SUBORDER SOLANINEAE

FAMILY 207. SOLANACEAE

Leaves alternate, sometimes in pairs, simple, but sometimes (Solanum) dissected. Flowers solitary or in cymose inflorescences, 5-merous, very rarely 4-or pleio-merous. Corolla of united petals, usually regular or nearly so, mostly folded lengthwise in the bud. Stamens as many as the divisions of the corolla and alternating with them, rarely some of them rudimentary. Anthers turned inwards. Disc usually distinct. Ovary superior, 2-4-, rarely 5-or more-celled, usually 2-celled with the partition oblique to the median plane of the flower, rarely (Capsicum) incompletely septate. Ovules axile, usually numerous, inverted. Style simple; stigma usually 2-lobed. Fruit a berry or a capsule. Seeds albuminous.—Genera 16, species 220. (Including ATROPACEAE.) (Plate 135.)

1. Fertile stamens fewer than the corolla-lobes, 2, rarely 4. Corolla violet or yellow, tube- or funnel-shaped; lobes 5, club-shaped, alternating with entire or 2-lobed appendages. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit a capsule. Seeds with straight embryo. Herbs. Leaves undivided. Flowers panicled.—Species
2. Central Africa. They yield fish-poison. [Tribe SALPIGLOSSIDEAE.]  Schwenkia L.

Fertile stamens as many as the corolla-lobes, 5, rarely 4.  2

2. Ovary 3-5-celled. Embryo much curved. Leaves entire, toothed, or lobed. Flowers solitary, large.  3

Ovary 2-celled, rarely incompletely 2-celled or many-celled by cultivation.  4

3. Ovary-cells and placentas unequal. Calyx 5-partite with obcordate segments, enlarged after flowering and enveloping the fruit. Corolla blue, regular, bell-shaped. Fruit a berry. Herbs.—Species 1. Naturalized in various regions. An ornamental and medicinal plant. (Pentagonia
Heist.) [Tribe NICANDREAE.]  Nicandra Adams

Ovary-cells and placentas equal, 4. Calyx tubular, 5-lobed, deciduous excepting the base. Corolla funnel-shaped, with a long tube.—Species
5, one of them only naturalized. They yield poisons, dyes, intoxicants, and medicaments, and serve as ornamental plants. “Thorn-apple.”
(Including Brugmansia Pers.) [Tribe DATUREAE.]  Datura L.

4. Seeds with a straight or slightly curved embryo, usually thick. Corolla with a long tube and a comparatively narrow limb. Flowers in cymes or cymose panicles. Leaves undivided. [Tribe CESTREAE.]  5

Seeds with a strongly curved embryo, flat. [Tribe SOLANEAE.]  6

5. Fruit a berry with one or few large seeds. Ovules few in each ovary-cell.
Stamens inserted at or below the middle of the corolla-tube. Flowers in cymes. Trees or shrubs.—Species 2. Naturalized in several islands.
Ornamental and medicinal plants. [Subtribe CESTRINAE.]  Cestrum L.

Fruit a capsule with many small seeds. Ovules many in each ovary-cell.
Stamens inserted in the lower part of the corolla-tube. Flowers in cymose, raceme- or panicle-like inflorescences. Herbs or undershrubs.—Species
5. Cultivated and sometimes naturalized in various regions.
They yield tobacco (especially from N. tabacum L. and rustica L.), lamp-oil, vermin-poison, and medicaments, and serve as ornamental plants. [Subtribe NICOTIANINAE.]  Nicotiana L.

6. Fruit a capsule opening by a lid. Calyx enlarged in the fruit. Corolla widely funnel-shaped, 5-lobed, imbricate in bud, white or yellow with red or violet veins. Herbs. Leaves alternate, undivided or lobed.
Flowers solitary, axillary.—Species 8. North and Central Africa.
They are poisonous and yield oil and medicaments. “Henbane.”
[Subtribe HYOSCYAMINAE.]  Hyoscyamus L.

Fruit a berry, indehiscent or at length bursting irregularly. Corolla tubular, campanulate, or rotate.  7

7. Anthers attached at the middle of the back. Corolla campanulate, 5-cleft.
Root thick. Stem very short. Leaves radical, undivided.
Flowers solitary, axillary.—Species 2. North Africa. Poisonous and used in medicine and magic. “Mandrake.” [Subtribe MANDRAGORINAE.]  Mandragora Juss.

Anthers attached at the base or the lower part of the back. Stem well developed. Leaves alternate.  8

8. Corolla tubular or campanulate; limb narrow in proportion to the tube.
Calyx not or slightly enlarged in the fruit. Flowers solitary or in clusters.
Leaves undivided. [Subtribe LYCIINAE.]  9

Corolla rotate or campanulate; limb broad. [Subtribe SOLANINAE.]  12

9. Corolla irregular, with an oblique limb, violet, folded in the bud. Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla-tube; filaments short, as long as or shorter than the anthers. Fruit almost dry. Herbs. Leaves lobed.
Flowers in pairs in the leaf-axils.—Species 1. North-west Africa
(Algeria). Used medicinally.  Triguera Cav.

