Fruits not crowded in a cone; pericarp fleshy or leathery outside, bony within. Flowers in usually long, often panicled spikes. Funicle smooth.
Leaves usually crowded at the ends of the branches.—Species 80.
Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, resin used for fumigating, tanning and dyeing materials, food for silk-worms, edible oily seeds, and medicaments; others are used as ornamental plants.  Terminalia L.

FAMILY 180. MYRTACEAE

Trees or shrubs. Leaves undivided, gland-dotted, without stipules. Flowers regular, 4-5-merous. Calyx with imbricate, open, or closed aestivation. Petals free and imbricate in bud, or united into a hood. Stamens usually numerous. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary usually inferior or half-inferior, 2-5-celled, the cells sometimes incomplete at the top. Ovules inverted. Style simple; stigma entire, rarely (Psiloxylon) 3-4-parted. Seeds exalbuminous.—Genera 10, species 85. (Plate 114.)

1. Fruit a capsule or a nut. Embryo straight, with large cotyledons. Trees.
[Subfamily LEPTOSPERMOIDEAE, tribe LEPTOSPERMEAE.]  2

Fruit a berry. Ovary inferior or half-inferior. Stamens numerous.
Leaves opposite. [Subfamily MYRTOIDEAE, tribe MYRTEAE.]  5

2. Calyx entire or nearly so. Petals united into a hood falling off as a whole.
Stamens numerous. Ovary inferior. Leaves of older trees mostly alternate.—Species 3. Cultivated and naturalized in various regions.
They yield timber, bark for tanning, an astringent resin (kino), and an ethereal oil used in perfumery and medicine. [Subtribe
EEUCALYPTINAE.]  Eucalyptus L’Hér.

Calyx with 5 lobes. Petals 5, free.  3

3. Stamens numerous. Ovary inferior or half-inferior. Leaves opposite.—Species
1. South Africa. [Tribe METROSIDERINAE.]  Metrosideros Banks

Stamens 5-10. Ovary superior. Leaves alternate.  4

4. Stamens 5-8. Stigma 1, entire. Flowers in terminal panicles.—Species
2. South Africa.  Heteropyxis Harv.

Stamens 10. Stigmas 3-4. Flowers in axillary clusters.—Species 1.
Mascarene Islands. Yields timber. (Fropiera Hook. fil.)  Psiloxylon Thouars

5. Embryo with a short radicle and large, fleshy cotyledons. Flowers usually
4-merous. Sepals separate or indistinct. Ovary 2-, rarely 3-celled.
[Subtribe EUGENIINAE.]  6

Embryo with a long, curved radicle and shorter or somewhat longer cotyledons. Flowers usually 5-merous. Petals free. [Subtribe
MYRTINAE.]  8

6. Ovary in the centre of the receptacle. Calyx-tube contrasting distinctly
with the pedicel, not or slightly prolonged above the ovary. Petals free.—Species 40. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield timber, bark used for tanning, edible fruits, and medicaments. (Including
Chloromyrtus Pierre). (Plate 114.)  Eugenia L.

Ovary in the upper part of the receptacle. Calyx-tube gradually narrowed into the pedicel, usually much prolonged above the ovary.  7

7. Petals free, falling singly. Stamens inserted upon a distinct disc. Sepals comparatively large.—Species 8, of which 6 are growing wild in Madagascar and the Mascarenes, the other two cultivated and sometimes naturalized in the tropics. They yield timber, bark used for tanning, spices (cloves from J. caryophyllus Nied.), medicaments, and edible fruits; some are used as ornamental plants. (Including Caryophyllus
L., under Eugenia L.)  Jambosa DC.

Petals more or less cohering, usually falling off together. Staminiferous disc none. Sepals usually small.—Species 25. Tropical and South
Africa. They yield timber, tanning and dyeing materials, spices, medicaments, and edible fruits. (Including Acmena DC., under Eugenia
L.)  Syzygium Gaertn.

8. Placentas in the upper part of the ovary-cells, bearing 1-6 ovules each.
Ovary 2-celled. Calyx divided already in the bud. Seeds 1-2, with
a membranous coat; embryo spirally twisted, with minute cotyledons.—Species
2. Cultivated and naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. They yield timber, an aromatic oil, spices (allspice), and medicaments, and serve also as ornamental plants.  Pimenta Lindl.

Placentas in the middle of the ovary-cells, bearing numerous ovules each.
Ovary completely or incompletely 3-5-, rarely 2-celled. Seeds numerous, with a horny coat; embryo curved, not spiral.  9

9. Calyx already divided into segments in the bud. Ovary and fruit completely or incompletely 2-3-celled. Embryo with rather large cotyledons.—Species
1 (M. communis L., myrtle). North Africa and
Abyssinia, also naturalized in St. Helena. It is used as an ornamental plant and yields tanning bark and an oil employed in perfumery and medicine.  Myrtus L.

Calyx closed in the bud, bursting subsequently. Ovary and fruit usually
4-5-celled. Embryo with minute cotyledons.—Species 2. Cultivated in the tropics. They yield timber, bast used for paper-making, tanning and dyeing materials, vegetables, edible fruits (guavas), and medicaments.  Psidium L.

FAMILY 181. MELASTOMATACEAE

Leaves opposite or whorled, undivided, usually with 3-11 longitudinal nerves, not dotted, without stipules. Flowers regular or nearly so. Petals perigynous or epigynous, free, usually with contorted aestivation. Stamens perigynous or epigynous, twice as many, rarely as many as the petals. Filaments inflexed in the bud. Anthers 2-celled, turned inwards, usually with an enlarged connective and opening at the top by 1-2 pores or short slits. Ovary generally inferior or half-inferior. Ovules numerous. Style simple; stigma entire. Seeds exalbuminous.—Genera 33, species 280. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 115.)

1. Ovary 1-celled, inferior. Ovules 6-20, inserted upon a free central placenta.
Fruit a berry. Seed 1, large. Calyx entire or 4-lobed. Petals white or blue. Stamens twice as many as the petals. Anthers short, with a posterior appendage, opening in front by two longitudinal slits. Shrubs or trees. Leaves penninerved or obscurely trinerved. [Subfamily
MEMECYLOIDEAE, tribe MEMECYLEAE.]  2

Ovary completely 2- or more-celled. Ovules numerous, inserted upon axile placentas. Seeds numerous, small. [Subfamily MELASTOMATOIDEAE.]  3

2. Connective of the stamens lengthened at the base. Petals reddish. Flowers in terminal fascicles. Stem and inflorescence bristly.—Species 1. East
Africa.  Warneckea Gilg

Connective of the stamens not lengthened at the base, but spurred at the back. Petals white or blue. Flowers in axillary inflorescences, more rarely in terminal, many-flowered cymes. Stem and inflorescence glabrous.—Species 60. Tropical and South-east Africa. Some species yield timber, dyes, medicaments, and edible fruits.  Memecylon L.

3. Seeds strongly curved or spirally coiled. Fruit usually a membranous,
4-5-valved capsule with a convex, usually bristly summit. Connective of the stamens unappendaged behind, but furnished with two spurs or gibbosities in front, rarely quite unappendaged. Calyx-lobes usually large and alternating with bristles or small teeth. [Tribe
OSBECKIEAE.]  4

Seeds straight or slightly curved, rarely strongly curved, but then fruit bursting irregularly or indehiscent and connective gibbous before and behind. Connective usually appendaged behind, or before and behind.  17

4. Stamens of two kinds, the larger with the connective distinctly lengthened at the base and furnished with two spurs or bosses, the smaller ones with
a not or slightly lengthened connective. Shrubs or trees.  5

Stamens equal in shape, but sometimes unequal in length.  8

5. Connective of the smaller stamens unappendaged, of the larger with two bosses. Calyx-tube glabrous; teeth very short. Fruit with a membranous skin, bursting irregularly. Low shrubs. Flowers in terminal panicles.—Species
2. West Africa.  Dinophora Benth.

