ORDER TUBIFLORAE

SUBORDER CONVOLVULINEAE

FAMILY 202. CONVOLVULACEAE

Leaves alternate, simple, sometimes dissected or reduced to scales, exstipulate, rarely (Ipomoea) stipulate. Flowers regular, rarely slightly irregular, usually hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, rarely 4, persistent. Petals united into a 5-angled, 5-lobed, or 5-cleft, rarely a 4-lobed corolla, usually with plicate-valvate aestivation. Stamens as many as and alternating with the corolla-lobes, inserted on the corolla. Anthers 2-celled, opening inwards or laterally by longitudinal slits. Disc within the stamens, sometimes indistinct. Ovary superior, 1-4-celled, sometimes deeply divided. Ovules 1-4 in each cell, rarely (Humbertia) more, erect, inverted. Styles 1-2, sometimes 2-cleft. Seeds albuminous; embryo with folded cotyledons.—Genera 34, species 450. (Plate 131.)

1. Plants without green colour, parasitic. Stem herbaceous, twining. Leaves reduced to scales or wanting. Flowers small, in fascicles. Corolla imbricate in bud, usually with scales at the throat. Ovary completely or incompletely 2-celled with 4 ovules. Embryo twisted, without cotyledons.—Species 25. Some of them are noxious weeds, several are used medicinally. “Dodder.” [Tribe CUSCUTEAE.]  Cuscuta L.

Plants of green colour. Corolla plicate or valvate in bud, rarely (Cressa) imbricate, but then stem shrubby. Embryo straight or slightly curved, with 2 cotyledons.  2

2. Calyx minute. Ovary 1-celled with 2 ovules. Styles 2. Fruit 1-seeded, ripening underground. Creeping herbs. Leaves kidney-shaped.
Flowers solitary.—Species 1. Abyssinia. (Nephrophyllum A. Rich.)  Hygrocharis Hochst.

Calyx distinctly developed.  3

3. Ovary lobed or divided. Ovules 4. Styles 2, inserted between the lobes of the ovary. Sepals more or less united below. Flowers solitary.
Creeping or prostrate herbs. [Tribe DICHONDREAE.]  4

Ovary entire. Sepals free, rarely (Rapona) united below, but then ovules 2, style 2-cleft, flowers in panicles, and stem twining.  5

4. Ovary and fruit 2-lobed. Corolla deeply cleft, yellow. Sepals nearly free.
Leaves kidney-shaped.—Species 1. Tropical and South Africa, also naturalized in the Island of Madeira.  Dichondra Forst.

Ovary and fruit 4-parted. Corolla slightly lobed. Sepals evidently united below.—Species 4. South Africa and Abyssinia.  Falkia L. f.

5. Styles 2, free or united below.  6

Style 1, undivided; stigmas 2, continuous at the base, or a single stigma.  16

6. Flowers in axillary or terminal and axillary racemes or panicles. Twining shrubs. [Tribe PORANEAE.]  7

Flowers solitary, in axillary cymes, or in terminal spikes or heads. Ovules 4.
[Tribe DICRANOSTYLEAE.]  10

7. Sepals united below, not enlarged in the fruit. Corolla entire, with plicate aestivation. Filaments broadened and hairy at the base. Disc large, cup-shaped. Ovary incompletely 2-celled, with 1 ovule in each cell.
Style 2-cleft at the top, with capitate stigmas.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Rapona Baill.

Sepals free. Corolla more or less lobed. Disc small. Ovary 1-2-celled,
with 2 ovules in each cell. Style deeply 2-cleft or divided to the base.  8

8. Sepals unequal, the two outer ones much enlarged in the fruit. Corolla deeply lobed. Disc cup-shaped. Ovary 1-celled. Ovules 2. Style
2-cleft; stigmas linear or oblong.—Species 1. Equatorial West
Africa (Cameroons).  Dipteropeltis Hallier

Sepals about equal. Disc ring-shaped or indistinct. Ovary completely or incompletely 2-celled. Ovules 4. Style divided to the base; stigmas capitate or peltate.  9

9. Inflorescence composed of racemes. Bracts surrounding the fruit much enlarged. Corolla deeply lobed, induplicate-valvate in bud. Ovary incompletely septate. Stigmas peltate.—Species 2. West Africa.  Neuropeltis Wall.

Inflorescence composed of fascicles. Bracts not much enlarged in the fruit.
Stigmas capitate.—Species 2. East Africa.  Porana Burm.

10. Flowers dioecious. Sepals enlarged in the fruit. Corolla deeply cleft.
Stigmas horse-shoe-shaped. Shrubs with small leaves.  11

Flowers hermaphrodite.  12

11. Sepals of the female flowers distinctly unequal, the outer much larger than the inner. Flowers usually 4-merous.—Species 4. Northern East
Africa.  Hildebrandtia Vatke

Sepals nearly equal. Flowers 5-merous. Styles united at the base.
Seeds 2. Branches stiff.—Species 2. Northern East Africa.  Cladostigma Radlk.

12. Stigmas filiform, 2-parted. Erect herbs or undershrubs. Leaves small.—Species
4. Tropical and South Africa.  Evolvulus L.

Stigmas globose or peltate, usually entire. Shrubs.  13

13. Anthers and stigmas projecting beyond the corolla-tube. Sepals subequal.
Corolla small, cleft to the middle, imbricate in bud. Fruit 1-seeded.
Prostrate or ascending small shrubs. Leaves small. Flowers in terminal spikes.—Species 1. Tropical and North Africa. Used medicinally.  Cressa L.

Anthers and stigmas concealed within the corolla-tube. Corolla folded in bud.  14

14. Corolla small, funnel-shaped. Sepals subequal. Filaments glabrous, broadened at the base and usually toothed on each side. Stigmas more or less peltate. Fruit 4-seeded. Erect or procumbent, small shrubs.
Leaves small.—Species 20. Tropical and South Africa. (Under
Breweria R. Br.)  Seddera Hochst.

Corolla large or medium-sized. Filaments not toothed, but usually hairy at the base. Stigmas more or less globose. Twining shrubs. Leaves large or of moderate size. Flowers solitary or in axillary cymes or terminal panicles.  15

15. Sepals herbaceous or leathery, subequal, or the inner somewhat smaller, not enlarged after flowering. Corolla funnel-shaped. Fruit 4-seeded.—Species
10. Tropics. (Under Breweria R. Br.)  Bonamia Thouars
Sepals membranous or scarious, the inner much smaller than the outer, enlarged after flowering. Corolla bell- or pitcher-shaped. Fruit 1-seeded.—Species
12. Tropics. (Under Breweria R. Br.)  Prevostea Choisy

16. (5.) Flowers in axillary racemes. Outer sepals much larger than the inner, together with the 3 bracteoles much enlarged in the fruit. Corolla small, deeply lobed. Anthers exserted. Disc cushion-shaped. Ovary
1-celled. Ovules 2. Stigma 1. Twining herbs. Leaves cordate.—Species
2. Madagascar.  Cardiochlamys Oliv.

Flowers solitary or in axillary, sometimes raceme-like cymes, rarely in terminal spikes or panicles. Ovules 4 or more.  17

17. Ovules numerous. Stigmas 2. Filaments curved; anthers much exserted.
Corolla entire. Flowers solitary. Trees.—Species 1. Madagascar.
Yields timber.  Humbertia Lam.

Ovules 4-6. Herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs.  18

18. Pollen-grains smooth. Corolla usually gradually widened from below upwards and without well defined midpetaline areas. Anthers included.
Ovules 4. [Tribe CONVOLVULEAE.]  19

Pollen-grains spinous. Corolla irregularly widened, with 5 longitudinal midpetaline areas limited by prominent nerves.  26

19. Ovary 1-celled, sometimes with an incomplete partition.  20

Ovary 2-celled, rarely (Merremia) 4-celled.  22

20. Stigmas globose. Sepals lanceolate, unequal, not enlarged after flowering.
Corolla bell-shaped, shortly lobed. Stamens unequal. Fruit one-seeded, indehiscent. Prostrate herbs. Leaves lobed.—Species 1.
East Africa (Somaliland).  Hyalocystis Hallier

Stigmas ovate or oblong, flattened. Fruit 4-seeded, 4-valved.  21

21. Sepals unequal. Corolla bell-shaped, entire. Twining herbs. Leaves ovate-cordate. Bracts small.—Species 1. Tropical and South-east
Africa. (Shutereia Choisy).  Hewittia Wight & Arn.