Corolla regular. Fruit succulent.  10

10. Corolla-tube narrow; lobes imbricate in bud. Stamens inserted at or below the middle of the corolla-tube. Shrubs or trees.—Species 25.
Some of them are poisonous; several species are used as hedge-plants or in medicine.  Lycium L.

Corolla-tube wide. Fruit globose.  11

11. Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla brownish-green, urceolate, valvate in bud.
Stamens inserted above the middle of the corolla-tube. Shrubs.
Flowers in clusters.—Species 1. Mountains of Central Africa. (Plate
135.)  Discopodium Hochst.

Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla brownish-violet or dull-red, campanulate, imbricate in bud. Stamens inserted at the base of the corolla-tube; filaments long. Herbs. Flowers solitary.—Species 1 (A. Belladonna L., dwale). North-west Africa (Algeria). Poisonous and yielding oil and medicaments.  Atropa L.

12. Anthers cohering or opening by apical pores. Corolla rotate or widely campanulate. Calyx not or slightly enlarged in the fruit. Flowers usually in cymose, umbel-, raceme-, or panicle-like inflorescences.—Species
150; three of them (S. tuberosum L., potato, S. Melongena L., egg-plant, and S. Lycopericum L., tomato) only cultivated. Several species yield edible fruits or tubers, from which starch, sugar and alcohol are prepared, also tanning and dyeing materials, a substitute for soap, a means to coagulate milk, and various medicaments; others serve as vegetables or as ornamental or hedge-plants; some are poisonous.
(Including Lycopersicum Mill. and Normania Lowe).  Solanum L.

Anthers free, opening by longitudinal slits. Leaves entire, toothed, or lobed.  13

13. Corolla narrowly campanulate, white. Calyx much enlarged and inflated in the fruit. Flowers in clusters. Leaves undivided. Shrubs.—Species
6. Poisonous and used medicinally; the sap coagulates milk.
(Physaloides Moench).  Withania Pauq.

Corolla rotate or very widely campanulate. Flowers solitary.  14

14. Calyx entire or with 5 small teeth, usually but slightly enlarged in the fruit. Corolla white. Filaments longer than the anthers. Fruit slightly fleshy. Herbs or undershrubs.—Species 6. Cultivated and sometimes naturalized in various regions. The fruits (chillies) serve as condiments or medicaments. “Cayenne pepper.”  Capsicum L.

Calyx 5-lobed, much enlarged in the fruit.  15

15. Calyx spreading under the fruit. Corolla white. Shrubs. Leaves undivided, covered with dense hairs.—Species 1. Island of St. Helena.  Melissea Hook.

Calyx inflated and enclosing the fruit. Corolla white, yellow, or violet.
Herbs.—Species 6; three of them natives of Central and South Africa, the others cultivated and sometimes naturalized in various regions.
They yield edible fruits and medicaments. “Winter-cherry.”  Physalis L.

FAMILY 208. SCROPHULARIACEAE

Leaves without stipules. Flowers hermaphrodite, usually irregular. Petals 4-5, united below, imbricate, not folded in the bud. Stamens 2-5, usually 4. Disc present. Ovary superior, 2-celled, the partition placed transversely to the median plane of the flower, rarely 1-celled or (Bowkeria) 3-celled. Ovules inverted or half-inverted. Style simple or 2-cleft. Seeds albuminous with a straight or slightly curved embryo, rarely (Dintera) exalbuminous.—Genera 107, species 1150. (Including SELAGINEAE.) (Plate 136.)

1. Posterior lobes or upper lip of the corolla overlapped in the bud by one or both of the lateral lobes. [Subfamily RHINANTHOIDEAE.]  2

Posterior lobes or upper lip of the corolla overlapping the lateral lobes
in the bud.  45

2. Corolla 2-lipped with a helmet-shaped upper lip and a 3-lobed lower lip.
Stamens 4. Anther-halves separate. Fruit capsular, loculicidal. Herbs.
Leaves well developed. Flowers in leafy spikes or racemes. [Tribe
RHINANTHEAE.]  3

Corolla 2-lipped with a flat upper lip, or 1-lipped with only 3 distinct lobes, or subequally 4-5-lobed.  8

3. Upper lip of the corolla with reflexed margins. Calyx 4-lobed. Seeds numerous, ribbed. Leaves undivided.—Species 1. Azores. “Eyebright.”  Euphrasia L.

Upper lip of the corolla with straight margins.  4

4. Calyx 5-lobed, slit in front. Corolla yellow. Capsule oblique, narrow.
Leaves pinnately divided.—Species 1. North-west Africa (Algeria).
“Lousewort.”  Pedicularis L.

Calyx 4-lobed. Capsule straight. Leaves entire, toothed, or lobed.  5

5. Ovules few, pendulous. Corolla yellow or red. Capsule broad. Seeds ribbed.—Species 10. North Africa. Some are used medicinally.
(Under Bartsia L.)  Odontites Pers.

Ovules many, horizontal.  6

6. Placentas thin. Seeds few, large, with wing-like ribs. Capsule broad.
Corolla blue or red.—Species 8. Central and North-west Africa.
(Bartsia L.)  Bartschia L.

