptacle. Calyx 4-partite.
Petals 8. Ovules few, suspended from the upper part of the placentas.
Styles 3-4. Flowers in axillary spikes.—Species 1. West Africa.  Dissomeria Benth.

Stamens not in bundles. Receptacle without glands. Ovules numerous, parietal. Style 1, simple cleft or 2-parted. [Tribe ONCOBEAE.]  10

10. Sepals wholly or partly united, when young, with valvate aestivation.
Style simple.  11

Sepals free or nearly so, with imbricate aestivation.  12

11. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, in few-flowered racemes. Calyx hood-shaped. Petals 5. Filaments free, thread-shaped. Placentas
2-3. Fruit a capsule.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Prockiopsis Baill.

Flowers dioecious, in fascicles or abbreviated spikes or racemes. Calyx of 3 sepals. Petals 6-7. Stamens in 2 rows, the outer longer and with broadened, incompletely united filaments. Placentas 3-5.—Species 5.
Central Africa.  Buchnerodendron Guerke

12. Flowers hermaphrodite. Sepals 3. Petals 9-12. Anthers attached by the back. Ovary and fruit winged. Style long, 2-cleft at the top, with small stigmas. Shrubs. Leaves serrate, stipulate. Flowers in the axils of undeveloped leaves, towards the ends of the branches.—Species
3. West Africa.  Poggea Guerke

Flowers polygamous or unisexual. Petals 4-12.  13

13. Style very short, with 2-4 recurved stigmas. Anthers attached by the back near the base. Sepals 3. Petals 5-7. Fruit winged. Shrubs.
Leaves entire, stipulate. Flowers in spikes.—Species 1. East Africa.  Grandidiera Jaub.

Style thread-shaped, simple or 3-7-cleft. Anthers attached by the base.
Fruit not winged. Flowers solitary or in fascicles or racemes.  14

14. Flowers rather small, in racemes. Stigma inconspicuous or slightly branched. Placentas 3. Seeds few. Leafstalk jointed. Branches without spines.—Species 6. Central Africa. (Under Oncoba Forsk.)  Lindackeria Presl

Flowers large. Placentas 4 or more.  15

15. Stigma (or style-apex) not thickened, slightly notched or divided into several branches. Fruit dehiscing incompletely; seeds numerous, minute. Leafstalk jointed. Branches without spines.—Species 15.
Central Africa. Some have edible fruits or serve as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Under Oncoba Forsk.)  Caloncoba Gilg

Stigma thickened or divided into many branches. Leafstalk not jointed.
Flowers solitary or 2-3 together.  16

16. Branches without spines. Fruit ovoid, beaked, dehiscing by 4-6 valves; seeds few, large.—Species 10. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some species have edible fruits or serve as ornamental or medicinal plants.
(Under Oncoba Forsk.)  Xylotheca Hochst.

Branches spinous. Fruit globose, indehiscent, with many placentas and numerous seeds.—Species 2. Central Africa. Used medicinally; the fruits are edible and used for making ornaments.  Oncoba Forsk.

17. (8.) Petals 5, each with a scale-like appendage at the base. Sepals valvate in bud. Stamens 10-12. Anthers opening at the top. Ovary superior.
Styles 2-5. Flowers dioecious, in axillary cymes. Shrubs.—Species
6. South and East Africa. [Tribe PANGIEAE.]  Kiggelaria L.

Petals without scales at the base. Anthers opening lengthwise.  18

18. Receptacle (flower-tube) bearing a cupular or filamentous corona at its margin. Petals 5. Ovary superior. Seeds with an aril. [Tribe
PAROPSIEAE.]  19

Receptacle without a corona, but sometimes with glands.  25

19. Anthers peltate, 4-celled. Stamens numerous, perigynous. Corona short-tubular, entire. Ovules 6, apical. Styles 3, long. Stigmas not thickened.
Low trees. Leaves entire, stipulate. Flowers in elongated
axillary spikes or racemes.—Species 3. West Africa.  Soyauxia Oliv.

Anthers cordate, 2-celled. Ovules parietal. Stigmas thickened. Flowers solitary or in fascicles or terminal panicles.  20

20. Ovules 2 on each placenta. Styles 3. Stamens 5. Filaments broadened and united below. Corona many-parted. Flowers in terminal panicles.
Bracts with two large glands at the base.—Species 1. West Africa
(Liberia). (Under Paropsia Nor.)  Androsiphonia Stapf

Ovules 3 or more on each placenta.  21

21. Style 1, simple. Stamens numerous. Corona double. Flowers sessile, in the axils of the leaves or by the side of them, enveloped by imbricate bracts. Fruit indehiscent. Branches with swellings inhabited by ants. Leaves stipulate.—Species 4. West Africa and region of the
Great Lakes.  Barteria Hook.