Connective of all stamens provided with 2 spurs or bosses. Calyx-tube usually hairy. Fruit with a membranous skin, but dehiscing in 4-5 valves, or with a leathery or fleshy skin.  6

6. Calyx without accessory teeth. Connective of all stamens lengthened
at the base and provided with 2 awns. Fruit 4-5-valved. Rough-hairy shrubs or trees. Flowers in terminal panicles.—Species 20.
Madagascar.  Dichaetanthera Endl.

Calyx with accessory teeth outside the sepals. Connective of the smaller stamens not or scarcely lengthened.  7

7. Fruit bursting irregularly or remaining closed; skin leathery or fleshy.
Flowers 5-7-merous. Shrubs with rough branches and bristly leaves.—Species
1. Seychelles.  Melastoma Burm.

Fruit opening by 4-5 valves; skin membranous or leathery. Ovary adnate to the calyx-tube by 4-5 longitudinal partitions. Flowers 4-5-merous.
Hairy, usually bristly herbs, undershrubs or shrubs.—Species
50. Central and South Africa; one species also naturalized in the
Mascarene Islands. An intoxicating drink is prepared from the roots of some species. (Including Argyrella Naud.) (Plate 115.)  Dissotis Benth.

8. Connective with two spur-like appendages. Ovary half-inferior. Flowers in terminal cymes or panicles.  9

Connective with two bosses or without any appendage.  12

9. Stamens unequal in length. Connective much lengthened at the base.
Flowers 4-merous. Calyx-lobes broadly rounded. Ovary with 4 bristles at the top. Shrubs.—-Species 1. Equatorial West Africa.  Barbeyastrum Cogn.

Stamens equal in length. Connective not or slightly lengthened at the base.  10

10. Connective lengthened at the base. Flowers 4-merous. Calyx-tube pitcher-shaped, glabrous. Calyx-lobes 4, very short. Petals yellow.
Shrubs.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Amphorocalyx Bak.

Connective not or scarcely lengthened at the base. Calyx-tube bell-shaped.
Calyx-lobes rather large. Shrubs with pink petals, or herbs.  11

11. Flowers 4-merous. Calyx without accessory teeth. Shrubs. Leaves
5-11-nerved.—Species 2. Madagascar.  Dionychia Naud.

Flowers 5-merous. Calyx with 5 bristle-like accessory teeth alternating with the sepals. Herbs. Leaves 3-nerved.—Species 4. Madagascar.  Rhodosepala Bak.

12. Calyx with accessory teeth or bristles alternating with the sepals. Stamens equal in length. Ovary with bristles at the top.  13

Calyx without accessory teeth or bristles. Petals red or white. Ovary more or less adnate to the calyx-tube.  15

13. Ovary free. Flowers 4-merous. Calyx-tube glabrous or scantily hairy.
Petals yellow. Connective not lengthened at the base, obscurely tubercled. Erect herbs. Flowers terminal, solitary or ternate.—Species
1. West Africa.  Nerophila Naud.

Ovary more or less adnate to the calyx-tube. Calyx-tube usually hairy.
Petals usually red.  14

14. Anthers smooth, oval-oblong. Connective more or less lengthened and provided with two bosses at the base. Herbs. Flowers in cymes.—Species
2. Tropics. (Under Osbeckia L.)  Antherotoma Hook. fil.

Anthers with a wavy surface, linear, rarely broader, but then connective not distinctly lengthened at the base.—Species 20. Tropical and South-east
Africa. Some species are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.  Osbeckia L.

15. Anthers linear. Connective not or scarcely lengthened at the base, provided with two bosses in front. Stamens usually unequal in length. Calyx-tube bristly. Shrubs.—Species 15. Tropics. Some species yield edible fruits and medicaments.  Tristemma Juss.

Anthers ovoid. Connective lengthened at the base, unappendaged. Stamens equal in length. Ovary glabrous at the top. Herbs. Flowers solitary.  16

16. Flowers 4-merous. Calyx-tube hairy. Ovary inferior. Flowers terminal.—Species
1. West Africa. (Under Guyonia Naud.)  Afzeliella Gilg

Flowers 5-merous. Calyx-tube glabrous. Ovary half-inferior.—Species
2. West Africa.  Guyonia Naud.

17. (3.) Fruit bursting irregularly or remaining closed; skin fleshy or leathery, rarely membranous. Connective furnished with appendages in front and behind, rarely only in front. [Tribe DISSOCHAETEAE.]  18

Fruit opening by 3-6 valves; skin membranous, rarely leathery. Connective usually furnished with appendages only behind.  25

18. Connective with two spurs in front, unappendaged behind. Stamens equal or nearly so.  19

Connective with two spurs or bosses in front and 1-2 behind. Calyx-lobes tooth-shaped, bristle-shaped, or wanting. Flowers in cymes, umbels, or panicles.  20

19. Calyx distinctly 5-lobed. Connective very shortly prolonged at the base.
Fruit a berry. Herbs. Flowers solitary.—Species 1. West Africa
(Cameroons).  Tetraphyllaster Gilg

Calyx obscurely lobed. Connective much prolonged at the base. Fruit a capsule with a membranous skin. Shrubs or trees. Flowers in panicles.—Species
5. West Africa.  Sakersia Hook. fil.

20. Stamens distinctly unequal, the connective of the longer ones lengthened at the base and furnished with 1 spur behind and 2 in front, that of the shorter ones also with one spur behind but none in front. Flowers 5-merous.
Calyx-tube top- or urn-shaped; lobes short, alternating with accessory teeth. Petals red. Ovary adnate up to the middle. Shrubs. Flowers in terminal, few-flowered cymes.—Species 3. West Africa.  Dicellandra Hook. fil.

Stamens equal or nearly so, rarely very unequal, but then the connective of all with 2 appendages in front and usually not lengthened at the base.  21

21. Stamens distinctly unequal. Flowers 4-merous. Calyx-tube constricted above the ovary, saucer-shaped at the top, entire or nearly so. Climbing
shrubs. Lower leaves alternate, upper whorled. Flowers at the base of the stem in many-flowered globose inflorescences, composed of cymes.—Species
1. Equatorial West Africa (Gaboon).  Myrianthemum Gilg

Stamens equal or subequal, rarely (Medinilla) distinctly unequal, but then calyx-tube not much constricted and inflorescence not many-flowered and springing from the base of the stem.  22

22. Connective of the stamens lengthened at the base and furnished with a spur in front and a boss behind. Flowers 5-merous. Ovary wholly adnate. Shrubs. Flowers in terminal, few-flowered cymes.—Species 1.
Equatorial West Africa (Cameroons).  Preussiella Gilg

Connective with 2 spurs or bosses in front and 1-2 behind.  23

23. Stem woody, shrubby. Flowers in cymes or panicles. Ovary adhering to the calyx-tube entirely or by several dissepiments.—Species 25.
Tropics. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.  Medinilla Gaud.

Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Leaves opposite; side-nerves nearly perpendicular to the main nerves. Flowers 5-merous, in terminal umbels or panicles. Connective with 2 bosses in front and one behind.  24

24. Flowers in panicles. Petals subacute. Ovary in its lower half adhering to the calyx-tube by dissepiments. Style without scales at the base.
Fruit bursting irregularly. Seeds curved.—Species 1. Central Africa.  Phaeoneuron Gilg

Flowers in umbels. Petals acuminate. Ovary adhering to the calyx-tube to above the middle. Style surrounded at the base by 5 scales.—Species
1. East Africa.  Orthogoneuron Gilg

25. (17.) Fruit and ovary cylindrical or angled, convex at the top. Stamens equal; connective appendaged behind only, more rarely without any appendage. [Tribe OXYSPOREAE.]  26

Fruit and usually also the ovary angled or winged, broad and flat or concave at the top, rarely (Calvoa) slightly convex, but then the connective appendaged in front or in front and behind. [Tribe SONERILEAE.]  29

26. Stem herbaceous or half-shrubby, erect. Leaves large. Flowers in umbels, large, red, 5-merous. Calyx-tube angled; lobes long. Petals produced into a thread-like point. Connective with a thick spur and two glands. Ovary crowned by 5 scales.—Species 1. East Africa.  Petalonema Gilg

Stem shrubby, more rarely half-shrubby, but then decumbent and bearing small leaves. Flowers in cymes or panicles.  27

27. Stem half-shrubby, decumbent. Connective shortly prolonged at the base, tubercled or obscurely spurred behind.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Phornothamnus Bak.