Placentas thick. Seeds numerous, small. Corolla yellow or red.  7

7. Seeds ribbed. Capsule broad.—Species 2. North and South Africa,
Abyssinia, and Island of Réunion. (Trixago Stev., under Bartsia L.)  Bellardia All.

Seeds smooth. Capsule narrow.—Species 3. North Africa. (Eufragia
Griseb., under Bartsia L.)  Parentucellia Viv.

8. (2.) Anther-halves separate, sometimes one of them rudimentary or one only developed. Stamens 4, more or less unequal, rarely (Strigina)
2 only fertile. Corolla with a distinct, usually long tube. Calyx-teeth about as long as or shorter than the tube. [Tribe GERARDIEAE.]  9

Anther-halves confluent at the apex, more rarely separate, but then corolla-tube very short and stamens nearly equal or reduced to two, or calyx-teeth much longer than the tube. [Tribe DIGITALEAE.]  36

9. Anthers 1-celled (with one half only developed) in all stamens.  10

Anthers 2-celled (with both halves developed), at least in two of the stamens, but one cell (or half) sometimes smaller than the other and barren.  17

10. Corolla almost 1-lipped, with only 3 distinct lobes; tube curved; limb narrow, convex. Calyx 5-cleft. Red-coloured, fleshy, parasitic herbs.
Leaves reduced to scales. Flowers in terminal spikes.—Species 5.
South Africa.  Hyobanche Thunb.

Corolla regular or 2-lipped, distinctly 4-5-lobed. Green herbs with well-developed leaves.  11

11. Corolla subequally 5-lobed, blue, red or white; tube straight or slightly curved. Calyx tubular, 4-5-toothed. Capsule straight, oblong or ovate. Leaves undivided.  12

Corolla more or less distinctly 2-lipped; lobes unequal.  14

12. Calyx 2-lipped, 4-lobed, 5-nerved. Stamens inserted in the lower part of the corolla-tube. Lower leaves opposite, upper alternate.—Species
1. Southern East Africa.  Eylesia S. Moore

Calyx subequally 4-5-toothed, 7-10-nerved.  13

13. Calyx 7-9-nerved, 4-toothed. Stamens inserted in the upper part of the corolla-tube. Leaves all opposite.—Species 3. West Africa. (Under
Buchnera L.)  Stellularia Benth.

Calyx 10-nerved, usually 5-toothed.—Species 60. Tropical and South
Africa. (Buchnera L.)  Buechnera L.

14. Corolla-tube abruptly curved at or above the middle. Calyx tubular.
Capsule straight, oblong or ovate. Leaves undivided.  15

Corolla-tube straight or gradually curved.  16

15. Placentas thin. Ovules few, large. Stem prostrate.—Species 3. East
Africa.  Cycniopsis Engl.

Placentas thick. Ovules numerous, small. Stem erect.—Species 30.
Tropical and South Africa and Egypt. Some are noxious weeds.  Striga Lour.

16. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Capsule ellipsoid, straight, not beaked.—Species
12. Central and South Africa.  Cycnium E. Mey.

Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft. Capsule usually oblique and beaked, rarely globose and not beaked.—Species 25. Tropical and South Africa.  Rhamphicarpa Benth.

17. (9.) Anther-halves (anther-cells) very unequal, one of them fertile, the other barren (without pollen) or almost so.  18

Anther-halves equal or subequal, both of them fertile.  27

18. Leaves scale-like, yellow or reddish.  19

Leaves well developed, green.  20

19. Corolla with a narrow limb, red. Barren anther-cell very small.—Species 1.
Madagascar.  Tetraspidium Bak.

Corolla with a broad limb. Barren anther-cell usually long.—Species 30.
Southern and tropical Africa. (Aulaya Harv.)  Harveya Hook.

20. Fertile stamens 2, inserted at the throat of the corolla; barren ones filiform.
Corolla with a long curved tube and a 2-lipped limb. Leaves undivided.—Species
1. East Africa.  Strigina Engl.

Fertile stamens 4.  21

21. Anthers partly with, partly (two of them) without a barren cell. Corolla-tube long, inflated. Stem erect. Leaves undivided.  22

Anthers all with a barren cell, which in two is sometimes very small; in
this case stem climbing. Herbs or undershrubs.  23

22. Anthers of the lower (anterior) stamens 1-celled, those of the upper stamens with a fertile cell opening by a longitudinal slit and a spur-like sterile cell. Corolla nearly regular. Mostly shrubs.—Species 1. East
Africa (Somaliland).  Ghikaea Schweinf. & Volk.

Anthers of the lower stamens with a cleft connective bearing at one end a fertile cell, which opens by an apical pore, and at the other a disc-like appendage; those of the upper stamens 1-celled. Corolla 2-lipped.
Herbs or undershrubs.—Species 7. East Africa.  Pseudosopubia Engl.