Styles 3-5, free or united at the base. Flowers stalked.  22

22. Corona double, the outer slit into narrow segments, the inner ring-shaped.
Stamens 8-10. Leaves toothed. Flowers solitary, axillary.—Species
6. Equatorial West Africa.  Paropsiopsis Engl.

Corona simple. Stamens 5 or many.  23

23. Flowers in panicles. Corona divided into thread-like segments. Stamens
5. Filaments flat. Styles 5.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Hounea Baill.

Flowers solitary or few together in the axils of the leaves. Filaments thin, thread-like. Fruit dehiscent. Leaves toothed.  24

24. Stamens 5. Flowers rather small. Leaves with glandular patches at the base of the blade.—Species 10. Tropics. Some have edible fruits.  Paropsia Nor.

Stamens numerous. Flowers large. Leaves with glands at the base of the stalk.—Species 4. West Africa. (Under Paropsia Nor.)  Smeathmannia Soland.

25. (18.) Inflorescences springing from the midrib of the leaves, cymose.
Ovary superior, many-ovuled. [Tribe PHYLLOBOTRYEAE.]  26

Inflorescences axillary or terminal.  28

26. Stamens 5. Anthers linear. Petals 5. Leaves toothed.—Species 1.
Equatorial West Africa.  Moquerysia Hua

Stamens numerous. Anthers oval or triangular. Petals 3-5.  27

27. Style 1, shortly 2-cleft. Anthers oval or elliptical. Flowers solitary or in pairs. Leaves large, serrate.—Species 1. Equatorial West Africa.  Phylloclinium Baill.

Styles 3, free or united below. Petals 3-4. Flowers in glomerules.
Leaves very large.—Species 2. Equatorial West Africa.  Phyllobotryum Muell. Arg.

28. Stamens singly or in bundles opposite to the petals. Ovary half-inferior, more rarely superior. Fruit a capsule. [Tribe HOMALIEAE.]  29

Stamens numerous, not collected in bundles. Ovary superior. Fruit a
berry. [Tribe SCOLOPIEAE.]  33

29. Flowers dioecious. Stamens 9-15. Ovary superior. Placentas 3, with
1-2 ovules each. Styles 3. Leaves palminerved. Flowers in spikes or spike-like panicles.—Species 4. East and South Africa.  Trimeria Harv.

Flowers hermaphrodite.  30

30. Style 1, simple, with a capitate stigma. Ovules 4. Stamens 5. Flowers in axillary cymes.—Species 1. South-east Africa.  Gerrardina Oliv.

Styles 2-6, or style single and 2-6-cleft.  31

31. Ovary superior. Ovules numerous. Styles 3-6, free. Stamens 5-8, nearly hypogynous. Seeds woolly. Leaves stipulate. Flowers in panicles.—Species 5. Madagascar and East Africa. (Including
Bivinia Tul.)  Calantica Tul.

Ovary half-inferior. Seeds not woolly.  32

32. Style 1, thick, 4-6-cleft at the apex. Ovules numerous. Stamens 12-18.
Petals scarcely larger than the sepals. Flowers in spike-like panicles.
Leaves exstipulate.—Species 2. West Africa.  Byrsanthus Guill.

Styles 2-6, thread-shaped, free or united at the base, rarely beyond; in the latter case stamens 4-8 or petals considerably larger than the sepals.
Petals persistent.—Species 50. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber. (Including Blackwellia Comm.)  Homalium Jacq.

33. Sepals united below. Petals with contorted aestivation. Anthers attached by the base. Placentas 5-7. Ovules numerous. Styles 5-7, united at the base. Leaves ending in two tendrils. Flowers in cymose panicles.—Species
1. West Africa (Congo).  Dioncophyllum Baill.

Sepals free. Anthers attached by the back. Placentas 2-4. Style 1, simple. Leaves stipulate, without tendrils.  34

34. Ovary stalked, incompletely 3-celled at the base, 6-ovuled. Connective not prolonged. Sepals 5, imbricate in bud. Petals larger than the sepals. Flowers in compound racemes or panicles. Leaves penninerved.—Species
1. Southern West Africa (Angola).  Marquesia Gilg

Ovary sessile or nearly so, completely 1-celled. Connective usually prolonged.
Sepals valvate or slightly imbricate in bud. Petals similar to the sepals. Flowers solitary or in racemes, rarely in panicles. Leaves
3-5-nerved at the base.—Species 12. Tropical and South Africa.
Some species yield timber or serve as ornamental plants. (Phoberos
Lour.)  Scolopia Schreb.