Stem shrubby. Connective not prolonged.  28

28. Calyx-limb divided into 4 large lobes without accessory teeth. Connective unappendaged. Ovary adhering below to the calyx-tube by several

dissepiments and crowned by 4 bristle-like scales.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Rousseauxia DC.

Calyx-limb entire or sinuate, provided with 5 accessory teeth. Ovary adhering to the calyx-tube all round.—Species 20. Madagascar.  Veprecella Naud.

29. Connective of the stamens appendaged behind only, not or shortly prolonged at the base.  30

Connective of the stamens appendaged in front or also behind, or unappendaged.
Flowers 5-merous.  32

30. Stamens unequal in length. Herbs with a thickened root-stock. Leaves cordate, 9-nerved.—Species 2. Central Africa.  Cincinnobotrys Gilg

Stamens equal in length. Flowers 5-merous.  31

31. Calyx almost entire. Ovary crowned by 5 scales. Erect herbs with glandular hairs. Leaves lanceolate. Flowers in umbels.—Species 1.
East Africa.  Urotheca Gilg

Calyx 5-toothed. Herbs with a very short stem and cymose flowers, or climbing shrubs.—Species 15. Madagascar. Some are used as ornamental plants.  Gravesia Naud.

32. Stamens distinctly unequal; connective of the longer ones lengthened at the base, furnished with 1-2 bosses or spurs in front, spurred or unappendaged behind.—Species 8. West Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants.  Amphiblemma Naud.

Stamens equal or nearly so; connective not or shortly lengthened at the base, usually provided with a scale in front, rarely also with a boss behind.—Species 9. Central Africa.  Calvoa Hook. fil.

FAMILY 182. OENOTHERACEAE

Leaves undivided or pinnately cleft. Flowers solitary or in spikes, heads, racemes, or panicles, 2-6-, rarely 4-merous. Sepals valvate in bud. Petals free, rarely (Ludwigia) absent. Stamens as many or twice as many as the sepals. Anthers opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior or half-inferior, completely or almost completely 2-6-celled. Ovules inverted. Style simple. Seeds exalbuminous.—Genera 10, species 40. (ONAGRACEAE, including HYDROCARYACEAE.) (Plate 116.)

1. Ovary half-inferior, 2-celled, with one pendulous ovule in each cell. Flowers
4-merous. Fruit top-shaped, woody, indehiscent. Floating herbs, with filiform branched side-roots and broad radical leaves.—Species 2. The seeds are edible and are used for preparing meal and medicaments.
“Water Chestnut.” [Tribe TRAPEAE.]  Trapa L.

Ovary inferior, 2-celled with one ascending ovule in each cell, or more frequently 3-6-celled with numerous ovules.  2

2. Flowers 2-merous. Receptacle prolonged above the ovary in the shape of a stalk. Petals white or reddish. Stamens 2. Ovules and seeds
2. Fruit an ovoid nut with a leathery rind, covered with hooked bristles. Herbs. Leaves opposite. Flowers in racemes.—Species 1.
North Africa. [Tribe CIRCAEEAE.]  Circaea L.

Flowers 3-6-merous. Stamens 3-12. Ovules and seeds numerous.
Fruit a capsule or a berry.  3

3. Flowers with bracteoles, regular. Receptacle (calyx-tube) not prolonged beyond the ovary. Calyx persistent. Petals yellow or white, rarely absent. Fruit loculicidal and septicidal. Herbs or undershrubs.
Stipules present, but usually minute and caducous. [Tribe JUSSIEUEAE.]  4

Flowers without bracteoles, 4-merous. Receptacle more or less prolonged above the ovary; if obscurely prolonged, then flowers somewhat irregular with red petals. Calyx deciduous. Stamens 8. Fruit loculicidal or indehiscent.  5

4. Stamens 3-6.—Species 5. (Including Isnardia L.)  Ludwigia L.

Stamens 8-12. Petals 4-6. Epigynous disc pyramidal or cushion-shaped.—Species
10. Some of them are used medicinally and for dyeing. (Plate 116.)  Jussieua L.

5. Stem woody. Leaves stipulate. Flowers regular. Calyx coloured, with
a long tube. Petals red or violet. Stamens unequal. Fruit a berry.—Species
1. Naturalized in some tropical countries. An ornamental plant. [Tribe FUCHSIEAE.]  Fuchsia L.

Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Leaves exstipulate. Fruit
a capsule.  6

6. Calyx-tube short, bell-shaped. Petals usually red. Stamens unequal in length. Fruit linear with a membranous rind. Seeds with a tuft of hairs. [Tribe EPILOBIEAE.]  7

Calyx-tube long, funnel-shaped or cylindrical. Calyx-lobes reflexed.
Flowers regular. Petals usually yellow. Stamens subequal. Stigma
4-partite. Seeds without a tuft of hairs. [Tribe OENOTHEREAE.]  8

7. Flowers somewhat irregular, large. Calyx-tube scarcely prolonged beyond the ovary. Petals red, spreading. Stamens in one row, bent down, broadened at the base. Style bent down, hairy at the base. Stigma
4-partite.—Species 1. Canary Islands. Yields tea and medicaments, and serves as a vegetable and as an ornamental plant. (Under Epilobium
L.)  Chamaenerium Spach

Flowers regular, usually small. Calyx-tube shortly bell-shaped above the ovary. Stamens in two rows, erect. Style erect, glabrous.—Species
15. Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.
“Willow-herb.”  Epilobium L.

8. Calyx-tube funnel-shaped, rather short (as long as or shorter than the lobes).
Petals red or white. Fruit club-shaped, stalked, keeled at the angles, with a more or less woody rind. Seeds with an elongated funicle. Leaves pinnatifid.—Species 2. Naturalized in North and South Africa.
Ornamental plants. (Under Oenothera L.)  Xylopleurum Spach
Calyx-tube cylindrical, long. Petals yellow. Fruit obscurely angled, with a more or less membranous or leathery rind.  9

9. Seeds horizontal, sharply angled, with a thick coat. Leaves dentate.—Species
2. Naturalized in North and South Africa. Ornamental plants; one species (O. biennis Scop.) has edible roots. (Under Oenothera L.)  Onagra Tourn.

Seeds ascending, rounded, egg-shaped, with an appendage at the top.
Leaves sinuate-dentate or pinnatifid.—Species 2. Naturalized in North and South Africa and some tropical islands. Ornamental plants.
“Evening primrose.”  Oenothera Spach

SUBORDER HALORRHAGINEAE

FAMILY 183. HALORRHAGACEAE

Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves undivided, lobed, or pinnately divided, without stipules. Flowers solitary or in fascicles spikes or panicles, small, regular, 2-4-merous. Petals free or in the female flowers wanting. Stamens 1-8. Anthers attached by the base, opening laterally by two longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior, 1-celled with a single ovule or with 4 ovules, or 4-celled with one-ovuled cells. Ovules pendulous, inverted. Styles or sessile stigmas 2 or 4. Fruit a nut, drupe, or schizocarp. Seeds albuminous; embryo straight.—Genera 3, species 15. (Plate 117.)

1. Ovary 1-celled with a single ovule. Styles or sessile stigmas 2. Sepals 2.
Petals 1-2, or more frequently wanting. Stamens 1-2. Fruit a drupe. Seed with a very short embryo. Terrestrial plants. Leaves radical, kidney-shaped, crenate. Flowers in spikes or panicles.—Species
1. East and South Africa and Madagascar. Used medicinally.
[Subfamily GUNNEROIDEAE.]  Gunnera L.

Ovary 1-celled with 4 ovules, or 4-celled. Styles or sessile stigmas 4. Sepals
4, sometimes scarcely perceptible in the female flowers. Petals 4 or in the female flowers absent. Stamens 2-8. Seeds with a long embryo.
[Subfamily HALORRHAGOIDEAE.]  2

2. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes incompletely 4-celled. Stamens 4. Fruit one-seeded, dry and indehiscent. Terrestrial plants. Leaves undivided.
Flowers in axillary clusters.—Species 9. (Serpicula L.) (Plate 117.)
[Tribe HALORRHAGEAE.]  Laurembergia Berg

Ovary 4-celled. Fruit 2-4-seeded, usually separating into mericarps.
Aquatic plants. Leaves usually pinnately divided. Flowers solitary and axillary or in terminal spikes.—Species 5. North, South, and
East Africa and Madagascar. [Tribe MYRIOPHYLLEAE.]  Myriophyllum L.