23. Anthers with a minute, nearly imperceptible barren cell. Corolla violet; tube slightly exceeding the calyx. Calyx enlarged in the fruit. Stem erect, with spreading branches. Leaves undivided.—Species 1.
Southern West Africa.  Hiernia S. Moore

Anthers, at least those of the shorter stamens, with a distinctly developed barren cell.  24

24. Barren anther-cells of the longer stamens minute, nearly imperceptible, of the shorter awn- or worm-shaped. Corolla pink or violet; tube exceeding the calyx. Calyx enlarged and inflated in the fruit. Climbing undershrubs.—Species 2. Central and South-east Africa.  Buttonia Mac Ken

Barren anther-cells distinctly developed in all stamens, but sometimes unequal in length. Calyx scarcely changed in fruit. Herbs.  25

25. Anthers cohering all together or in pairs. Corolla funnel-shaped, with a broad limb. Stem erect.—Species 25. Tropical and South Africa.  Sopubia Hamilt.

Anthers free. Corolla more or less bell-shaped, with a rather narrow limb.  26

26. Corolla-tube exceeding the calyx. Stem climbing. Leaves undivided, broad, coarsely toothed.—Species 1. West Africa.  Thunbergianthus Engl.

Corolla-tube equalling the calyx. Stem erect. Leaves pinnately divided.—Species
1. Southern West Africa (Angola).  Baumia Engl. & Gilg

27. (17.) Corolla-tube short, about equalling the calyx.  28

Corolla-tube long, distinctly exceeding the calyx.  30

28. Calyx becoming woody in the fruit. Anthers exserted, with unequal halves. Undershrubs.—Species 1. Island of Socotra.  Xylocalyx Balf.

Calyx not woody in the fruit. Herbs.  29

29. Calyx scarcely changed in the fruit. Capsule 4-valved. Non-parasitic plants. Stem thin. Leaves linear. Inflorescence lax.—Species 3.
Tropics. (Including Gerardianella Klotzsch).  Micrargeria Benth.

Calyx more or less enlarged and inflated in the fruit; if but slightly changed, then parasitic plants with thick stems and usually broad or scale-like leaves.—Species 30. Tropical and South Africa. (Including Alectra
Thunb. and Velvitsia Hiern).  Melasma Berg

30. Anther-halves unequal, one of them somewhat shorter or narrower.  31

Anther-halves equal.  33

31. Anther-halves nearly equal, one of them somewhat shorter than the other.
Filaments very unequal. Ovules numerous. Stem herbaceous. Flowers without bracteoles.—Species 1. Southern Central Africa and Transvaal.  Gerardiina Engl.

Anther-halves distinctly unequal, one of them narrower. Stem woody, at least at the base.  32

32. Corolla with a very long tube and a very narrow limb, white. Ovules
2-4 in a cell. Shrubs.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Leucosalpa Scott Elliot

Corolla with a rather broad limb. Ovules numerous.—Species 3. South
Africa and island of Socotra. (Bopusia Presl).  Graderia Benth.

33. Stamens nearly equal in length. Corolla-tube rather short. Stem herbaceous.  34

Stamens distinctly unequal. Stem woody.  35

34. Flowers solitary or in clusters, axillary. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla blue.
Capsule 4-valved.—Species 1. South Africa.  Charadrophila Marloth

Flowers in spikes or racemes. Corolla yellow. Capsule 2-valved.—Species
1. Madagascar.  Seymeria Pursh

35. Calyx-teeth very short. Corolla bell-shaped. Glabrous shrubs.—Species 1.
Madagascar. (Raphispermum Benth.)  Rhaphispermum Benth.

Calyx-teeth distinctly developed, pointed. Corolla funnel-shaped. Hairy shrubs.—Species 2. Madagascar and neighbouring islands.  Radamaea Benth.

36. (8.) Stamens 2.  37

Stamens 4-8.  38

37. Corolla-tube long, thin, curved. Corolla white. Stamens included; anther-halves confluent. Capsule loculicidal and septicidal, many-seeded.
Shrubs. Leaves alternate, linear.—Species 3. Canary and
Cape Verde Islands and Socotra.  Campylanthus Roth

Corolla-tube short or rather short. Stamens long.—Species 30. Some of them yield salad, a substitute for tea, and medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. “Speedwell.”  Veronica L.

38. Corolla-tube very short. Stamens 4-8, nearly equal in length.  39

Corolla-tube long. Stamens 4, unequal.  41

39. Anther-halves confluent at the apex. Stamens 4-5. Corolla 5-parted, white. Calyx 5-parted. Capsule loculicidal, many-seeded. Erect undershrubs. Leaves alternate, narrow.—Species 1. Naturalized in
West Africa and in the Seychelles. Used medicinally and as a substitute for tea.  Capraria L.

Anther-halves separate.  40

40. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla white, with 4 segments. Stamens 4. Capsule
septicidal; seeds numerous. Erect undershrubs. Leaves opposite or whorled, subsessile, narrow.—Species 1. Naturalized in the tropics.
Used medicinally.  Scoparia L.

Calyx 4-8-cleft. Corolla yellow or red, with 4-8, usually 5, segments.
Capsule loculicidal; seeds not numerous. Creeping herbs. Leaves alternate, stalked, broad.—Species 3. Azores and Canary Islands,
Mauritius, and high mountains of Central Africa. Used as ornamental plants.  Sibthorpia L.