Sepals about equal. Corolla slightly lobed. Twining or prostrate herbs.
Leaves sagittate or hastate. Bracts large, leaf-like.—Species 5.
North, South, and East Africa. Some of them have edible root-stocks or serve as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Under Convolvulus
L.)  Calystegia R. Br.

22. Stigmas filiform. Disc present. Corolla funnel-shaped without well-defined midpetaline areas.—Species 70. Some of them yield an essential oil used in perfumery or serve as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Bind-weed.” (Including Rhodorrhiza Webb et Berth.)  Convolvulus L.

Stigmas elliptic, disciform, or globose.  23

23. Stigmas elliptic or disciform. Disc indistinct or wanting. Corolla with well-defined midpetaline areas, blue, more rarely white or reddish.
Sepals not decurrent on the pedicel, usually subequal. Herbs or
under-shrubs.—Species 5. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as vegetables. (Plate 131.)  Jacquemontia Choisy

Stigmas more or less globose. Corolla white or yellow.  24

24. Sepals very unequal, the outer much larger than the inner and decurrent on the pedicel, herbaceous. Corolla tubular-funnel-shaped, entire, hairy outside, with well-defined midpetaline areas. Disc obscure.
Twining herbs. Leaves oblong.—Species 1. Tropical and South-east
Africa. (Under Ipomoea L.)  Aniseia Choisy

Sepals nearly equal, usually leathery or parchment-like.  25

25. Fruit opening by a lid. Flowers large. Sepals much enlarged in the fruit.
Corolla without sharply limited midpetaline areas and without dark lines. Twining herbs. Stem usually winged. Leaves broad.—Species
6. Tropics. Some are used medicinally. (Under Merremia Dennst. or
Ipomoea L.)  Operculina Manso

Fruit opening by 4 valves. Corolla bell-shaped; midpetaline areas usually marked with 5 dark-violet lines. Stem rarely winged.—Species
25. Tropical and South Africa. Some species yield fodder and a substitute for coffee. (Under Convolvulus L. or Ipomoea L.)  Merremia Dennst.

26. (18.) Fruit fleshy, mealy, or dry, and then with a woody or crusty rind, indehiscent. Ovary 2-4-celled. Stigmas globose or elliptical. Disc cupular. Shrubs. [Tribe ARGYREIEAE.]  27

Fruit dry, with a membranous leathery or parchment-like rind, dehiscing by 4-6 valves, rarely (Ipomoea) indehiscent. [Tribe IPOMOEEAE.]  29

27. Fruit fleshy or mealy. Corolla more or less bell-shaped. Stigmas 1-2, globose. Stem twining. Leaves cordate.—Species 2. Naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Ornamental plants.  Argyreia Lour.

Fruit dry. Corolla funnel- or salver-shaped. Stigmas 2, globose or elliptical.  28

28. Fruit with a woody rind, 1-celled, usually 1-seeded. Seeds glabrous.—Species
10. Central and South Africa and Canary Islands. (Including
Legendrea Webb, under Ipomoea L.)  Rivea Choisy

Fruit with a crustaceous rind, 4-celled, 4-seeded, enveloped by the adnate sepals. Seeds large, brown-velvety. Ovary 4-celled. Corolla funnel-shaped.
Stem twining. Leaves cordate.—Species 4. Tropics. (Under
Argyreia Lour., Rivea Choisy, or Ipomoea L.)  Stictocardia Hallier

29. Filaments with a large scale at the base within. Corolla shortly lobed.
Disc cupular. Ovary 2-celled. Ovules 4. Stigma capitate, 2-lobed.
Twining herbs. Leaves usually lobed. Flowers in axillary cymes.  30

Filaments without a scale at the base.  31

30. Sepals distinctly unequal. Corolla bell-shaped. Fruit 2-valved. Seed-coat granular. Flowers medium-sized.—Species 1. East Africa.  Lepistemonopsis Dammer

Sepals nearly equal. Corolla pitcher-shaped. Fruit 4-valved. Seed-coat smooth. Flowers small.—Species 2. Central Africa. Noxious to
cattle.  Lepistemon Blume

31. Stigmas 2, oblong or linear. Corolla funnel-shaped, white red or violet.
Seeds hairy. Plants with star-shaped hairs.—Species 20. Central and South-east Africa.  Astrochlaena Hallier

Stigmas 1-3, more or less capitate. Plants without star-shaped hairs.  32

32. Pedicels club-shaped, becoming large and fleshy in the fruit. Sepals cartilaginous, pointed or awned. Corolla very large, regular, salver-shaped, white or violet. Ovary 2-celled. Stigma biglobose. Seeds glabrous. Twining herbs. Leaves cordate or lobed.—Species 2.
Naturalized in the tropics. Ornamental and medicinal plants; the young seeds are edible. (Under Ipomoea L.)  Calonyction Choisy

Pedicels not much thickened in the fruit.  33

33. Anthers and stigmas projecting beyond the corolla-tube. Ovary 4-celled.
Corolla scarlet, medium-sized, salver-shaped, usually somewhat irregular.
Sepals herbaceous, ending in a short point. Seeds glabrous or downy.
Twining herbs. Leaves cordate, lobed, or pinnately dissected. Flowers in cymes.—Species 2. Naturalized in the tropics and in South Africa.
Ornamental plants. (Under Ipomoea L.)  Quamoclit Tourn.

Anthers and stigmas usually concealed within the corolla-tube. Ovary
1-3-celled, rarely 4-celled, but then corolla not scarlet and salver-shaped.
Corolla regular.—Species 220. Some of them (especially the sweet potato, I. Batatas Lam.) yield edible tubers from which also starch and brandy are prepared, besides vegetables, fodder, and medicaments, others are used in preparing rubber, for fixing sand-dunes, or as ornamental plants. (Including Batatas Choisy and Pharbitis Choisy).  Ipomoea L.

SUBORDER BORRAGININEAE

FAMILY 203. HYDROPHYLLACEAE

Erect herbs or undershrubs. Juice not milky. Leaves alternate, herbaceous, undivided, without stipules. Flowers solitary or in cymes or panicles, regular, hermaphrodite. Sepals united at the base, narrow, imbricate in bud. Corolla more or less bell-shaped, 5-12-cleft, imbricate in bud. Stamens as many as and alternating with the corolla-lobes, inserted on the lower part of the corolla-tube, equal or subequal in length. Anthers attached at the back, opening inwards by two longitudinal slits. Disc none. Ovary superior, completely or almost completely 2-celled, with numerous descending, inverted ovules in each cell. Styles 2, free or partly united. Fruit a capsule opening by 2-4 valves or irregularly. Seeds with a small, straight embryo and copious albumen.—Genera 2, species 8. Tropical and South Africa.

Flowers 5-merous. Corolla blue. Styles free. Placentas free from the pericarp. Seed-coat wrinkled. Glandular-hairy or glabrous plants.—Species
6. Tropics. [Tribe HYDROLEEAE.]  Hydrolea L.

Flowers 8-12-merous. Corolla white or yellow. Styles united below.
Placentas attached to the valves of the fruit. Seed-coat bladdery.
Spinous plants.—Species 2. South Africa to Damaraland. [Tribe
PHACELIEAE.]  Codon L.

FAMILY 204. BORRAGINACEAE

Leaves, at least the upper ones, alternate, undivided, without stipules, usually hairy. Inflorescences usually raceme-or spike-like, cymose, one-sided, and rolled back when young. Flowers 4-7-merous, mostly 5-merous, hermaphrodite. Petals united below, with imbricate or contorted aestivation. Stamens as many as and alternating with the corolla-lobes, inserted on the tube or the throat of the corolla. Anthers opening inwards by longitudinal slits. Disc more or less distinctly developed. Ovary superior, sessile, usually lobed, 4-celled, rarely 2-celled. Ovule 1 in each cell; micropyle superior. Style 1, undivided or 2-4-cleft, rarely (Coldenia) 2 free styles. Fruit a drupe or a schizocarp formed of 2-4 dry and indehiscent nutlets, rarely (Wellstedia) a capsule. Seeds erect or horizontal; testa membranous; albumen scanty or wanting.—Genera 37, species 370. (ASPERIFOLIACEAE.) (Plate 132.)