SUBORDER CYNOMORIINEAE

FAMILY 184. CYNOMORIACEAE

Reddish-brown, fleshy herbs, parasitic upon roots. Leaves scale-like. Flowers in terminal spadices, polygamous. Perianth of 1-5 narrow segments. Stamen 1. Anther versatile, turned inwards, 2-celled. Ovary inferior, 1-celled. Ovule 1, pendulous, almost straight. Style simple; stigma entire. Fruit a nut. Seed albuminous; embryo small, without cotyledons.

Genus 1, species 1. North Africa. Used medicinally. Cynomorium Mich.

ORDER UMBELLIFLORAE

FAMILY 185. ARALIACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves usually stipulate. Inflorescence composed of umbels, racemes, heads, or spikes. Flowers 4-16-merous. Calyx entire or shortly toothed, imbricate or open in bud. Petals free, valvate in bud, or united into a cap. Stamens as many as petals or more. Anthers versatile, opening by two longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior or half-inferior, crowned by a disc (stylopod), 2-or more-celled, rarely (Polyscias) 1-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, pendulous, inverted, with ventral raphe. Fruit indehiscent. Seeds albuminous.—Genera 8, species 75. (Plate 118.)

1. Stem climbing by means of small aerial roots. Leaves entire or lobed, without stipules. Flowers in umbels, 5-merous; pedicels not jointed.
Stamens 5. Ovary 5-celled; style simple. Fruit a berry; endocarp membranous. Seeds with ruminate albumen.—Species 1 (H. Helix L., ivy). North Africa. Used as ornamental and medicinal plants; the fruits are poisonous.  Hedera L.

Stem without adhesive roots. Leaves pinnate or digitate, rarely undivided or lobed, but then ovary 2-4-celled and style 2-4-parted. Fruit a drupe or a nut; endocarp leathery, crustaceous, cartilaginous, or bony.  2

2. Leaves undivided, lobed, or digitate. Stipules usually distinctly developed.
Pedicels not jointed.  3

Leaves pinnate. Stipules indistinctly developed or wanting. Seeds with uniform albumen.  5

3. Ovary 2-, rarely 3-4-celled. Styles short, free or united below. Stylopod convex or conical. Petals 5, free. Stamens 5. Endocarp crustaceous.
Albumen usually ruminate. Flowers in spikes or racemes, rarely in umbels.—Species 25. Tropical and South Africa. (Including Seemannaralia
Viguier). (Plate 118.)  Cussonia Thunb.

Ovary 5-15-celled. Petals 5-15, usually united in the shape of a cap.
Albumen uniform. Flowers in umbels or heads, rarely in racemes.
Leaves digitate.  4

4. Stamens as many as the petals.—Species 13. Tropics. (Including
Astropanax Seem., Heptapleurum Gaertn., and Sciadophyllum P. Browne)  Schefflera Forst.

Stamens twice as many as the petals. Petals 5, cohering in the shape of a cap. Ovary 8-10-celled. Flowers in spicately arranged heads.—Species
1. Seychelles.  Geopanax Hemsl.

5. Flowers in umbels or racemes with jointed pedicels, very rarely in spikes or heads. Ovary-cells and styles or style-branches 1-10. Stamens as many as the petals.  6

Flowers in umbels; pedicels not jointed. Ovary-cells and styles or style-branches 10-15. Leaves unequally pinnate with entire leaflets.  7

6. Styles present, usually free and filiform. Seeds smooth or folded on the surface.—Species 30. Tropics. (Including Cuphocarpus Decne. et
Planch. and Tieghemopanax Viguier, under Panax L.)  Polyscias Forst.

Styles absent; stigmas 2, seated upon the conical stylopod. Ovary 2-celled.
Pericarp with 8 oil-channels. Seeds 4-lobed. Trees. Leaves unequally pinnate with entire leaflets. Flowers in panicled umbels.—Species
1. Madagascar. (Under Panax L.)  Sciadopanax Seem.

7. Petals free or cohering at the tip. Stamens as many as the petals, 10-15; filaments flattened. Styles awl-shaped. Trees.—Species 4. Madagascar and the neighbouring islands.  Gastonia Comm.

Petals united throughout their whole length. Stamens numerous; filaments awl-shaped. Style none; stigma 2-cleft. Shrubs.—Species 1.
Seychelles.  Indokingia Hemsl.

FAMILY 186. UMBELLIFERAE

Mostly herbs with a jointed stem. Leaves alternate, rarely (Drusa) opposite, usually dissected and with a sheathing stalk. Flowers in umbels or heads, rarely in spikes or in racemed false-whorls, regular or the outermost flowers, of the inflorescence somewhat irregular, usually hermaphrodite. Calyx-limb usually faintly developed or wanting. Petals 5, free, usually bent inwards at the tip and therefore apparently notched or 2-lobed, valvate or slightly imbricate in bud. Stamens 5, alternating with the petals. Ovary inferior, 2-celled, rarely one cell only fertile, very rarely ovary 3-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, pendulous, inverted, with ventral raphe. Styles 2, free, arising from a more or less distinctly 2-lobed disc (stylopod), rarely (Lagoecia) style simple. Fruit dry, usually separating into 2 mericarps attached to the 2-parted, more rarely 2-cleft, simple, or obsolete carpophore. Pericarp ribbed and usually traversed by oil-channels commonly situated in the furrows between the primary ribs which as a rule enclose vascular bundles. Seeds with an adnate testa, a horny albumen, and a small embryo with flat cotyledons.—Genera 92, species 410. (APIACEAE.) (Plate 119.)

1. Fruit with a woody rind, without a free carpophore. Oil-channels wanting, more rarely small and situated beneath the primary ribs. Seeds rather flat on the inner face. Petals straight, rarely bent inwards at the point and thread-shaped. Flowers in solitary or fascicled simple umbels or in racemed false-whorls, rarely (Hermas) in compound umbels. Leaves undivided,
lobed, or 3-parted. [Subfamily HYDROCOTYLOIDEAE.]  2
Fruit with a membranous or leathery rind, rarely (tribe Coriandreae) with
a woody one, but then oil-channels situated on the inner surface of the mericarps and seeds deeply grooved on this side. Flowers usually in compound umbels.  6

2. Fruit much compressed laterally, with a very narrow commissure and a much projecting dorsal angle. Oil-channels very narrow or wanting.
Calyx-limb indistinct or shortly toothed. Petals with a straight point.
[Tribe HYDROCOTYLEAE.]  3

Fruit compressed from front to back, with a broad commissure. [Tribe
MULINEAE.]  4

3. Mericarps with 5 ribs, the marginal ones contiguous. Flowers hermaphrodite.
Petals valvate in bud. Leaves roundish, stipulate.—Species
15. Some are used medicinally.  Hydrocotyle L.

Mericarps with 7-9 ribs connected by a network of veins, the marginal ribs divergent. Flowers polygamous. Petals imbricate in bud. Leaves exstipulate.—Species 20. Southern and tropical Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Under Hydrocotyle L.)  Centella L.

4. Fruit slightly compressed, not winged, with faint ribs. Oil-channels more or less obvious. Calyx-teeth narrow. Petals elliptical or lanceolate, with a straight point. Herbs forming cushion-shaped tufts. Leaves
3-cleft or 3-parted, alternate. Flowers in terminal simple umbels.—Species
1. Island of Kerguelen.  Azorella Lam.

Fruit much compressed, winged. Oil-channels obscure or absent. Calyx-teeth large or wanting. Leaves undivided or lobed.  5

5. Wings of the fruit arising from the marginal ribs and covered with barbed prickles. Seeds not furrowed. Flowers hermaphrodite. Calyx-lobes wanting. Petals elliptical, with a straight point. Flowers in simple umbels arising at the forks of the stem. Leaves usually opposite, clothed with barbed bristles.—Species 1. Canary Islands. (Under
Bowlesia Ruiz et Pav.)  Drusa DC.