41. Anther-halves separate. Corolla with a long cylindrical tube and a two-lipped limb. Leaves opposite. Flowers in spikes or racemes.—Species
1. Sahara.  Lafuentea Lag.

Anther-halves confluent at the apex. Leaves alternate.  42

42. Corolla with a cylindrical tube and a broad, slightly 2-lipped limb, blue or violet. Capsule 4-valved. Low herbs. Flowers in terminal racemes.—Species
1. Algeria. Used as an ornamental plant.  Erinus L.

Corolla with a funnel- or bell-shaped tube more or less widened above.
Tall herbs, undershrubs, or shrubs.  43

43. Stigma 2-lobed. Corolla yellow or red, 2-lipped. Flowers in terminal racemes.—Species 6. North Africa; one of them also naturalized in the island of Réunion. Poisonous plants used medicinally and as ornamental plants. “Foxglove.” (Including Callianassa Webb et
Berth.)  Digitalis L.

Stigma entire. Flowers in terminal heads or in axillary fascicles. Leaves broad. Undershrubs.  44

44. Anthers protruding beyond the corolla-tube. Corolla 2-lipped. Calyx-segments glume-like, fringed or ciliate. Flowers in terminal heads.—Species
1. South Africa.  Glumicalyx Hiern

Anthers concealed within the corolla-tube. Flowers in axillary fascicles.—Species
1. Island of Socotra.  Camptoloma Benth.

45. (1.) Leaves all alternate. Corolla almost regular. Anther-halves confluent at the apex. Ovules many in each cell of the ovary. Fruit a septicidal, many-seeded capsule. [Subfamily PSEUDOSOLANEAE.]  46

Leaves, at least the lower, opposite or whorled; more rarely all radical or alternate; in the latter case corolla distinctly irregular or ovules and seeds solitary in each cell. [Subfamily ANTIRRHINOIDEAE.]  50

46. Corolla with a long tube, funnel-shaped, blue or red. Stamens 2 or 4.
Flowers solitary, axillary, sometimes forming leafy racemes. Leaves undivided. [Tribe APTOSIMEAE.]  47

Corolla with a short or very short tube, bell- or wheel-shaped. Stamens 4 or 5. Flowers in spikes, racemes, or panicles. [Tribe VERBASCEAE.]  49

47. Stamens 2. Fruit pointed. Low herbs with glandular hairs.—Species 10.
Central and South Africa, Sahara, and Egypt. Some are used medicinally.
(Including Doratanthera Benth. and Gerardiopsis Engl.)  Anticharis Endl.

Stamens 4, but two of them sometimes sterile.  48

48. Fruit pointed. Stamens all fertile. Herbs or undershrubs.—Species 5.
South and Central Africa.  Peliostomum E. Mey.

Fruit blunt. Shrubs.—Species 25. Central and South Africa.  Aptosimum Burch.

49. Stamens 4.—Species 18. Central and North Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.  Celsia L.

Stamens 5.—Species 17. North Africa and northern East Africa; two of the species also naturalized in South Africa and in the Mascarene
Islands. They yield fish-poison and medicaments, and serve as ornamental plants. “Mullein.”  Verbascum L.

50. (45.) Ovules and seeds solitary in each cell of the ovary and fruit. Fruit indehiscent. Stamens 2 or 4. Anther-halves confluent. Flowers in spikes, more rarely in heads or panicles or solitary. Leaves entire, toothed, or lobed. [Tribe SELAGINEAE.]  51

Ovules and seeds two or more in each cell, usually numerous.  56

51. Corolla 4-lobed, deeply slit in front. Calyx entire or 2-parted. Stamens 4.
Flowers in spikes.  52

Corolla 5-lobed, not slit at one side. Calyx with 3 or 5, rarely with 2 segments.  53

52. Calyx slit open in front, entire or notched behind.—Species 30. South and Central Africa.  Hebenstreitia L.

Calyx divided into two narrow entire segments.—Species 10. South
Africa.  Dischisma Choisy

53. Fertile stamens 2. Corolla-lobes subequal. Calyx 5-lobed. Fruit 1-seeded.
Shrubs. Flowers in spikes.  54

Fertile stamens 4. Corolla-lobes more or less unequal.  55

54. Sterile stamens present.—Species 1. South Africa.  Gosela Choisy

Sterile stamens absent.—Species 3. South Africa.  Agathelpis Choisy

55. Calyx subequally 5-toothed, adnate at the base to the bract. Fruit 1-seeded.—Species
5. South Africa.  Microdon Choisy

Calyx with 5 segments, free from the bract, or with 2-3 segments. Fruit
2-seeded.—Species 160. Southern and tropical Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants. (Including Walafrida E. Mey.)  Selago L.

56. (50.) Corolla two-lipped with concave, bladdery-inflated lips and a very short tube. Stamens 2.—Species 1. Naturalized in the Canary Islands.
An ornamental plant. [Tribe CALCEOLARIEAE.]  Calceolaria L.