1. Style inserted at the apex of the ovary. Fruit usually succulent drupe-like and entire.  2

Style inserted between the lobes of the deeply 2-4-lobed or 2-4-parted ovary. Fruit dry, of 2-4 nutlets. Flowers 5-merous. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs. [Subfamily BORRAGINOIDEAE.]  9

2. Style twice 2-cleft; stigmas 4. Ovary entire. Fruit a drupe with a 1-4-celled stone. Trees or shrubs.—Species 40. Tropical and South
Africa and Egypt. They yield timber, fibre, edible fruits, and medicaments.
(Plate 132.) [Subfamily CORDIOIDEAE.]  Cordia L.

Style undivided or 2-cleft, rarely 2 free styles; stigmas 1-2. Fruit a drupe with 2-4 stones or a schizocarp separating into several nutlets, rarely a capsule.  3

3. Style with a stigmatose ring below the entire or 2-cleft apex. [Subfamily
HELIOTROPIOIDEAE.]  4

Style without a stigmatose ring below the apex. Ovary entire.  5

4. Fruit more or less fleshy, drupe-like, with 2-4 stones. Seeds with a more or less copious albumen. Shrubs or trees.—Species 7. Tropical and
South Africa. Used medicinally.  Tournefortia L.

Fruit dry, of 2-4 nutlets. Seeds with a scanty albumen. Herbs or undershrubs, rarely shrubs.—Species 60. Some of them are used as vegetables or as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including Messerschmiedia
DC.)  Heliotropium L.

5. Ovary 2-celled. Style 2-cleft. Fruit a capsule. Flowers 4-merous.
Shrubs.—Species 1. Island of Socotra.  Wellstedia Balf. fil.

Ovary completely or incompletely 4-celled. Fruit a drupe. [Subfamily
EHRETIOIDEAE.]  6

6. Style simple with an entire or lobed stigma. Shrubs.  7

Style 2-cleft or 2 free or almost free styles.  8

7. Anthers globose. Leaves orbicular. Inflorescence dense, spike like.—Species
1. East Africa (Somaliland).  Poskea Vatke

Anthers oblong. Leaves oblong. Inflorescence loose, corymb-like.—Species
1. West Africa.  Rhabdia Mart.

8. Style 1, two-cleft. Shrubs or trees.—Species 30. Tropical and South
Africa. Some species yield timber, edible fruits, or medicaments.  Ehretia L.

Styles 2, free or nearly so. Anthers included. Prostrate herbs. Flowers solitary, axillary.—Species 1. Central Africa. Used medicinally.  Coldenia L.

9. (1.) Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled. Nutlets 2, adnate to the columnar receptacle by the ventral face.—Species 1. North-west Africa. [Tribe
HARPAGONELLEAE.]  Rochelia Reichb.

Ovary 4-celled, 4-ovuled.  10

10. Flowers more or less irregular. Corolla funnel-shaped, with an oblique limb and more or less unequal lobes. Stamens usually unequal in length. [Tribe ECHIEAE.]  11

Flowers regular.  14

11. Calyx-segments 5, distinctly unequal, or 4. Stamens concealed in the tube of the corolla. Low shrubs or undershrubs.  12

Calyx-segments 5, equal or subequal. Stamens protruding beyond the corolla. Nutlets seated upon a flat receptacle.  13

12. Calyx-segments 5, one of which is very small, or 4. Corolla 2-lipped.
Nutlets laterally attached to the conical receptacle. Stems and leaves clothed with white bristles.—Species 1. North Africa to Nubia.  Echiochilon Desf.

Calyx-segments 5, one or two of them smaller than the others. Corolla almost regular. Nutlets seated upon the flat receptacle.—Species 3.
Central Africa. (Under Lobostemon Lehm.)  Leurocline S. Moore

13. Style entire with an entire or shortly lobed stigma. Filaments usually with a hairy scale at the base. Corolla almost regular.—Species 50.
South Africa.  Lobostemon Lehm.

Style 2-cleft at the apex. Filaments without a scale at the base.—Species
45. North Africa and northern Central Africa, one species also naturalized in South Africa. Some of them are used as ornamental, medicinal, or dye-plants. “Bugloss.”  Echium L.

14. (10.) Nutlets inserted on a flat or very slightly convex receptacle (gynobase).  15

Nutlets inserted on an elevated, more or less conical or columnar receptacle
(gynobase).  26

15. Surface of attachment of the nutlets flat or slightly convex, rarely somewhat concave and then small. [Tribe LITHOSPERMEAE.]  16

Surface of attachment of the nutlets concave and large, usually with a prominent ring-like margin. [Tribe ANCHUSEAE.]  22

16. Ovary 2-lobed. Nutlets 2, two-celled. Glabrous or papillose plants.
Corolla yellow. Anthers acuminate.—Species 3. North-west Africa.
Used as ornamental or medicinal plants.  Cerinthe L.

Ovary 4-lobed. Nutlets 1-4, one-celled.  17

17. Corolla with contorted aestivation, blue red or white. Inflorescence with bracts at the base or without bracts.—Species 15. North and South
Africa and mountains of Central Africa. Used as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Forget-me-not.”  Myosotis L.

Corolla with quincuncially imbricate aestivation.  18

18. Anthers ending in a long point. Stigma entire.  19

Anthers blunt or shortly pointed.  20

19. Anthers oblong, with a very long point. Filaments with a pouch-shaped appendage at the back. Corolla-lobes long.—Species 1. Island of
Socotra.  Cystistemon Balf. fil.

Anthers linear-sagittate. Filaments without an appendage at the back.
Corolla-lobes very short. Corolla yellow, white, or red.—Species 4.
North Africa. Used as ornamental, medicinal, and dye-plants. (Including
Podonosma Guerke)  Onosma L.

20. Corolla-tube with a glandular ring at the base. Corolla yellow or violet.
Style 2-4-cleft.—Species 5. North Africa and northern Central
Africa. Some species are used as ornamental or dye-plants.  Arnebia Forsk.

Corolla-tube without a glandular ring.  21

21. Corolla with long and dense hairs, but without scales at the throat. Filaments as long as the anthers. Stigma 1, almost entire. Low shrubs or undershrubs.—Species 2. East Africa (Somaliland).  Sericostoma Stocks

Corolla with hollow scales, folds, or thin hairs at the throat. Stigmas 2, more or less distinct.—Species 15. South, North, and East Africa.
Used for dyeing and in medicine. “Gromwell.”  Lithospermum L.

22. (15.) Calyx shortly lobed or cleft half-way down, enlarged in the fruit.
Corolla-tube cylindrical, with scales on the inside. Style simple with a
2-parted stigma, or 2-cleft.—Species 5. North Africa.  Nonnea Medik.

Calyx deeply divided. Stigma usually entire.  23

23. Corolla rotate; tube short, bearing hollow scales on the inner face. Filaments appendaged on the back.—Species 2. North Africa. They are used as pot-herbs or as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Borage.”  Borrago L.

Corolla more or less tubular. Filaments unappendaged on the back.  24

24. Corolla without hollow scales at the throat, but sometimes with small scales in the lower part of the tube.—Species 2. North Africa. They yield a dye and medicaments.  Alkanna Tausch.

Corolla with hollow scales at the throat.  25

25. Corolla with long narrow scales at the throat; lobes very short.—Species
2. Naturalized in North Africa. They serve as vegetables or as medicinal or dye-plants. “Comfrey.”  Symphytum L.

Corolla with short scales at the throat.—Species 15. North Africa to
Abyssinia and South Africa. Some species serve as vegetables or as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Alkanet.” (Including Stomotechium
Lehm.)  Anchusa L.

26. (14.) Tips of the nutlets considerably projecting above their surface of attachment. [Tribe ERITRICHIEAE.]  27

Tips of the nutlets scarcely or not projecting above their surface of attachment.
[Tribe CYNOGLOSSEAE.]  31

27. Surface of attachment of the nutlets at least half as large as their ventral surface.  28

Surface of attachment of the nutlets occupying less than half their ventral surface. Prostrate herbs.  29

28. Nutlets beset with hooked bristles, usually margined.—Species 7. North and South Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Echinospermum
Swartz)  Lappula Moench

Nutlets without hooked bristles, not margined.—Species 1. North-west
Africa. (Megastoma Coss. et Durieu)  Eritrichium Schrad.

29. Surface of attachment of the nutlets not margined; nutlets keeled on the back. Calyx much enlarged in fruit.—Species 1. North-west Africa.
Used for dyeing and in medicine.  Asperugo L.