Wings of the fruit arising from the intermedial ribs. Fruit netted or wrinkled on the back. Seeds angular-furrowed. Flowers polygamous.
Calyx-lobes broad-lanceolate, petal-like in the male flowers. Petals awl-shaped, with the point bent inwards. Flowers in compound umbels.
Leaves alternate, tomentose beneath.—Species 5. South Africa
(Cape Colony).  Hermas L.

6. (1.) Styles 2, surrounded by a ring-shaped disc, filiform and rather long, rarely a single style. Fruit covered with scales, prickles, or tubercles.
Carpophore adnate or wanting. Oil-channels under the primary ribs, scattered, or wanting (none in the furrows). Calyx-lobes large. Petals with the point bent inwards. Flowers in umbels heads or spikes, which are simple or arranged in heads or cymes. [Subfamily SANICULOIDEAE.]  7

Styles 2, arising from the top of a more or less elevated disc (stylopod).
Carpophore usually free. Oil-channels in general only in the furrows of the fruit. Flowers nearly always in compound umbels. [Subfamily
APIOIDEAE.]  11

7. Ovary with 1 perfect and 1 imperfect cell, the latter empty or containing a rudimentary ovule; in the latter case flowers dioecious and fruit with faint secondary ribs and without oil-channels. Oil-channels indistinct or wanting; in the former case style single. [Tribe LAGOECIEAE.]  8

Ovary with 2 perfect cells and ovules. Styles 2. Flowers hermaphrodite or monoecious-polygamous. [Tribe SANICULEAE.]  9

8. Style 1. Oil-channels present. Flowers hermaphrodite, in simple umbels with pinnately divided involucral bracts. Leaves pinnatipartite.—Species
1. North-east Africa (Cyrenaica).  Lagoecia L.

Styles 2. Oil-channels absent. Flowers dioecious, in compound umbels or in umbels arranged in heads, with undivided involucral bracts. Leaves lobed.—Species 3. South Africa (Cape Colony). Used medicinally.  Arctopus L.

9. Flowers polygamous, in umbels arranged in cymes. Ovary and fruit clothed with hooked prickles. Fruit more or less globose, without distinct ribs, but with many large and small oil-channels.—Species 2.
North and South Africa and mountains of the tropics. Used medicinally.  Sanicula L.

Flowers hermaphrodite, in heads or spikes. Ovary and fruit clothed with scales or tubercles. Fruit ovoid, with several large and many small oil-channels or without distinct oil-channels.  10

10. Flowers in few-flowered heads with a 2-ranked involucre of usually 10 bracts, without bracteoles beneath the single flowers. Calyx-limb membranous. Fruit with thick and warty primary ribs. Oil-channels indistinct. Leaves undivided.—Species 8. South and Central Africa.  Alepidea Laroch.

Flowers in many-flowered heads or spikes with an involucre of several or many, usually prickly bracts, and with a bracteole under each flower.
Calyx-teeth stiff. Fruit without distinct ribs, scaly.—Species 15.
North and Central Africa. Some are used as vegetables or in medicine.  Eryngium L.

11. (6.) Secondary ribs between the primary ribs of the fruit distinctly developed, similar to, or larger than the primary ribs, more or less distinctly winged or beset with rows of prickles.  12

Secondary ribs slightly prominent or wanting.  23

12. Secondary ribs, at least some of them, winged and unarmed. [Tribe
LASERPITIEAE.]  13

Secondary ribs not distinctly winged, but beset with prickles, more rarely with bristles or tubercles.  17

13. Fruit much compressed from front to back. Seeds flat or nearly so on the inner face. [Subtribe THAPSIINAE.]  14

Fruit scarcely or not at all compressed, broadly winged, glabrous. Oil-channels also under the primary ribs. Seeds deeply grooved on the
inner face. [Subtribe ELAEOSELINAE.]  16

14. Secondary ribs with a narrow or indistinct wing. Oil-channels only under the secondary ribs, narrow. Petals white, slightly notched.—Species 3.
Cape Verde Islands. Used medicinally.  Tornabenea Parl.

Secondary ribs with a broad wing. Petals entire.  15

15. Primary ribs very prominent. Oil-channels also under the primary ribs.
Petals white or reddish.—Species 2. Island of Madeira. The roots are edible. (Including Monizia Lowe, under Thapsia L.)  Melanoselinum Hoffm.

Primary ribs slightly prominent. Oil-channels only under the secondary ribs. Petals yellow.—Species 3. North Africa. Used medicinally.  Thapsia L.

16. Fruit with 4 wings, contracted at the commissure. Oil-channels distant.
Petals narrow, yellow.—Species 5. North Africa. Used medicinally.  Elaeoselinum Koch

Fruit with 8 wings and a broad commissure. Oil-channels nearly contiguous.
Petals broad, white,.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria).
(Under Elaeoselinum Koch)  Margotia Boiss.

17. (12.) Albumen deeply grooved on the inner face of the seeds. [Tribe
SCANDICINEAE, subtribe CAUCALINAE.]  18

Albumen slightly grooved or flat on the inner face of the seeds.  21

18. Albumen rolled in at the edge. Commissure narrowed. Primary ribs prickly. Secondary ribs with 1-3 rows of prickles. Oil-channels obvious. Umbels of 2-6 rays.—Species 5. North Africa and mountains of the tropics. Used medicinally. (Including Turgenia Hoffm.)  Caucalis L.

Albumen flat at the edge.  19

19. Fruit with a broad commissure (plane of junction of the mericarps). Primary ribs covered with short bristles. Secondary ribs with 2-3 rows of prickles. Oil-channels large. Umbels of 5-8 rays.—Species 1.
North Africa. (Under Daucus L.)  Orlaya Hoffm.

Fruit with a narrow commissure.  20

20. Secondary ribs prominent, rounded, warty. Oil-channels obscure. Umbels of many rays.—Species 2. North-west Africa.  Ammiopsis Boiss.

Secondary ribs scarcely prominent, prickly. Primary ribs ciliate. Oil-channels large. Umbels of 6-12 rays.—Species 9. North and South
Africa and mountains of Central Africa. (Under Caucalis L.)  Torilis Adans.

21. Fruit somewhat flattened laterally and narrowed at the commissure.
Secondary ribs clothed with bristles. Seeds slightly grooved on the inner face. Calyx-teeth long, awl-shaped, unequal. Petals oblong, white or pink. Umbels of 3-5 rays.—Species 1 (C. Cyminum L.).
North Africa, also cultivated in East Africa. The fruits serve as a condiment and a medicament.  Cuminum L.

Fruit flattened from front to back. Calyx-teeth short. [Tribe
DAUCEAE.]  22

22. Secondary ribs clothed with white bristles. Primary ribs nearly glabrous.
Petals white. Umbels opposite to the leaves, with 2-4 rays.—Species
1. North Africa. The fruits serve as a condiment. (Under Daucus L.)  Ammodaucus Coss. & Dur.

Secondary ribs beset with one row of long prickles. Primary ribs clothed with short bristles.—Species 20. North Africa to Abyssinia; one species naturalized in Tropical and South Africa. Some species (especially
D. Carota L., carrot) yield vegetables, gum-resin, and medicaments.  Daucus L.

23. (11.) Seeds very concave or marked with a deep furrow on the inner face.  24

Seeds flat, slightly concave, or somewhat convex on the inner face.  44

24. Flowers polygamous, the sessile hermaphrodite ones surrounded each by several stalked males. Petals white. Style long. Fruit nearly always one-seeded. Ribs indistinct. Albumen rolled in at the edge. [Tribe
ECHINOPHOREAE.]  25

Flowers of the primary umbels polygamous, but irregularly arranged, or hermaphrodite. Fruit nearly always 2-seeded.  26

25. Ovary of the hermaphrodite flower adnate to the pedicels of the male, which subsequently form a woody cup around the fruit. Oil-channels solitary in each furrow.—Species 1. North Africa. The root is edible.  Echinophora L.

Ovary of the hermaphrodite flower not adnate to the pedicels of the male; no cup around the fruit. Oil-channels 2-3 in each furrow.—Species 1.
Abyssinia.  Pycnocycla Lindl.