Corolla two-lipped with flat or convex lips, or nearly regular.  57

57. Corolla spurred or saccate, two-lipped. Calyx 5-parted. Fruit a capsule.  58

Corolla neither spurred nor saccate, rarely slightly gibbous, but then calyx
5-lobed or 3-parted.  71

58. Corolla without a distinct tube. Capsule opening by 2 or 4 valves. Herbs.
[Tribe HEMIMERIDEAE.]  59

Corolla with a distinctly developed tube. Stamens 4. [Tribe ANTIRRHINEAE.]  62

59. Corolla yellow, 4-cleft, usually with two pouches and two teeth at the base of the lower lip. Stamens 2. Flowers solitary, axillary.—Species 4.
South Africa.  Hemimeris Thunb.

Corolla red or blue, 5-lobed. Stamens 4, but two of them sometimes sterile.  60

60. Flowers turned upside down by the twisting of the pedicel. Corolla scarlet, with two shallow pits at the base. Stamens subequal, all fertile, glabrous. Anther-halves confluent at the apex. Flowers solitary, axillary.—Species 1. South Africa. Used as an ornamental plant.  Alonsoa Ruiz & Pav.

Flowers very rarely turned upside down; if so, then anthers hairy. Corolla with 1-2 pits, pouches, or spurs at the base. Stamens unequal.  61

61. Lower lip of the corolla ventricose and gibbous at the base. Stamens all fertile. Anther-halves separate, spreading.—Species 2. Naturalized in Madagascar.  Angelonia Humb. & Bonpl.

Lower lip of the corolla with 2 pits, pouches, or spurs, very rarely with one only. Anther-halves confluent at the apex.—Species 45. South
Africa.  Diascia Link & Otto.

62. Throat of the corolla closed by a projecting palate. Herbs or undershrubs.  63

Throat of the corolla open.  67

63. Corolla spurred at the base. Anther-halves separate.  64

Corolla ventricose, but not spurred at the base.  66

64. Corolla with a long spur. Cells of the capsule opening by 2-5 teeth or valves. Leaves pinnately nerved. Flowers in terminal spikes or racemes.—Species 40. North Africa; one of the species also naturalized in South Africa. Some yield vermin-poison or medicaments, or serve as ornamental plants. “Toadflax.”  Linaria Juss.

Corolla with a short spur. Flowers solitary, axillary.  65

65. Corolla violet. Cells of the capsule opening by 3 teeth or valves. Seeds oblong. Creeping herbs. Leaves palmately nerved.—Species 1.
North Africa. Used as an ornamental and medicinal plant. (Under
Linaria Juss.)  Cymbalaria Baumg.

Corolla white, yellow, or two-coloured. Cells of the capsule opening by lids. Seeds ovoid. Leaves pinnately nerved.—Species 17. North
Africa and northern Central Africa; one of the species also naturalized in South Africa. (Under Linaria L.)  Elatinoides Wettst.

66. Anther-halves separate. Capsule opening by 2 or 3 toothed pores.—Species
6. North Africa and northern Central Africa; one of the species also naturalized in South Africa and Mauritius. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. “Snap-dragon.”  Antirrhinum L.

Anther-halves confluent at the apex. A fifth, sterile stamen present.
Capsule with unequal cells, opening irregularly. Seeds ribbed. Flowers
small, axillary.—Species 3. Northern East Africa and Comoro Islands.  Schweinfurthia A. Braun

67. Corolla-tube with 2 pits or pouches at the base; lobes subequal. Anther-halves confluent. Capsule 4-valved. Shrubs. Leaves alternate, broad.
Flowers solitary, axillary, yellow.—Species 1. South Africa.  Colpias E. Mey.

Corolla-tube with 1 pit, pouch, or spur. Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves opposite.  68

68. Anther-halves separate. Corolla-tube long. Capsule with unequal cells.
Flowers solitary, axillary.—Species 4. North Africa. (Under Linaria
Juss.)  Chaenorrhinum (DC.) Lange

Anther-halves confluent at the apex.  69

69. Corolla-tube long. Capsule opening by two apical pores. Flowers in racemes. Radical leaves rosulate.—Species 5. North Africa and
Abyssinia. (Simbuleta Forsk.)  Anarrhinum Desf.

Corolla-tube short. Capsule opening by 2 or 4 longitudinal valves.  70

70. Corolla with a 2-lobed upper and a 3-lobed lower lip. Capsule globose,
4-valved. Seeds with a tight testa.—Species 7. Tropical and South
Africa.  Diclis Benth.

Corolla with a 4-lobed upper and an entire lower lip. Capsule compressed,
2-valved. Seeds with a loose testa, girt with a membranous wing.—Species
50. South Africa and southern Central Africa. Some are used as ornamental plants.  Nemesia Vent.

71. (57.) Flowers in cymes or in cymose panicles or fascicles; occasionally solitary with two bracteoles on the pedicel; in this case shrubs or trees.
Anther-halves usually confluent. Fruit a septicidal capsule or a berry.
[Tribe CHELONEAE.]  72

Flowers solitary or in heads, spikes, racemes, or racemose panicles. Stamens
2 or 4. Fruit a capsule. Herbs or undershrubs.  81

72. Stem herbaceous or woody at the base only. Corolla with a ventricose tube and a narrow limb. Fertile stamens 4; a fifth, sterile stamen distinctly developed, usually scale-like. Anther-halves confluent. Fruit a capsule.—Species
20. North Africa and northern Central Africa. Some are used medicinally.  Scrophularia L.