Surface of attachment of the nutlets surrounded by a prominent margin.
Calyx slightly enlarged in fruit.  30

30. Surface of attachment of the nutlets shallow-concave, with a slightly projecting margin.—Species 1. Naturalized in the Mascarene Islands.  Bothriospermum Bunge

Surface of attachment of the nutlets deep-concave, with a toothed margin.—Species
1. Egypt.  Gastrocotyle Bunge

31. (26.) Nutlets attached to the receptacle towards their apex, saccate at the base. Calyx slightly enlarged in the fruit.  32

Nutlets attached to the receptacle by almost their whole inner surface.  34

32. Corolla-segments erect, blue or red. Anthers projecting beyond the corolla-tube. Stigma capitate. Inflorescence compact.—Species 2.
North Africa.  Solenanthus Ledeb.

Corolla-segments spreading; tube short. Anthers concealed within the corolla-tube.  33

33. Nutlets distinctly concave on the back, with an inflexed margin. Corolla white or blue, with a very short tube.—Species 1. Naturalized in
North Africa. An ornamental plant, also used in medicine.  Omphalodes Moench

Nutlets nearly flat on the back. Stigma broadened.—Species 20. Some of them are poisonous or used medicinally. “Houndstongue.”  Cynoglossum L.

34. Calyx much enlarged after flowering, enclosing the fruit. Corolla without distinct scales within. Anthers prolonged at the apex into a long, usually twisted appendage. Inflorescence bracteate. Lower leaves opposite.—Species 20. Tropical and South Africa, Sahara, and Egypt.
Some are used medicinally. (Borraginoides Boerh., Pollichia Medik.)  Trichodesma R. Br.

Calyx not or slightly enlarged after flowering. Corolla with scales inside.
Anthers unappendaged. Leaves alternate.  35

35. Corolla wheel-shaped, with 10 scales or swellings at the base of the tube, white or yellowish. Anthers short, blunt, projecting beyond the corolla-tube.
Nutlets 1-3.—Species 1. South Africa.  Tysonia Bolus

Corolla funnel-shaped, without scales or swellings at the base of the tube.  36

36. Anthers projecting beyond the corolla-tube, oblong or linear. Style long.
Corolla yellowish-red. Nutlets smooth, with an entire margin.—Species
1. North-west Africa. (Mattia Schult.).  Rindera Pall.

Anthers concealed within the corolla-tube. Style short. Corolla blue or violet.—Species 3. Egypt.  Paracaryum Boiss.

SUBORDER VERBENINEAE

FAMILY 205. VERBENACEAE

Leaves opposite or whorled, very rarely alternate, simple or compound with 1-7 leaflets, without stipules. Flowers nearly always more or less irregular, hermaphrodite or polygamous. Sepals more or less united below. Petals 4-8, usually 5, united below, imbricate in bud, the foremost inside. Stamens 4, usually in two pairs of unequal length, alternating with the corolla-lobes, rarely 2 or (Tectona) 5-6. Filaments free. Anthers opening inwards by two longitudinal slits. Disc more or less distinctly developed. Ovary superior, sessile, entire or slightly lobed, completely or incompletely 2-or 4-celled, rarely (Duranta) 8-celled, sometimes only 1 cell fertile. Ovules solitary in each complete or incomplete cell; micropyle turned downwards. Style terminal or nearly so, simple or 2-4-cleft. Seeds with straight embryo.—Genera 27, species 340. (Plate 133.)

1. Flowers in racemose (centripetal) spikes racemes or heads. Ovules basal, inverted.  2

Flowers in cymose inflorescences or solitary. Ovules attached laterally or at the apex, straight or half-inverted.  15

2. Seeds albuminous. Fruit dry. Ovary 2-celled; one cell sometimes rudimentary. Stamens 4. Leaves whorled, densely crowded, linear.
Low shrubs. [Subfamily STILBOIDEAE.].  3

Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves usually opposite. [Subfamily VERBENOIDEAE.]  7

3. Corolla two-lipped, 5-lobed.  4

Corolla regular or nearly so.  5

4. Calyx slightly two-lipped. Upper lip of the corolla flat. Anther-halves parallel, free. Leaves in whorls of three.—Species 1. South Africa.  Xeroplana Briq.

Calyx regular. Upper lip of the corolla slightly convex. Anther-halves divergent below, confluent at the apex. Leaves in whorls of four.—Species
1. South Africa (Cape Colony).  Eurylobium Hochst.

5. Calyx two-lipped. Anther-halves divergent below, confluent at the apex. Stigma entire. Corolla 5-lobed.—Species 1. South Africa
(Cape Colony).  Euthystachys A. DC.

Calyx regular or nearly so. Anther-halves parallel.  6

6. Corolla 4-lobed, with a wide tube. Calyx 5-parted. Stigma 2-lobed.
Fruit dehiscing by 4 valves.—Species 1. South Africa.  Campylostachys Kunth

Corolla 5-lobed, with a narrow tube. Fruit indehiscent.—Species 5.
South Africa.  Stilbe Berg

7. Flowers in racemes. Corolla unequally 5-lobed. Stamens 4. Fruit fleshy. Shrubs. [Tribe CITHAREXYLEAE.]  8

Flowers in spikes or heads. Stamens 4 with more or less parallel anther-halves, or 2. Ovary 2- or 4-celled.  9

8. Racemes few-flowered. Anther-halves divergent. Ovary 4-celled. Style-apex
2-cleft. Fruit with 2 stones.—Species 2. Islands of Madagascar and Socotra.  Coelocarpus Balf. fil.

Racemes many-flowered. Anther-halves parallel. Ovary 8-celled. Style-apex
4-cleft. Fruit with 4 stones.—Species 1. Naturalized in various regions. An ornamental and hedge-plant with edible fruits.  Duranta L.

9. Ovary 2-celled. Ovules 2. Fruit two-celled or separating into 2 one-celled mericarps. Seeds 2, very rarely 1. [Tribe LANTANEAE.]  10

Ovary 4-celled. Ovules 4. Fruit separating into 2 usually two-celled, or into 4 one-celled mericarps. Seeds 4, very rarely 2. Calyx 5-toothed.
Corolla unequally 5-lobed. Stamens 4. Herbs or undershrubs.  14

10. Perfect stamens 2. Anther-halves spreading horizontally. Calyx 5-ribbed and 5-toothed.  11

Perfect stamens 4. Anther-halves parallel.  12

11. Ovary and fruit with an anticous and a posticous cell or stone. Corolla
2-lipped. Shrubs.—Species 1. Cape Verde Islands.  Ubochea Baill.

Ovary and fruit with two lateral cells or stones.—Species 6, one of them only naturalized. Tropics. Used as ornamental or medicinal plants.
(Valerianodes Medik.)  Stachytarpheta Vahl

12. Calyx long, tubular, 5-ribbed, 5-toothed. Corolla 5-lobed. Fruit dry.
Herbs or undershrubs.—Species 20. South and Central Africa.  Bouchea Cham.

Calyx short, 2-4-ribbed or without ribs. Corolla unequally 4-5-lobed.  13

13. Calyx 2-4-lobed, two-ribbed. Corolla 4-lobed. Fruit dry.—Species
17. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants; one of them
(L. citriodora Kunth) yields also an aromatic oil and serves as a substitute for tea. (Including Zapania Scop.)  Lippia L.

Calyx entire or toothed. Fruit fleshy.—Species 10, 7 natives of Central and South Africa, 3 naturalized there and on the Canary Islands. Some
of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.  Lantana L.

14. Fruit separating into 2 usually two-celled mericarps, enveloped by the enlarged and more or less inflated calyx.—Species 1. East and South
Africa. [Tribe PRIVEAE.]  Priva Adans.

Fruit separating into 4 one-celled mericarps, surrounded by the not or scarcely enlarged calyx.—Species 4, two of them natives of North and
East Africa and naturalized in other regions, the others naturalized in various countries. They are used as ornamental and medicinal plants and for preparing an aromatic oil. “Vervain.” [Tribe EUVERBENEAE.]  Verbena L.

5. (1.) Ovules pendulous from the top of a free, central, 4-winged placenta, straight. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla white or yellow, nearly equally
4-cleft. Stamens 4. Anthers exserted. Fruit dehiscing by 2 valves, one-seeded. Shrubs or trees.—Species 2. Shores of tropical and
South-east Africa and Egypt. They yield timber, tanning material, and medicaments. [Subfamily AVICENNIOIDEAE.]  Avicennia L.

Ovules parietal or axile, laterally attached, half-inverted. Fruit dehiscing by 4 valves or indehiscent, usually separating into mericarps.  16

16. Fruit a 4-valved capsule. Ovary incompletely 4-celled. Style divided into 2 awl-shaped branches. Stamens 4. Anther-halves spreading horizontally. Shrubs or trees. Leaves with 7 leaflets.—Species 1.
Madagascar. [Subfamily CARYOPTERIDOIDEAE.]  Varangevillea Baill.