35. (7.) Ovary inferior, 1-celled, with 2-3 parietal placentas. Styles 2-3.
Stamens numerous. Sepals 7-8, petaloid. Inflorescences head-like.—Species
1. Madagascar. [Tribe BEMBICIEAE.]  Bembicia Oliv.

Ovary superior.  36

36. Receptacle with thread- or strap-shaped, sometimes partly united appendages.
Stamens 5 or more. Ovary 1-celled, with 2-4 parietal placentas.  37

Receptacle with separate glands or with a ring-shaped disc, but without
thread- or strap-shaped appendages, or without any appendages.  39

37. Stamens 15-20. Styles 4. Sepals 4, unequal. Flowers unisexual, solitary, axillary.—Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons).  Trichostephanus Gilg

Stamens 5-12. Style 1, simple or cleft at the top. Fruit a capsule.
Seeds hairy or arillate. Leaves stipulate, usually gland-dotted. [Tribe
CASEARIEAE.]  38

38. Flowers in terminal panicles, polygamous. Stamens 5-6. Seeds with
a minute aril.—Species 1. Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons).  Ophiobotrys Gilg

Flowers solitary and axillary or in axillary fascicles or heads, hermaphrodite.
Stamens 6-12.—Species 20. Tropics to Delagoa Bay.
Some species yield timber or are used in medicine. (Guidonia Plum.)  Casearia Jacq.

39. Stamens collected in 5-8 bundles alternating with the sepals. Sepals glandular, valvate in bud. Placentas 3-6, parietal, with numerous ovules. Styles 3-6. Fruit a capsule. Seeds woolly. Leaves entire or crenate, stipulate. Flowers in racemes, hermaphrodite. (See 31.)  Calantica Tul.

Stamens not in bundles.  40

40. Anthers 10-15, linear, large, subsessile. Calyx very small, imbricate in bud. Placentas 2, parietal, bearing 2 ovules each. Styles 2. Fruit
a nut. Seeds very large, arillate, exalbuminous. Embryo with a minute radicle and very unequal cotyledons. Shrubs. Leaves without stipules. Flowers in racemes or panicles, dioecious.—Species 2.
Madagascar and neighbouring islands. Used medicinally.  Physena Thouars

Anthers short and broad, more or less oval. Seeds albuminous.  41

41. Ovary 2- or more-celled, with 2-4 subbasal ovules in each cell. Style 1, simple. Stamens numerous, surrounding a thick disc. Fruit a prickly nut. Seeds ruminate within. Stipules connate. Flowers in cymes, hermaphrodite.—Species 5. Madagascar. (Ropalocarpus Boj.)  Rhopalocarpus Boj.

Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely, very rarely completely 2- or more-celled, with parietal or axile ovules; if ovary 2- or more-celled, then styles 2-8, free or united at the base, and fruit a berry or a drupe.
Seeds not ruminate. [Tribe FLACOURTIEAE.]  42

42. Ovary incompletely, very rarely completely 2- or more-celled. Styles 2-8, free or united at the base. Receptacle bearing a disc or free glands.  43

Ovary completely 1-celled. Style usually 1. Stamens numerous.  44

43. Flowers dioecious. Stamens 10-25, alternating with glands. Placentas with 1-6 ovules each. Fruit a berry. Stipules minute, deciduous.—Species
17. Tropical and South Africa. Some have edible fruits.
(Dovyalis Arn. & Mey., including Aberia Hochst.)  Doryalis Arn. & Mey.

Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. Stamens numerous, surrounded
by a ring-shaped disc. Placentas with several or many ovules each.
Fruit a drupe with several stones. Stipules wanting.—Species 7.
Tropics to Delagoa Bay. They yield timber, edible fruits (Indian plums), and medicaments, and serve also as hedge-plants. (Plate 104.)  Flacourtia Juss.

44. Flowers dioecious or polygamous, in cymes. Receptacle expanded into a disc. Stamens with short filaments and introrse anthers. Style very short, simple or 2-6-cleft. Ovary with a single placenta and 2 ovules.
Fruit a drupe. Stipules minute.—Species 1. Island of Réunion.
Yields timber and condiments.  Guya Frapp.

Flowers hermaphrodite. Receptacle unappendaged, rarely with a disc but then style distinctly developed.  45

45. Receptacle expanded into a glandular-toothed disc. Sepals 5-6, oblong, imbricate in bud. Placentas 2-4. Style filiform, 2-4-cleft at the apex. Stipules none.—Species 2. East Africa (Sansibar), Madagascar and neighbouring islands. They yield timber and are used in medicine.  Ludia Lam.