Stem woody throughout. The fifth stamen minute or wanting, rarely fertile.  73

73. Corolla-tube short and wide. Stamens 2 or 4. Anther-halves confluent at the apex. Fruit a capsule.  74

Corolla-tube long and narrow. Stamens 4 or 5.  76

74. Calyx 3-parted, the posterior segment 3-toothed. Corolla yellow or white.
Fertile stamens 2. Anther-halves divergent. Capsule 4-valved, many-seeded.
Leaves whorled. Flowers solitary or 2-3 together in the leaf-axils.—Species 1. South Africa.  Ixianthes Benth.

Calyx 5-lobed or 5-parted, with nearly equal segments. Fertile stamens
4.  75

75. Calyx 5-lobed, valvate in bud. Corolla yellow, with a 2-parted upper lip.
Capsule 4-valved, few-seeded. Leaves opposite, tomentose beneath.
Flowers in axillary and terminal, many-flowered cymes.—Species 1.
South Africa. Yields timber.  Anastrabe E. Mey.

Calyx 5-parted, imbricate in bud. Corolla with a 2-toothed upper lip.
Anther-halves nearly parallel. Capsule 2-3-valved, many-seeded.
Leaves nearly always whorled.—Species 6. South Africa.  Bowkeria Harv.

76. Fertile stamens 5. Corolla-lobes equal. Fruit a berry. Epiphytic shrubs. Flowers in axillary clusters.—Species 1. South-east Africa.  Dermatobotrys Bolus

Fertile stamens 4.  77

77. Anther-halves divergent. Corolla red. Leaves glabrous.  78

Anther-halves parallel or nearly so, separate.  79

78. Leaves scale-like. Fruit a capsule.—Species 1. Naturalized in the
Seychelles. Ornamental plant.  Russelia Jacq.

Leaves well developed. Fruit a berry.—Species 5. Tropical and South
Africa. The fruits are edible.  Halleria L.

79. Anthers protruding beyond the corolla-tube. Corolla red. Fruit a two-valved capsule.—Species 2. South Africa. Used as ornamental plants.  Phygelius E. Mey.

Anthers concealed within the corolla-tube. Fruit a 4-valved capsule or a berry.  80

80. Corolla red, slightly exceeding the calyx. Fruit a berry.—Species 2.
South Africa.  Teedia Rudolphi

Corolla yellow or violet. Fruit a capsule.—Species 2. South Africa.  Freylinia Pangelli

81. (71.) Anther-halves completely confluent; hence anthers apparently
1-celled. Calyx 5-parted or 2-lipped. [Tribe MANULEAE.]  82

Anther-halves separate or confluent at the apex only, rarely completely confluent, but then calyx subequally 5-lobed. [Tribe GRATIOLEAE.]  91

82. Calyx 2-lipped or 2-parted.  83

Calyx subequally 5-parted. Stamens 4.  84

83. Anthers 4, unequal, or 2.—Species 30. South Africa.  Zaluzianskia Schmidt

Anthers 4, equal.—Species 20. South Africa to Damaraland.  Polycarena Benth.

84. Corolla-tube very short.  85

Corolla-tube distinctly developed, usually long.  86

85. Corolla 2-lipped. Capsule 2-cleft. Flowers solitary. Leaves all radical.
(See 61.)  Diascia Link & Otto

Corolla nearly regular. Capsule 4-cleft. Flowers in racemes. Leaves opposite.—Species 2. South Africa. (Under Sutera Roth)  Sphenandra Benth.

86. Corolla more or less distinctly 2-lipped. Capsule opening by pores or
transverse slits.  87

Corolla nearly regular or slightly 2-lipped. Capsule opening lengthwise, septicidal.  88

87. Flowers solitary. Stem climbing.—Species 1. Naturalized in the island of St. Helena. An ornamental plant. (Lophospermum Don)  Maurandia Ort.

Flowers in racemes. Stem erect. (See 69.)  Anarrhinum Desf.

88. Stigma 2-lobed. Corolla-tube curved. Leaves cleft or dissected.—Species
1. Egypt and Nubia. (Jamesbrittenia O. Ktze.)  Sutera Roth.

Stigma entire. Leaves entire or toothed.  89

89. Bracts adnate to the pedicels.—Species 20. South Africa.  Phyllopodium Benth.

Bracts free from the pedicels.  90

90. Calyx open or nearly open in the bud, surrounded by narrow bracts or without bracts. Corolla-tube nearly always straight. Flowers in compound, rarely in simple racemes.—Species 35. South Africa to
Angola. (Nemia Berg).  Manulea L.

Calyx imbricate in the bud or surrounded by broad bracts. Flowers solitary or in usually simple spikes, racemes, or heads.—Species 120.
South and Central Africa and Canary Islands. Some are used as ornamental, medicinal, or dye-plants. (Including Lyperia Benth., under Sutera Roth). (Plate 136.)  Chaenostoma Benth.