26. Leaves undivided, entire. Calyx not toothed. Petals yellow or yellowish-green.
Fruit laterally compressed.—Species 25. North and South
Africa. Some are used medicinally.  Bupleurum Tourn.

Leaves, at least the lower ones, dissected.  27

27. Fruit linear or oblong. [Tribe SCANDICINEAE, subtribe SCANDICINAE.]  28

Fruit ovoid, globose, or biglobose.  35

28. Fruit beaked. Oil-channels very narrow, situated in the furrows and under the primary ribs.  29

Fruit not beaked. Oil-channels usually broad. Petals bent inwards and notched at the tip.  31

29. Fruit with a long beak. Ribs obtuse. Calyx not toothed. Petals entire and not or shortly bent inwards at the tip. Umbels of few rays.—Species
3. North Africa. Used medicinally.  Scandix L.

Fruit with a short beak.  30

30. Fruit cylindrical, broadened at the base, without ribs in the lower part.
Calyx not toothed. Petals narrow, entire and not or shortly bent inwards at the tip.—Species 3. North and East Africa. One of them, the chervil (A. Cerefolium Hoffm.) is grown as a pot-herb and also used
medicinally.  Anthriscus Hoffm.

Fruit oblong, hispid, with broad and obtuse ribs. Calyx toothed. Petals broad, bent inwards and notched at the tip. Involucral bracts numerous.—Species
2. North-west Africa. (Under Athamantha L.)  Tinguarra Parl.

31. Fruit without distinct ribs, oblong, somewhat flattened from front to back, clothed with long hairs. Oil-channels solitary in the furrows, narrow; besides two larger ones at the commissure. Calyx-teeth awl-shaped.
Petals minute, white.—Species 1. North-west Africa. (Under
Caucalis L.)  Chaetosciadium Boiss.

Fruit with distinct ribs. Calyx-teeth wanting.  32

32. Fruit with thread- or keel-shaped ribs. Oil-channels thin or rather thin.
Root tuberous.  33

Fruit with broad and rounded, roll-shaped ribs. Oil-channels large, solitary in the furrows. Root not tuberous.  34

33. Leaf-segments linear. Umbels of 10-20 rays. Involucre reduced to a single bract or wanting. Involucels of many bractlets. Oil-channels numerous.—Species 1. North-west Africa. (Geocaryum Coss. et
Dur., under Chaerophyllum L.)  Conopodium Koch

Leaf-segments lanceolate or ovate. Umbels of 5-10 rays. Involucre and involucels of 1-4 bracts.—Species 1. North-west Africa. (Including
Balansaea Boiss. et Reut., under Chaerophyllum L. or Bunium
Koch).  Biasolettia Koch

34. Fruit conical, clothed with bristles or short prickles. Umbels few-flowered.—Species
1. North-west Africa. (Under Chaerophyllum L.)  Physocaulis Tausch.

Fruit cylindrical, glabrous.—Species 3. North Africa. One species is poisonous.  Chaerophyllum L.

35. (27.) Pericarp woody. Ribs slightly prominent or obscure. Oil-channels only at the commissure. [Tribe CORIANDREAE.]  36

Pericarp not woody. Oil-channels also on the back of the fruit, or all indistinct. [Tribe SMYRNIEAE.]  37

36. Fruit biglobose, much broader than long, wrinkled, without distinct ribs.
Commissure small, perforated. Mericarps separating when ripe. Calyx not toothed.—Species 2. North Africa. The fruits serve as a condiment.  Bifora Hoffm.

Fruit ovoid or globose, not broader than long, with wavy ribs. Commissure large, not perforated. Mericarps not separating. Calyx toothed.—Species
1 (C. sativum L.). North Africa, also cultivated and naturalized in Central Africa. The fruits are used as a condiment and for preparing an aromatic oil.  Coriandrum L.

37. Pericarp much thickened; corky, spongy, or blistery. Ribs broad, more or less roll-shaped, sometimes confluent.  38

Pericarp not much thickened. Ribs narrow, thread-shaped, sometimes obscure. Fruit laterally compressed, with a narrow commissure, more
or less biglobose.  41

38. Ribs of the fruit confluent; furrows hardly perceptible. Fruit ovoid, glabrous or hairy. Oil-channels numerous. Albumen rolled inwards.
Calyx not toothed. Petals yellow. Leaf-segments linear.—Species 3.
North-west Africa.  Cachrys L.

Ribs of the fruit separated; furrows distinctly visible. Calyx toothed.  39

39. Ribs of the fruit broad and rounded, roll-shaped; furrows very narrow, each with several oil-channels. Fruit slightly or not compressed, hairy. Albumen curved. Petals white. Leaf-segments broad.—Species
2. North-west Africa.  Magydaris Koch

Ribs of the fruit slender, more or less thread-shaped; furrows not very narrow. Albumen rolled inwards. Leaf-segments narrow.  40

40. Fruit covered with blisters, broad-cordate, laterally much compressed. Oil-channels
1-3 to each furrow. Seeds loosely enclosed by the pericarp.
Petals white. Leaf-segments oblong.—Species 1. East Africa.  Trachydium Link

Fruit smooth or covered with tubercles or hairs. Oil-channels numerous.
Petals yellow. Leaf-segments linear.—Species 3. North-west Africa.
Used medicinally.  Hippomarathrum Lindl.

41. Oil-channels replaced by a continuous oil-layer. Fruit ovoid. Pericarp thick. Ribs thick, wavy or crenate. Albumen curved. Calyx not toothed. Petals white, shortly inflexed.—Species 2. North Africa,
Abyssinia, and South Africa. Poisonous and used medicinally. “Hemlock.”  Conium L.

Oil-channels separated. Fruit cordate. Pericarp thin. Ribs thin.
Petals long inflexed.  42

42. Oil-channels solitary in the furrows. Albumen curved. Calyx toothed.
Petals white.—Species 1. North Africa.  Physospermum Cuss.

Oil-channels 2 or more in each furrow. Root tuberous.  43

43. Oil-channels 2-3 in each furrow. Albumen curved. Calyx not toothed.
Petals white. Involucre wanting.—Species 1. North-east Africa
(Cyrenaica). (Under Conopodium Koch).  Scaligeria DC.

Oil-channels numerous. Albumen rolled inwards. Petals yellow.—Species
2. North Africa. They yield vegetables and medicaments.  Smyrnium L.

44. (23.) Marginal ribs of the mericarps much more prominent than the dorsal and more or less distinctly winged. Mericarps and seeds much compressed from front to back. [Tribe PEUCEDANEAE.]  45

Marginal ribs of the mericarps similar to the dorsal. Mericarps and seeds slightly or not compressed. [Tribe AMMINEAE.]  57

45. Nerves (vascular bundles) of the marginal ribs next to the edge of the mericarps, distant from the seed.  46

Nerves of the marginal ribs situated at their base near the seed.  52

46. Marginal wings of the mericarps much thickened at the edge.  47

Marginal wings of the mericarps slightly or not thickened at the edge or
not distinctly developed.  50

47. Mericarps without dorsal ribs. Oil-channels only in the marginal ribs.
Petals white.—Species 1. South Africa. (Pappea Sond. & Harv.)  Choritaenia Benth. & Hook.

Mericarps with filiform dorsal ribs. Oil-channels also on the back of the mericarps.  48

48. Thickened margin of the mericarps gibbous. Oil-channels very thin.
Calyx toothed. Petals white, 2-cleft.—Species 2. North Africa.
They yield vegetables and medicaments.  Tordylium L.

Thickened margin of the mericarps slightly uneven. Oil-channels distinctly developed.  49

49. Marginal wings of the mericarps traversed lengthwise by a broad oil-channel.
Petals yellow, turned or rolled inwards at the top.—Species 7.
East and North Africa.  Malabaila Hoffm.

Marginal wings of the mericarps not traversed by an oil-channel. Petals white, hairy.—Species 1. North-east Africa (Egypt). (Under Heracleum
L.)  Zozimia Hoffm.