Fruit a drupe, a nut, or a schizocarp, indehiscent or separating into mericarps.  17

17. Ovary completely or incompletely 2-celled. Ovules 2. Stamens 4.
Anther-halves parallel, with an appendage at the base. Calyx 10-ribbed,
5-toothed. Fruit 1-2-celled, indehiscent, 1-2-seeded. Seeds albuminous. Herbs. Flowers solitary or in false spikes. [Subfamily
CHLOANTHOIDEAE, tribe ACHARITEAE.]  18

Ovary completely or incompletely 4-celled. Ovules 4. Fruit 2-4-celled or separating into 2-4 mericarps. Seeds exalbuminous. Shrubs or trees. [Subfamily VITICOIDEAE.]  19

18. Calyx distinctly enlarged in the fruit. Corolla 4-lobed; tube included.
Anthers included. Stigma entire. Fruit with a thin rind, 1-celled or unequally 2-celled. Flowers in false spikes, 1-3 in each bract.—Species
2. Madagascar.  Acharitea Benth.

Calyx scarcely or not enlarged in the fruit. Corolla 5-lobed; tube exserted.
Anthers slightly exserted. Fruit with a somewhat fleshy rind, incompletely
2-celled. Flowers solitary or in clusters of 2-5 in the axils of the leaves.—Species 1. Island of Rodrigues.  Nesogenes A. DC.

19. Flowers regular. Stamens 4-6, equal. Fruit a drupe. Leaves undivided.  20

Flowers more or less irregular. Stamens 4, in two pairs of unequal length.  21

20. Flowers 4-merous. Calyx shortly toothed, unchanged in fruit. Stamens inserted on the upper part of the corolla-tube. Fruit with 3-4 stones.
Shrubs. Leaves toothed. Cymes axillary.—Species 1. Island of
Réunion. [Tribe CALLICARPEAE.]  Callicarpa L.

Flowers 5-6-merous. Calyx cleft halfway down, inflated in fruit. Stamens inserted on the lower part of the corolla-tube. Fruit with a 4-celled stone. Tall trees. Leaves entire. Cymes arranged in a terminal panicle.—Species 1 (T. grandis L., teak). Cultivated in the tropics.
Yields valuable timber, tanning bark, oil, and medicaments. [Tribe
TECTONEAE.]  Tectona L.f.

21. Flowers solitary, axillary. Leaves undivided.  22

Flowers in cymes or inflorescences composed of cymes. Style-apex or stigma 2-cleft.  23

22. Calyx 2-parted. Anthers included. Stigma entire.—Species 2. East
Africa. (Under Holmskioldia Retz)  Cyclocheilon Oliv.

Calyx 5-cleft. Anthers exserted. Stigma 2-parted. Pedicels partly transformed into spines.—Species 1. Central and South Africa. (Under
Clerodendron L.)  Kalaharia Baill.

23. Fruit with 2 two-celled or 4 one-celled stones. Anthers exserted. Corolla
5-lobed. Leaves undivided or lobed. [Tribe CLERODENDREAE.]  24

Fruit with a single, 2-4-celled stone. [Tribe VITICEAE.]  25

24. Calyx rotate; tube very short, enclosing the fruit; limb spreading, entire or obscurely lobed, coloured, much enlarged in fruit. Corolla with a curved tube and an oblique limb.—Species 4. East Africa and Madagascar.
Used as ornamental plants. (Under Clerodendron L. or
Cyclonema Hochst.)  Holmskioldia Retz

Calyx campanulate or tubular, not much enlarged in fruit.—Species 130.
Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. Some species are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Including Cyclonema Hochst. and Siphonantha
L.) (Plate 133.)  Clerodendron L.

25. Corolla 4-lobed, small, white blue or greenish. Leaves undivided.—Species
20. Tropics. Some of them yield timber, condiments, or medicaments.  Premna L.

Corolla 5-lobed. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft.  26

26. Seeds with a membranous border. Fruit incompletely septate. Leaves undivided.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Adelosa Baill.

Seeds without a membranous border. Fruit completely septate. Leaves usually compound with 3-7 leaflets.—Species 100. Some of them yield timber, vegetables, edible fruits, or medicaments.  Vitex L.

FAMILY 206. LABIATAE

Stem usually 4-angled. Branches and leaves opposite or whorled, very rarely alternate. Leaves simple, without stipules. Flowers in cymose false-whorls, usually more or less irregular. Calyx with open aestivation. Corolla more or less distinctly two-lipped and 2-6-lobed, more rarely regularly 4-cleft, imbricate in bud, the foremost lobe inside. Stamens 4, usually in two pairs of unequal length, or 2, inserted on the corolla. Filaments usually free. Anthers opening inwards by slits. Disc present. Ovary superior, 4-lobed or 4-parted, 4-celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, basal, inverted, rarely lateral and half-inverted

or curved; micropyle turned downwards. Style inserted between the lobes of the ovary, simple or 2-cleft, rarely (Cleonia) 4-cleft. Fruit separating into 4 nutlets, rarely (Prasium) drupe-like. Seeds without albumen or with a very scanty albumen.—Genera 70, species 1200. (Plate 134.)

1. Nutlets with a large, lateral surface of attachment. Ovary slightly lobed, rarely to the middle; style more or less terminal. Stamens ascending.
Corolla 2-lipped, with a 3-lobed lower lip, or 1-lipped. [Subfamily
AJUGOIDEAE.]  2

Nutlets with a small, basal or subbasal surface of attachment. Ovary deeply lobed or divided; style springing from between the lobes.  5

2. Nutlets smooth. Ovary deeply lobed; style springing from between the lobes. Disc equal-sided. Stamens 2. Anthers 1-celled. Calyx 2-lipped,
11-nerved. Corolla blue or white, 2-lipped; tube glabrous within; lower lip with a strongly concave middle lobe. Shrubs. Leaves linear.—Species 1. North Africa and Cape Verde Islands. Yields an aromatic oil which is also used medicinally, and serves as an ornamental plant. “Rosemary.” [Tribe ROSMARINEAE.]  Rosmarinus L.

Nutlets wrinkled. Ovary slightly lobed; style terminal. Stamens 4.
Anthers 2-celled; cells divergent or divaricate, sometimes confluent at the top. [Tribe AJUGEAE.]  3

3. Calyx 2-lipped, with entire lips, inflated in fruit. Corolla red or violet,
2-lipped, with a short erect upper lip. Nutlets oblong, furnished with
a large shield-shaped wing on the back. Leaves entire.—Species 20.
Central Africa to Transvaal. Some are used medicinally.  Tinnea Peyr. & Kotschy

Calyx equally or somewhat unequally 5-toothed. Nutlets rounded on the back, wingless.  4

4. Corolla 1-lipped, all its lobes being placed below the stamens.—Species 35.
North, East, and South Africa. Some species are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Germander.”  Teucrium L.

Corolla 2-lipped, with a short upper lip.—Species 9. North Africa, northern
Central Africa, Madagascar, and South Africa. Some species are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Bugle.”  Ajuga L.

5. Nutlets drupe-like, with a fleshy mesocarp and a crustaceous endocarp.
Calyx subequally 5-cleft. Corolla white or pink, 2-lipped; upper lip entire, lower 3-cleft; tube included, hairy within. Stamens 4, ascending.
Style-branches subequal. Shrubs. False whorls two-flowered.—Species
1. North Africa. [Subfamily PRASIOIDEAE.]  Prasium L.

Nutlets dry, but the fruiting calyx sometimes succulent, berry-like.  6

6. Seeds more or less horizontal; radicle curved. Nutlets more or less depressed-globose. Calyx 2-lipped; lips entire, one of them bearing on its back a scale-like appendage and falling after flowering. Corolla
2-lipped; lower lip usually entire; tube exserted. Stamens 4, usually ascending, the anticous with 1-celled, the posticous with 2-celled anthers.
Disc prolonged into a stalk-like gynobase. Style-branches unequal.—Species
10. Tropical and North Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Skull-cap.” [Subfamily SCUTELLARIOIDEAE.]  Scutellaria L.