Receptacle without a disc and without glands. Sepals 4-5, roundish, or 3. Styles 3 or 0.  46

46. Sepals 3, valvate in bud. Anthers attached by the base. Placentas 3.
Styles 3, free, filiform; stigmas not thickened. Stipules linear. Flowers in racemose inflorescences.—Species 6. Madagascar.  Tisonia Baill.

Sepals 4-5, imbricate in bud. Anthers attached by the back near the base. Placenta 1. Style none; stigma peltate. Fruit a berry.
Flowers solitary or in clusters.—Species 5. Madagascar and neighbouring islands, East and South-east Africa. Some species yield edible fruits, a substitute for tea, and medicaments. (Aphloia Benn.)  Neumannia Rich.

FAMILY 160. TURNERACEAE

Leaves alternate, simple. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, furnished with a gland or a callosity, imbricate in bud, deciduous. Petals 5, with contorted aestivation. Stamens 5, alternating with the petals. Filaments free. Anthers versatile, opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled with 3 parietal placentas. Ovules inverted. Styles 3, often divided. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds arillate, pitted, with a large embryo and copious albumen.—Genera 7, species 20. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 105.)

1. Sepals free or nearly so.  2

Sepals united below into a distinct tube.  3

2. Stigmas nearly entire. Sepals with ovate glands. Petals white. Fruit dehiscing throughout its whole length. Aril formed of long hairs.
Trees with simple hairs. Leaves stipulate, with two glands on the stalk. Flowers pendulous, solitary or in clusters of 3, bracteolate.—Species
1. Mascarene Islands.  Mathurina Balf. fil.

Stigmas many-cleft. Fruit dehiscing from the top to the middle. Aril one-sided, crenate. Leaves without glands at the base, but sometimes with small glands at the margin. Flowers erect, solitary or in cymes.
Species 3. Madagascar and South Africa. (Including Erblichia Seem., under Turnera L.)  Piriqueta Aubl.

3. Calyx-tube with very numerous and very thin nerves. Stamens inserted at the base of the tube. Stigmas entire or obscurely notched. Areas of the seed-coat without holes. Glandular shrubs. Stipules minute.
Flowers solitary, erect, bracteolate.—Species 2. East Africa.  Loewia Urban

Calyx-tube with 10-15 nerves. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs or trees, but then stigmas divided.  4

4. Calyx-tube 10-nerved, with hemispherical callosities or without any appendage on the inside. Areas of the seed-coat with one hole in each or without a hole. Flowers solitary or in fascicles or heads.  5

Calyx-tube 15-nerved, furnished with linear ledges within. Areas of the seed-coat with two holes in each. Flowers in one-sided racemes. Hairy herbs. Leaves without stipules.  6

5. Sepals thin-membranous, colourless. Petals inserted at the base of the calyx-tube. Stigmas many-cleft. Ovules 9. Fruit pendulous. Aril entire. Herbs. Leaves without glands. Flowers solitary.—Species 2.
Madagascar. (Under Turnera L.)  Hyalocalyx Rolfe

Sepals herbaceous, green. Petals inserted at the mouth of the calyx-tube.
Fruit erect. Aril crenate or lobed.—Species 2, one a native of Madagascar, the other naturalized in the Mascarene Islands.  Turnera L.

6. Petals inserted below the mouth of the calyx-tube, provided with a scale at their base. Stamens arising from the base of the tube. Fruit linear.
Seeds in one row.—Species 8. Tropical and South-east Africa. (Plate
105.)  Wormskioldia Schum. & Thonn.

Petals inserted at the mouth of the calyx-tube, unappendaged. Stamens adnate to the tube at their base. Fruit oblong or oval. Seeds in several rows.—Species 3. East Africa. (Under Wormskioldia Schum.
& Thonn.)  Streptopetalum Hochst.

FAMILY 161. PASSIFLORACEAE

Usually tendril-bearing plants. Leaves alternate. Flowers regular. Sepals 4-6, imbricate in bud. Petals as many, free, imbricate in bud, more rarely wanting. Receptacle produced into a corona which is sometimes divided into separate scales, rarely without any appendage. Stamens 4-10, as many as and alternate with the petals or twice as many. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with 3, rarely 4-5 parietal placentas and numerous inverted ovules. Seeds arillate, with a pitted or furrowed testa and a fleshy albumen.—Genera 8, species 75. (Plate 106.)