50. Oil-channels not extending to the base of the mericarps, usually ending at the middle in a club-shaped swelling, solitary in the furrows. Dorsal ribs slightly prominent. Marginal wings membranous. Calyx toothed.
Petals deeply emarginate, usually white. Involucels of many bractlets.—Species
2. North Africa and Abyssinia. They yield edible roots, fodder, and medicaments.  Heracleum L.

Oil-channels, at least some of them, extending to the base of the fruit.
Calyx rarely toothed. Petals slightly or not emarginate, yellow greenish or reddish.  51

51. Leaves once pinnatisect. Flowers mostly hermaphrodite, only those of the uppermost lateral umbels male. Petals broad, much rolled in.
Marginal wings of the mericarps membranous. Oil-channels solitary in the furrows, rarely in pairs.—Species 2. One growing wild in South
Africa, the other cultivated in North Africa. Root edible. “Parsnip.”
(Under Peucedanum L.)  Pastinaca L.

Leaves repeatedly pinnatisect. Flowers polygamous, those of the lateral umbels male. Petals narrow, shortly bent inwards. Disc broad.
Marginal wings of the mericarps thickish or indistinct.—Species 10.
North and East Africa. Several species yield a gum-resin (African ammoniacum) used industrially and medicinally, others serve as vegetables or as ornamental plants.  Ferula L.

52. (45.) Dorsal ribs of the mericarps very prominent. Marginal ribs more or less thickened. Oil-channels solitary in each rib and solitary or wanting in the furrows. Umbels opposite to the leaves, of few rays. Petals white.—Species 4. North and South Africa. Some have edible roots.
(Krubera Hoffm., including Sclerosciadium Koch).  Capnophyllum Gaertn.

Dorsal ribs of the mericarps slightly prominent, more or less filiform.  53

53. Marginal ribs of the mericarps thickened, corky. Oil-channels solitary in the furrows. Calyx toothed.  54

Marginal ribs of the mericarps not thickened, closely contiguous.  55

54. Petals yellow. Leaf-segments broad.—Species 1. Canary Islands.  Astydamia DC.

Petals white. Leaf-segments narrow.—Species 1. Egypt.  Ducrosia Boiss.

55. Oil-channels numerous. Marginal wings thick. Disc broad. Petals yellow, not or shortly bent inwards. Flowers polygamous, in the lateral umbels male.—Species 1. North Africa. (Under Ferula L.)  Ferulago Koch

Oil-channels 1-3 in each furrow. Petals much bent or rolled inwards.
Flowers mostly hermaphrodite, only those of the uppermost lateral umbels sometimes male.  56

56. Fruit moderately compressed, with a narrow marginal wing. Oil-channels solitary in the furrows. Calyx not toothed. Petals broad and rolled inwards at the tip, yellow. Umbels without an involucre.—Species 1.
(A. graveolens L., dill). North Africa, also cultivated and naturalized in
Central and South Africa. Used as a pot-herb. (Under Peucedanum
L.)  Anethum Tourn.

Fruit much compressed, with a membranous, usually broad marginal wing.
Petals narrowed and much bent inwards at the tip.—Species 50. Some of them have edible roots or are used in medicine. (Including Bubon L.,
Imperatoria Tourn., and Lefeburia A. Rich.)  Peucedanum L.

57. (44.) Fruit compressed from front to back or not compressed; commissure
(plane of junction of the mericarps) broad. Ribs usually prominent: wing-like, keeled, or broad, more rarely filiform. [Subtribe
SESELINAE.]  58

Fruit compressed laterally; commissure more or less narrowed. Ribs usually slender, filiform, rarely keel- or wing-like. [Subtribe
CARINAE.]  73

58. Ribs of the fruit very prominent, keel- or wing-like.  59

Ribs of the fruit slightly prominent, filiform or broad.  69

59. Ribs wing-like.  60

Ribs keel- or ridge-like.  62

60. Oil-channels numerous. Leaves 2-5 times pinnately dissected.—Species
1. North Africa. “Lovage.” (Under Meum Jacq.)  Ligusticum L.

Oil-channels solitary in the furrows.  61

61. Marginal wings of the fruit thin. Dorsal wings either corky or partly wing-like, partly filiform. Mericarps usually unequal. Calyx toothed.—Species
10. South Africa. Some of them have edible roots. (Including
Stenosemis E. Mey.) (Plate 119.)  Annesorrhiza Cham. & Schlechtd.

Marginal wings of the fruit thick. All wings equal, membranous or spongy.
Mericarps equal. Leaves 2-3 times pinnately dissected.—Species 2.
South Africa. (Under Selinum L.)  Cnidium Cuss.

62. Oil-channels numerous, crowded around the seed. Pericarp thickened, spongy. Fruit egg-shaped. Calyx toothed. Petals narrowed and rolled in at the tip, white. Undershrubs. Leaves fleshy, with narrow segments. Involucre and involucels of many bracts.—Species 1.
North Africa. Used as a pot-herb. “Samphire.”  Crithmum Tourn.

Oil-channels solitary in the furrows, rarely (Seseli) accompanied by a second channel in each furrow or one under each rib.  63

63. Calyx toothed. Petals white or reddish. Involucel present.  64

Calyx not toothed.  67

64. Stem woody, shrubby. Petals elliptical, entire, with an inflexed point.
Fruit oblong, not compressed, glabrous. Disc depressed. Leaves once or twice dissected.—Species 2. South Africa.  Polemannia Eckl. & Zeyh.

Stem herbaceous.  65

65. Petals lanceolate or elliptical. Disc biglobose. Fruit narrowly bottle-shaped, compressed from front to back, hairy. Involucre present.
Leaves thrice dissected.—Species 2. Canary Islands.  Todaroa Parl.

Petals broad-cordate. Disc conical or flattened. Fruit oblong or oval.  66

66. Seeds concave on the inner face. Fruit cylindrical, with warty or bristly ribs. Oil-channels solitary in the furrows. Disc conical. Styles long, with broad stigmas. Flowers hispid. Involucre present. Leaves twice pinnatisect, with broad leathery segments.—Species 3. Central
Africa.  Physotrichia Hiern

Seeds flat on the inner face. Leaves, as a rule, repeatedly pinnatisect and with narrow segments.—Species 7. North and South Africa. Some are used in medicine. (Including Libanotis Crantz).  Seseli L.

67. Involucels and involucre wanting. Petals yellow. Disc conical. Pericarp not essentially thickened. Leaves with linear segments.—Species 2.
North Africa and Abyssinia, one species also naturalized in other regions.
They yield vegetables, condiments, perfumes, and medicaments, and serve also as ornamental plants. “Fennel”.  Foeniculum L.

Involucels of a few bracts. Petals white or greenish-white. Pericarp thickened. Leaves with oblong, lanceolate, or elliptical segments.  68

68. Involucre of a few bracts. Petals oblong, greenish-white. Disc conical.
Fruit oblong; furrows narrow.—Species 1. Madagascar. Used medicinally.  Phellolophium Bak.

Involucre absent. Petals obovate, white. Disc flattened. Fruit ovoid; furrows broad.—Species 1. North-west Africa. Poisonous and used medicinally. “Fools parsley.”  Aethusa L.

69. (58.) Ribs of the fruit broad and rounded. Carpophore none. Oil-channels solitary in the furrows. Calyx-teeth large. Petals obovate, white. Involucels of many bracts.—Species 10. North and South
Africa. Some are poisonous or used in medicine.  Oenanthe L.

Ribs of the fruit slender, filiform. Carpophore present.  70

70. Oil-channels numerous, scattered. Fruit linear-oblong. Pericarp not considerably thickened. Seeds somewhat grooved on the inner face.
Calyx-teeth short. Petals yellow. Involucre and involucels of many bracts. Leaves with broad segments.—Species 1. North Africa.
(Brignolia Bertol.)  Kundmannia Scop.

Oil-channels solitary in the furrows, more rarely accompanied by a second in each furrow or one under each rib. Petals white or reddish.  71

71. Seeds flat on the inner face. Calyx toothed. Petals broad-cordate.
Disc depressed. (See 66.)  Seseli L.

Seeds grooved on the inner face. Fruit oblong, hairy. Disc conical. Involucre present. Leaves thrice dissected.  72

72. Oil-channels in the furrows and under the ribs of the fruit. Seeds with a keel in the middle of the groove on the inner face. Calyx toothed.—Species
4. North Africa. Used medicinally.  Athamanta L.