Seeds erect; radicle straight. Calyx persistent in the fruit. Disc not prolonged into a stalk.  7

7. Disc divided into lobes placed opposite to the ovary-lobes. Calyx 13-15-nerved.
Corolla blue or violet; upper lip 2-cleft, lower 3-parted.
Stamens 4, included, more or less bent downwards. Anther-halves confluent at the apex. Stigmas flattened. Nutlets with a dorsal-subbasal point of attachment.—Species 15. North Africa and northern
Central Africa. Some of them yield an essential oil used in the preparation of perfumes, varnishes, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental or medicinal plants, or for keeping off insects. “Lavender.” [Subfamily
LAVANDULOIDEAE.]  Lavandula L.

Disc entire or divided into lobes alternating with the ovary-lobes. Nutlets with a basal or a ventral-subbasal point of attachment.  8

8. Stamens descending upon the lower lip or the lower part of the corolla, or lying upon it. Anther-halves spreading, confluent at the apex. Corolla distinctly, rarely obscurely 2-lipped; lower lip nearly always entire.
[Subfamily OCIMOIDEAE, tribe OCIMEAE.]  9

Stamens ascending or projecting straight forwards. Corolla 2-lipped with a
3-lobed lower lip, or subequally 4-cleft. [Subfamily STACHYOIDEAE]  34

9. Lower lip of the corolla entire, flat or slightly concave, somewhat exceeding the upper one; upper lip 3-4-lobed or -cleft. Stamens 4. [Subtribe
MOSCHOSMINAE.]  10

Lower lip of the corolla or its middle lobe strongly concave: saucer-, pouch-, or boat-shaped.  20

10. Corolla included in the calyx, globose, with short, connivent lobes. Anthers sessile. Style included, entire. Calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip with decurrent margins, much enlarged in the fruit. Shrubs. False whorls
6-flowered, spicately arranged.—Species 2. East Africa (Somaliland).  Hyperaspis Briq.

Corolla not included and globose. Anthers on distinctly developed filaments.  11

11. Corolla obscurely two-lipped, 4-lobed, very small. Anthers concealed within the corolla-tube.—Species 1. Central and South-east Africa. (Under
Ocimum L.)  Endostemon N. E. Brown

Corolla distinctly two-lipped, rarely obscurely two-lipped but 5-lobed.
Anthers projecting beyond the corolla-tube.  12

12. Calyx two-lipped; margins of the upper lip decurrent along the tube.
Inflorescence spike- or raceme-like.  13

Calyx two-lipped, but the margins of the upper lip not decurrent, or subequally
5-toothed.  16

13. Style-apex entire or obscurely notched. Filaments free, unappendaged.
Corolla-tube projecting beyond the calyx.  14

Style-apex two-cleft or distinctly notched.  15

14. Upper lip of the calyx much enlarged and wrapped round the other teeth in the fruit. Corolla-tube slightly projecting. Disc almost equal-sided.
Shrubs.—Species 3. East Africa.  Erythrochlamys Guerke

Upper lip of the calyx not more enlarged in the fruit than the rest. Disc one-sided.—Species 75. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants.  Orthosiphon Benth.

15. Filaments of the lower pair of stamens united halfway up, all unappendaged.—Species
9. Central and South Africa. (Under Ocimum L. or
Orthosiphon Benth.)  Hemizygia Briq.

Filaments free or the lower ones shortly united at the base; the upper ones usually kneed, toothed, or crested near the base.—Species 75. Tropical and South Africa. Several species (especially O. Basilicum L., sweet basil) are used as pot-herbs, as medicinal or ornamental plants, as a substitute for tea, and for preparing an essential oil. (Including Becium
Lindl.)  Ocimum L.

16. Style-apex entire or nearly so. Filaments of the lower pair of stamens united nearly to the top. Corolla-tube exserted. Fruiting calyx subequally
5-toothed. Shrubs. False whorls 2-6-flowered, spicately arranged. Flowers medium-sized.—Species 7. South Africa.  Syncolostemon E. Mey.

Style-apex two-cleft. Filaments free. Herbs or undershrubs. False whorls 6-many-flowered and spicately arranged, or collected in heads.
Flowers small.  17

17. False whorls arranged in dense heads. Calyx ovate-campanulate at the time of flowering; fruiting calyx tubular, two-lipped, without transverse ribs at the base.—Species 50. Tropical and South-east Africa.  Acrocephalus Benth.

False whorls arranged in spikes. Fruiting calyx ovate-campanulate, more rarely tubular, but then with transverse ribs at the base.  18

18. Fruiting calyx ovate-campanulate with a shortly 3-toothed upper lip and an entire lower lip. False whorls 6-10-flowered.—Species 2. Central
Africa.  Platostoma Beauv.

Fruiting calyx with a 2-4-toothed lower lip or subequally 5-toothed.  19

19. Fruiting calyx tubular, usually transversely ribbed at the base. False whorls many-flowered.—Species 15. Tropical and South-east Africa.  Geniosporum Wall.

Fruiting calyx ovate-campanulate.—Species 12. Tropical and South-east
Africa. (Basilicum Moench, including Iboza N. E. Brown).  Moschosma Reichb.

20. (9.) Lower lip of the corolla abruptly bent downwards, short, saccate,
narrowed at the base. Stamens 4. Herbs.—Species 6, two of them only naturalized. Tropical and South-east Africa. Used medicinally; the seeds of one species yield oil. (Maesosphaerum P. Br.) [Subtribe
HYPTIDINAE.]  Hyptis Jacq.

Lower lip of the corolla not abruptly bent downwards, entire, exceeding the upper lip. Upper lip 3-4-lobed or entire. [Subtribe PLECTRANTHINAE.]  21

21. Fertile stamens 2. Corolla whitish or violet. Fruiting calyx berry-like.
Shrubs. False whorls 2-4-flowered.—Species 1. Tropical and
South-east Africa. The fruits are edible.  Hoslundia Vahl

Fertile stamens 4. Fruiting calyx dry.  22

22. Filaments free.  23

Filaments united at the base into a closed tube or a sheath split behind.  27

23. Fruiting calyx bursting by a circular slit near the base.—Species 50.
Central and South Africa. Some species are used as ornamental plants.
(Including Icomum Hua).  Aeolanthus Mart.

Fruiting calyx not bursting by a circular slit near the base.  24

24. Fruiting calyx tubular-elongate and curved or coiled, expanded at the base, constricted at the middle, subequally 5-toothed. Disc one-sided. Herbs or undershrubs.—Species 3. Madagascar and South Africa. (Under
Plectranthus L’Hér.)  Burnatastrum Briq.

Fruiting calyx not tubular-elongate and curved.  25

25. Fruiting calyx bladdery-inflated, membranous, net-veined. Corolla pink; upper lip almost entire. Disc equal-sided. False whorls many-flowered, arranged in racemes. Shrubs.—Species 1. Central Africa.  Alvesia Welw.

Fruiting calyx not inflated.  26

26. Fruiting calyx with 5 subequal, subulate, rigid, almost spinous teeth. Disc almost equal-sided. Corolla blue or violet. False whorls arranged in spikes. Herbs.—Species 40. Tropical and South-east Africa.  Pycnostachys Hook.

Fruiting calyx with subequal but not rigid-subulate teeth, or two-lipped.
Disc one-sided.—Species 160. Tropical and South Africa. Some species have edible tubers or serve as ornamental or medicinal plants or for keeping off insects. (Including Germanea Lam. and Symphostemon
Welw.) (Plate 134.)  Plectranthus L’Hér.

27. Staminal tube slit open behind. Herbs or undershrubs.  28

Staminal tube closed.  31

28. Calyx-lobes orbicular, much enlarged in the fruit, membranous, net-veined.
Corolla-tube abruptly bent downwards; upper lip entire. Disc almost equal-sided. Style-apex 2-cleft. Stem ascending. Leaves fleshy.
False whorls 6-flowered, aggregated in panicled racemes.—Species 1.
East Africa.  Capitanya Schweinf.

Calyx-lobes ovate or oblong, slightly enlarged in the fruit. Upper lip of the
corolla 4-toothed or 4-lobed. Stem erect. False whorls in lax racemes.  29

29. Calyx distinctly 2-lipped. Corolla-tube abruptly bent downwards. Disc one-sided. Style-apex 2-cleft. False whorls of 6 or more flowers.—Species
5. Central Africa. (Under Plectranthus L’Hér.)  Solenostemon Schum. & Thonn.

Calyx subequally 5-toothed. Corolla-tube straight or slightly curved.  30

30. Corolla-tube curved, gibbous at the base. Disc nearly equal-sided. Style-apex notched. Leaves alternate, sometimes almost opposite or whorled.
False whorls in terminal racemes. (See 26.)  Plectranthus L’Hér.