Oil-channels only in the furrows. Calyx not toothed. Rays of the umbels thickened.—Species 2. East Africa.  Diplolophium Turcz.

73. (57.) Leaves undivided, entire, rarely (Heteromorpha) toothed to dissected, and then some ribs of the fruit wing-like.  74

Leaves, at least some of them, toothed to dissected. Ribs of the fruit filiform, rarely keeled but not wing-like.  77

74. Flowers in heads. Calyx toothed. Petals greenish-white. Carpophore none; mericarps closely cohering. Ribs thickened, corky. Oil-channels solitary in each furrow, faint or obscure.—Species 2. North-west
Africa.  Hohenackeria Fisch. & Mey.

Flowers in compound umbels. Petals yellow or yellowish-green. Carpophore free.  75

75. Calyx toothed. Mericarps unequal, one 2-winged, the other 3-winged.
Oil-channels solitary in the furrows. Shrubs or trees.—Species 3.
Central and South Africa. (Franchetella O. Ktze.).  Heteromorpha Cham. et Schlechtd.

Calyx not toothed. Mericarps and ribs equal.  76

76. Petals much inflexed and 2-lobed at the tip. Disc conical, crenate. Fruit oblong, with thick and very prominent ribs. Oil-channels solitary in each furrow. Undershrubs. Leaves stalked, cordate-orbicular, leathery.
Umbels of few rays, involucrate.—Species 1. Island of Socotra.  Nirarathamnus Balf.

Petals rolled in and entire or slightly notched at the tip. Disc flat, entire.
Leaves usually sessile. (See 26.)  Bupleurum Tourn.

77. Oil-channels solitary under each rib, none in the furrows. Calyx toothed.
Petals white, with a long inflexed point. Involucre and involucels of many bracts.—Species 7. South Africa.  Lichtensteinia Cham. & Schlechtd.

Oil-channels in the furrows, sometimes also under the ribs.  78

78. Fruit linear or oblong, at least twice as long as broad. Ribs slender.
Petals white or reddish.  79

Fruit ovoid, globose, or biglobose.  83

79. Fruit linear or linear-oblong. Oil-channels solitary in the furrows. Disc broadened at the base, with a wavy margin. Calyx-teeth distinctly developed. Petals white, 3-5-nerved, notched. Involucre and involucels present.—Species 1. North Africa. Used medicinally.  Falcaria Host.

Fruit oblong. Calyx-teeth minute or wanting.  80

80. Mericarps with 5 ribs at the back and near the margin and 2 smaller ones on the inner face. Oil-channels solitary in the furrows and under the ribs, very narrow. Disc reduced to a swelling of the base of the styles. Umbels panicled. Involucre wanting. Involucels of few bracts.—Species 1. West Africa (Cameroons). (Lereschia Boiss., under Anthriscus L.)  Cryptotaenia DC.

Mericarps with 5 ribs only. Oil-channels only in the furrows. Disc broadened at the base, with a wavy margin. Umbels terminal and lateral.  81

81. Involucre of many large dissected bracts. Petals unequally 2-lobed.
Oil-channels solitary in the furrows.—Species 5. North and Central
Africa. Used medicinally; one species has edible roots.  Ammi L.

Involucre of usually few entire bracts or wanting. Petals equally notched.  82

82. Root-stock tuberous. Oil-channels 1-3 in each furrow. Embryo with a single cotyledon.—Species 6. North Africa. The tubers are edible.
(Including Diaphycarpus Calestani, partly under Carum L.)  Bunium L.

Root-stock not tuberous. Oil-channels solitary in each furrow. Embryo with 2 cotyledons.—Species 7. North Africa, Abyssinia, Madagascar, and South Africa; one species (C. Carvi L., caraway) also cultivated elsewhere. The fruits of this species are used as a condiment and for preparing an aromatic oil; eaten in large quantities they are poisonous.
Other species yield edible roots or medicaments. (Including Selinopsis
Coss. et Dur., partly under Bunium L.)  Carum L.

83. Oil-channels numerous, narrow. Ribs filiform. Herbs or undershrubs.
Leaves dissected or the lower lobed.  84

Oil-channels solitary in each furrow, rarely (Rhyticarpus) 3, large, but then shrubs and upper leaves undivided.  85

84. Calyx toothed. Petals white. Involucre and involucels large, persistent.—Species
7. Central and South Africa and Egypt. Some are used as vegetables. (Including Berula Koch)  Sium L.

Calyx not toothed. Involucre and involucels usually wanting.—Species
25. The fruits of P. anisum L., anise, serve as a condiment; other species are used in medicine. (Including Reutera Boiss.)  Pimpinella L.

85. Pericarp densely bristly or warty. Ribs filiform.  86

Pericarp smooth or wrinkled, not hairy.  87

86. Calyx toothed. Petals deeply notched, white. Fruit tubercled upon the ribs, not hairy. Herbs. Leaves twice or thrice pinnately dissected
with very narrow segments.—Species 7. South and North Africa and
Island of Socotra; one species also naturalized in the Mascarene Islands.
Some species yield condiments. (Tragiopsis Pomel, under Carum L. or Ptychotis L.)  Trachypermum Link

Calyx entire. Petals not notched, white or greenish. Undershrubs.
Radical leaves once or twice pinnately dissected, cauline reduced to the sheath. Umbels of few rays.—Species 10. North and South Africa.
(Deverra DC.)  Pituranthos Viv.

87. Carpophore entire or shortly cleft at the top. Ribs very prominent. Oil-channels large. Calyx not or obscurely toothed. Petals greenish-white, straight or shortly inflexed at the tip. Involucre of 1-3 bracts or wanting.—Species 7. One of them (A. graveolens L., celery) is used as a pot-herb, as a salad, or in medicine. (Including Helosciadium
Koch).  Apium L.

Carpophore split down to the middle or beyond.  88

88. Oil-channels extending down to the middle of the fruit and ending there in a club-shaped swelling. Calyx entire. Petals white, broadly inflexed and deeply notched at the tip. Leaves with broad segments.—Species
1. North Africa. Used medicinally.  Sison L.

Oil-channels extending down to the base of the fruit. Calyx toothed, more rarely entire, but then petals yellow and not notched.  89

89. Calyx not or obscurely toothed. Petals yellow, yellowish-green, or somewhat reddish, much inflexed at the tip.  90

Calyx distinctly toothed.  91

90. Ribs of the fruit prominent, filiform. Oil-channels broad. Leaves 2-3 times pinnately dissected.—Species 2. North Africa; also naturalized in tropical and South Africa. One species (P. sativum Hoffm., parsley) is used as a pot-herb. (Under Apium L. or Carum L.).  Petroselinum Hoffm.

Ribs of the fruit scarcely prominent or indistinct. Oil-channels narrow.
Leaves 4-times pinnately dissected.—Species 1. North Africa and
Abyssinia. (Under Carum L.)  Ridolfia Moris.

91. Ribs of the fruit very prominent. Oil-channels narrow. Petals shortly inflexed at the tip, white or greenish. Umbels involucrate.—Species 3.
South Africa, St. Helena, and Canary Islands. One species is used for preparing an intoxicating drink. (Glia Sond., under Lichtensteinia
Cham. & Schlechtd.)  Ruthea Bolle

Ribs of the fruit slightly prominent. Petals much inflexed at the tip, rarely shortly inflexed, but then red.  92

92. Mericarp with 9 faint ribs. Petals dark-red, oblong, shortly inflexed at the tip.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Anisopoda Bak.

Mericarps with 5 filiform ribs. Petals white or yellow, much inflexed at the tip.  93

93. Petals white, notched, the terminal point proceeding from a transverse
fold beneath the notch. Herbs. Umbels without an involucre.—Species
4. North and South Africa. (Under Carum L., Petroselinum
Hoffm., or Seseli L.)  Ptychotis Koch

Petals yellow, entire. Undershrubs or shrubs.—Species 3. South
Africa (Cape Colony).  Rhyticarpus Sond.