Corolla-tube straight, not gibbous at the base. Disc one-sided. Style-apex two-cleft. Leaves opposite. False whorls 1-2-flowered, in axillary racemes.—Species 2. Central Africa.  Englerastrum Briq.

31. Calyx with an ovate, not much prolonged upper lip and narrower, acuminate lower teeth, little changed in fruit.—Species 110. Tropical and
South Africa. Some have edible tubers or serve as ornamental or medicinal plants.  Coleus Lour.

Calyx with a much prolonged upper lip. Herbs or undershrubs.  32

32. Filaments shortly united at the base. Fruiting calyx not bursting; lower teeth suborbicular. Leaves oblong-lanceolate. Inflorescence dense, paniculate.—Species 1. West Africa.  Anisochilus Wall.

Filaments united halfway up. Lower calyx-teeth acute. Leaves cordate at the base.  33

33. Inflorescence lax, panicle- or corymb-like. Leaves ovate. Fruiting calyx much enlarged, ventricose, bursting at the base.—Species 3.
West Africa.  Neomuellera Briq.

Inflorescence dense, raceme-like. Leaves oblong-lyrate. Calyx-teeth narrow.—Species
1. West Africa.  Leocus A. Chev.

34. (8.) Anther-halves linear, usually separated by an enlarged connective.
Stamens usually 2.  35

Anther-halves oblong, ovate, or globose. Stamens usually 4.  37

35. Fertile stamens 4, the lower pair longer. Anthers with a very small connective and separate halves divergent below. Corolla obscurely
2-lipped; tube slightly exserted, hairy at the base within. Calyx
13-15-nerved, with 5 subequal acuminate teeth. Shrubs. False whorls few-flowered.—Species 1. Naturalized in the Island of Réunion.
(Mahya Cordem.) [Tribe HORMINEAE.]  Sphacele Benth.

Fertile stamens 2, with a lengthened connective. Calyx 2-lipped.  36

36. Anthers with both halves fertile, parallel, and attached to a short connective.
Disc equal-sided. Corolla almost regular, 4-lobed. Shrubs.
False whorls many-flowered.—Species 1. Abyssinia. Yields condiments and medicaments. [Tribe MERIANDREAE.]  Meriandra Benth.

Anthers with one half only fertile and attached to one branch of the long connective, the other half abortive or wanting. Disc more or less one-sided.
Corolla 2-lipped.—Species 80. Some of them yield condiments, medicaments, and a substitute for tea, or serve as ornamental plants. “Sage.” [Tribe SALVIEAE.]  Salvia L.

37. Anther-halves globose or ovate, spreading horizontally and usually confluent at the apex, flat after opening. Stamens 4. Calyx subequally
5-toothed. [Tribe POGOSTEMONEAE.]  38

Anther-halves oblong or ovate, not flat after opening.  40

38. Filaments unequal, the lower pair longer, glabrous. Anther-halves tardily confluent. Disc one-sided. Corolla slightly 2-lipped, the upper lip somewhat concave and notched, the lower 3-lobed. Herbs or undershrubs.
False whorls many-flowered.—Species 3. East Africa.  Elsholtzia Willd.

Filaments equal. Anther-halves confluent at an early stage. Disc almost equal-sided. Corolla subequally 4-5-lobed.  39

39. Filaments bearded. Disc columnar, truncate. Calyx-teeth equal. Corolla-lobes
4. Herbs.—Species 1. Southern East Africa.  Pogostemon Desf.

Filaments glabrous. Disc with 4 glands. Calyx-teeth unequal. Corolla-lobes
5. Shrubs or trees. False whorls 6-10-flowered, in paniculately arranged spikes.—Species 3. Madagascar.  Tetradenia Benth.

40. Stamens 4, the upper (posticous) pair longer than the lower, all parallel and ascending under the upper lip of the corolla. Calyx 13-15~nerved, subequally 5-toothed. Herbs. [Tribe NEPETEAE.]  41

Stamens 4, the lower longer than the upper, or all equal, or only 2 present.  42

41. Anther-halves parallel or nearly so. Disc almost equal-sided. Corolla white, with a much projecting tube. Leaves 3-partite.—Species 1.
Madeira and Canary Islands; naturalized in South Africa. Used as an ornamental plant.  Cedronella Moench

Anther-halves spreading.—Species 15. North and Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.  Nepeta L.

42. Stamens and styles enclosed in the corolla-tube. Stamens 4, in two unequal pairs, the lower sometimes with rudimentary anthers. Anther-halves spreading. Style-apex entire or shortly and obtusely lobed.
Calyx 5-10-nerved, subequally 5-10-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped; tube not or slightly projecting beyond the calyx. [Tribe MARRUBIEAE.]  43

Stamens and styles of the hermaphrodite flowers projecting beyond the corolla-tube, very rarely enclosed in it, but then anther-halves more or less parallel or calyx distinctly two-lipped. Corolla-tube usually projecting beyond the calyx.  45

43. Nutlets truncate at the apex. Calyx 10-11-nerved. Upper lip of the corolla slightly convex. Anthers all fertile, those of the lower stamens larger; halves confluent. Disc equal-sided. Herbs or undershrubs.—Species
6. South Africa and southern Central Africa.  Acrotome Benth.

Nutlets rounded at the apex.  44

44. Anthers all fertile, the halves early confluent at the apex. False whorls of flowers axillary. Herbs.—Species 9. North Africa and Cape Verde
Islands. Some are used medicinally. “Hore-hound.”  Marrubium L.

Anthers of the upper stamens 2-celled, those of the lower nearly always abortive or rudimentary. Disc equal-sided. Calyx 5-toothed. Upper lip of the corolla nearly flat. Leaves undivided.—Species 20. North
Africa. Some are used medicinally. (Including Leucophae Webb et
Berth.)  Sideritis L.

45. Corolla distinctly two-lipped with a convex, more or less helmet-shaped upper lip. Stamens 4, in two pairs of unequal length, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla. [Tribe STACHYEAE.]  46

Corolla two-lipped with a rather flat upper lip, or more or less regular.
Leaves undivided. [Tribe SATUREIEAE.]  59

46. Calyx compressed from front to back, 10-nerved, distinctly 2-lipped; upper lip 3-toothed, lower 2-cleft, bent towards the upper and closing the mouth of the calyx after flowering. Corolla blue, violet, red, or white; tube exserted, widened above; upper lip entire, lower 3-lobed. Filaments with an appendage at the apex. Anther-halves separate, divergent.
Herbs. False whorls 6-flowered, in dense racemes, with imbricate bracts. [Subtribe BRUNELLINAE.]  47

Calyx more or less equally 5-10-toothed, rarely two-lipped, but the lower lip not closing the mouth of the calyx. [Subtribe
LAMIINAE.]  48

47. Corolla-tube narrow below, widened at the throat, glabrous within; limb blue or violet; midlobe of the lower lip two-cleft. Disc one-sided.
Style-apex 4-cleft. Nutlets very slimy when wet. Bracts narrow, awned.—Species 1. North-west Africa.  Cleonia L.

Corolla-tube wide, narrow at the throat, with a ring of hairs or scales within; midlobe of the lower lip concave, toothed. Disc equal-sided. Style-apex
2-cleft. Nutlets not or slightly slimy when wet. Bracts broad.—Species
2. North Africa and Cape Verde Islands; one species also naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Used medicinally. (Prunella L.)  Brunella L.

48. Style-branches very unequal, the posterior much shorter than the anterior.
Anther-halves spreading, finally confluent at the apex. Corolla white, yellow, or red; upper lip very hairy. Herbs or undershrubs.  49

Style-branches equal or nearly equal, rarely distinctly unequal, but then the upper lip of the corolla almost glabrous.  51

49. Upper lip of the corolla much longer than the lower one. Calyx with
8-10 unequal, usually stiff teeth. Disc equal-sided. Leaves toothed.—Species
30. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.  Leonotis Pers.

Upper lip of the corolla as long as or shorter than the lower one.  50

50. Upper lip of the corolla laterally compressed; tube with a ring of hairs inside. Corolla red or yellow. Calyx 5-toothed. Disc equal-sided.
False whorls 6- or more-flowered, axillary.—Species 4. North Africa.
Used as ornamental or medicinal plants.  Phlomis L.

Upper lip of the corolla not laterally compressed; tube included. Corolla white or red.—Species 90. Tropical and South Africa and Egypt.
Several species are used medicinally; others are noxious weeds. (Including
Lasiocorys Benth.)  Leucas R. Br.

51. Nutlets 3-angled, with a truncate apex. Leaves toothed or divided.  52

Nutlets more or less egg-shaped, with a rounded apex.  55

52. Style-branches very unequal. Calyx two-lipped with entire lips. Corolla red, with a much exserted tube. Small shrubs.—Species 1. East
Africa (Somaliland). (Under Tinnaea Peyr. et Kotschy).  Renschia Vatke

Style-branches almost equal. Calyx 2-lipped with spiny-toothed lips, or subequally 5-toothed. Upper lip of the corolla hairy. Herbs.  53

53. Calyx-limb broadened, two-lipped, with 5-10 spiny teeth. Corolla white; tube included, furnished with a ring of hairs inside, slightly widened above. Anther-halves spreading. Disc equal-sided.—Species
1. North Africa (Tunisia).  Moluccella L.

Calyx-limb not broadened, subequally 5-toothed. Corolla white or red.  54

54. Calyx-teeth spinous. Corolla-tube slightly widened above. Disc equal-sided.—Species
2. One a native of North Africa, the other naturalized in the Mascarene Islands. Used medicinally.  Leonurus L.

Calyx-teeth unarmed. Corolla-tube ventricose above. Anther-halves finally spreading.—Species 8. North Africa and Abyssinia. Some species are used medicinally. “Deadnettle.”  Lamium L.

55. Nutlets densely clothed with scales at the apex. Corolla-tube glabrous within; upper lip short, slightly concave, notched or two-lobed, glabrous or downy. Anther-halves usually confluent at an early stage. Disc equal-sided. Herbs. Leaves toothed.—Species 15. Tropics.  Achyrospermum Wall.

Nutlets not scaly. Anther-halves not or tardily confluent.  56

56. Anthers of the posterior stamens with one half, of the anterior with both halves developed; halves placed transversely. Disc equal-sided.
Corolla-tube with a ring of hairs inside; upper lip short, slightly concave, entire, glabrous or very scantily hairy. Calyx equally 5-toothed.
Herbs.—Species 2. Mascarene Islands. Used medicinally.  Anisomeles R. Br.

Anthers all with both halves developed. Upper lip of the corolla more or less hairy.  57

57. Calyx funnel-shaped, 10-nerved, 2-lipped; upper lip entire or 3-toothed, lower much larger, entire or 4-toothed. Corolla-tube with a ring of
hairs inside; upper entire, densely hairy. Anther-halves finally spreading. Disc equal-sided. False whorls many-flowered. Shrubs or undershrubs.—Species 8. Central Africa and Egypt.  Otostegia Benth.

Calyx equally or subequally toothed, very rarely two-lipped with a 3-toothed upper and a 2-cleft lower lip.  58

58. Calyx funnel-shaped, 10-nerved, subequally toothed. Corolla white or red; tube with a ring of hairs inside; upper lip notched, densely hairy.
Anther-halves finally spreading. Leaves toothed.—Species 7. North,
East, and South Africa. Some species are used medicinally.  Ballota L.

Calyx tube- or bell-shaped, 5-10-nerved.—Species 80. Some of them are used as ornamental or medicinal plants, others are poisonous for cattle. (Including Betonica L.)  Stachys L.

59. (45.) Stamens ascending under the upper lip of the corolla, more or less arched. Corolla two-lipped. Herbs or undershrubs. [Subtribe
MELISSINAE.]  60

Stamens projecting straight forwards, divergent.  63

60. Stamens 2. Anthers with 2 confluent halves, or with a fertile and a rudimentary half, or one half only developed. Style-apex unequally two-cleft.
Calyx 13-nerved, two-lipped. Corolla-tube shortly exserted, glabrous within. False whorls few-flowered.—Species 3. North Africa.  Ziziphora L.

Stamens 4.  61

61. Corolla-tube ascending-reflexed at the middle, glabrous within. Corolla white or yellowish. Calyx 13-nerved, two-lipped. Style-apex cleft into two subequal, awl-shaped branches. Leaves toothed. False whorls few-flowered.—Species 1. North Africa. Used as an ornamental and medicinal plant. “Balm.”  Melissa L.

Corolla-tube straight or slightly curved.  62

62. Calyx inflated in the fruit, 15-20-nerved, subequally 5-toothed. Corolla red; tube included, glabrous within. Style-apex cleft into two equal, awl-shaped branches. Undershrubs. Leaves entire. False whorls
4-6-flowered.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria). (Under
Satureia L.)  Saccocalyx Coss.

Calyx not inflated, 10-15-nerved. Corolla-tube exserted.—Species 45.
Some of them are used as pot-herbs (savory), as a substitute for tea, or as medicinal or ornamental plants. (Including Calamintha Moench,
Clinopodium L., and Micromeria Benth.)  Satureia L.

63. Calyx 15-nerved, equally 5-toothed. Corolla blue, rarely reddish or white,
2-lipped, with an included tube. Stamens 4, in two pairs of unequal length, ascending at the base, divergent and projecting straight forwards towards the apex. Shrubs. Leaves entire, narrow. False whorls
6- or more-flowered.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Morocco). Used as an ornamental plant and for preparing perfumes and medicaments.
[Subtribe HYSSOPINAE.]  Hyssopus L.

Calyx 10-13-nerved. Stamens divergent and projecting straight forwards
from the base.  64

64. Corolla two-lipped; upper lip notched or 2-cleft, lower 3-cleft. Stamens
4, in two pairs of more or less unequal length. [Subtribe THYMINAE.]  65

Corolla equally or subequally 4-cleft; tube included. Stamens 4, about equal in length, with parallel halves, rarely only 2. Herbs. [Subtribe
MENTHINAE.]  69

65. Calyx more or less distinctly 2-lipped. Leaves entire.  66

Calyx equally 5-toothed.  68

66. Upper lip of the calyx entire or obscurely 3-toothed; lower lip slightly 2-toothed, almost entire, or rudimentary. Anther-halves spreading. Herbs.
Bracts suborbicular.—Species 1 (M. hortensis Moench). Cultivated and sometimes naturalized in North Africa. Used as a pot-herb, for the preparation of an essential oil and a kind of snuff, and in medicine.
“Marjoram.” (Under Origanum L.)  Majorana Moench

Upper lip of the calyx 3-toothed, lower 2-cleft.  67

67. Calyx-tube much compressed from above, 13-nerved. Corolla pink; tube exserted; upper lip 2-cleft. Anthers with a small connective and spreading halves. Style-apex unequally 2-cleft. Shrubs. False whorls
6-flowered, in heads.—Species 1. North Africa. (Under Thymus L.)  Coridothymus Reichb. fil.

Calyx-tube more or less cylindric, not or slightly compressed. Anthers with
a thick connective. Style-apex equally or subequally 2-cleft.—Species
20. North Africa and Abyssinia. Some species yield condiments, medicaments, and an essential oil, or serve as ornamental plants.
“Thyme.”  Thymus L.

68. Corolla-tube more or less projecting beyond the calyx. Anthers exserted, with spreading halves. Style-apex unequally 2-cleft. Herbs.—Species
5. North Africa. They yield condiments, medicaments, and an essential oil.  Origanum L.

Corolla-tube not projecting beyond the calyx. Anthers with parallel halves.
Shrubs.—Species 9. Madeira and Canary Islands.  Bystropogon L’Hér.

69. Stamens 2. Anther-halves finally spreading. Calyx equally 5-toothed, glabrous within. Nutlets truncate at the apex. Leaves toothed.
False whorls many-flowered, axillary. Bracteoles small.—Species 1.
North Africa. Used medicinally.  Lycopus L.

Stamens 4. Nutlets round at the apex.  70

70. Calyx equally 4-toothed, hairy within; teeth with an awn-like process on the back. Stem decumbent. Leaves linear. False whorls axillary, many-flowered. Bracteoles large, as long as the flowers.—Species 1.
North-West Africa. Used medicinally.  Preslia Opiz

Calyx equally or subequally 5-toothed; teeth without an awn-like process on the back. Bracteoles small.—Species 9. North Africa, northern
Central Africa, and South Africa, also naturalized in Madagascar, its neighbouring islands, and St. Helena. Some species (especially M. piperita L., peppermint) yield condiments, medicaments, insectifuges, and an essential oil used as an aromatic or for medicinal purposes; several serve as ornamental plants. “Mint.”  Mentha L.