91. (81.) Fertile stamens 2.  92

Fertile stamens 4, rarely 3.  97

92. Staminodes none. Flowers minute, solitary.  93

Staminodes 2. Ovary 2-celled. Corolla 2-lipped, 5-lobed.  95

93. Ovary 1-celled. Style very short. Stamens inserted in the upper part of the corolla-tube. Corolla 2-lipped, 5-lobed. Calyx 5-parted.
Leaves ovate. Aquatic herbs.—Species 1. Southern West Africa
(Damaraland)  Dintera Stapf

Ovary 2-celled. Style distinctly developed, curved. Corolla 4-lobed or sub-equally 5-lobed.  94

94. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 4-lobed. Stamens inserted in the lower part of the corolla-tube. Leaves linear or oblong.—Species 1. Mascarene
Islands.  Bryodes Benth.

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla 5-lobed. Leaves ovate.—Species 1. Egypt.  Peplidium Del.

95. Staminodes inserted at the throat of the corolla. Anther-halves spreading.—Species
20. Tropical and South Africa. (Including Bonnaya Link et Otto)  Ilysanthes Rafin.

Staminodes inserted in the tube of the corolla. Anther-halves parallel or nearly so.  96

96. Leaves lobed or dissected. Flowers in racemes. Lower lip of the corolla with a 2-cleft middle-lobe. Aquatic herbs.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Hydrotriche Zucc.

Leaves entire.—Species 10. Central Africa.  Dopatrium Hamilt.

97. (91.) Stamens inserted at the throat of the corolla. Anther-halves parallel. Corolla white, unequally 3-5-lobed. Creeping herbs. Leaves broad, palmately nerved, gland-dotted. Flowers solitary.—Species 1.
West Africa.  Hydranthelium H. B. & Kunth

Stamens, all or two of them, inserted in the tube of the corolla.  98

98. Stamens inserted in the tube and at the throat of the corolla.  99

Stamens inserted in the tube of the corolla.  102

99. Sepals free, broad. Corolla slightly irregular, white. The fifth, sterile stamen filiform. Prostrate herbs. Leaves very small. Flowers solitary.—Species
1. Island of Réunion.  Allocalyx Cordem.

Sepals united below. Corolla 2-lipped. Lower stamens with a tooth- or bristle-like appendage at the base.  100

100. Calyx without wings or prominent angles, but sometimes striped; segments subequal.—Species 17. Tropics. Some are used medicinally.
(Vandellia L.)  Lindernia All.

Calyx winged or with very prominent angles.  101

101. Calyx subequally toothed. Anterior stamens sharply bent at the base.
Stem usually leafless.—Species 15. Central and South Africa.  Craterostigma Hochst.

Calyx 2-lipped. Anterior stamens not sharply bent at the base. Stem leafy.—Species 8. Tropical and South Africa. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants.  Torenia L.

102. Anther-halves separate, not contiguous. Corolla 2-lipped.  103

Anther-halves contiguous or confluent.  105

103. Sepals united high up. Fruit 2-valved. Stem procumbent or ascending.—Species
8. Northern East Africa and Egypt.  Lindenbergia Lehm.

Sepals united at the base only. Fruit 4-valved.  104

104. Placentas winged and connate in the fruit. Glabrous water- or marsh-plants.—Species
6. Central Africa. Some are used medicinally.
(Ambulia Lam., Stemodiacra P. Browne)  Limnophila R. Br.

Placentas not winged, usually separate. Corolla blue. Glandular-pubescent land-plants.—Species 1. Central Africa.  Stemodia L.

105. Sepals united high up.  106

Sepals united at the base only.  107

106. Corolla 2-lipped. Anther-halves separate or confluent at the top.
Ovary completely septate. Leaves opposite.—Species 3. Two of them indigenous in tropical and South Africa, the third naturalized in the Azores. Used as ornamental plants.  Mimulus L.

Corolla nearly regular. Anther-halves completely confluent. Ovary septate at the base only. Leaves all radical. Flowers axillary.—Species
5. Southern and tropical Africa and Egypt.  Limosella L.

107. Sepals very unequal. Anther-halves separate.—Species 10. Tropics,
South Africa, and Egypt. Some are used as ornamental or medicinal plants. (Moniera P. Browne, including Herpestis Gaertn. and Bramia
Lam.)  Bacopa Aubl.

Sepals nearly equal. Anther-halves confluent at the top. Corolla 2-lipped.  108

108. Sepals broad. Corolla red or violet. Stamens, at least the anterior exserted; filaments with an appendage at the base. Flowers in racemes, rather large.—Species 1. Central Africa.  Artanema Don

Sepals narrow. Stamens included; filaments without an appendage.
Flowers solitary, very small.—Species 4. East Africa.  Stemodiopsis Engl.

FAMILY 209. BIGNONIACEAE

Shrubs or trees. Leaves usually opposite and compound, without stipules. Flowers usually large and panicled, more or less irregular, hermaphrodite. Sepals united below. Petals united below, imbricate in bud. Stamens inserted on the lower part of the corolla, 4, in two pairs of unequal length, the fifth sterile, rarely all 5 fertile. Anthers opening by two longitudinal slits, rarely (Colea) by one. Disc present. Ovary superior, 1-2-celled. Ovules numerous, in two or more rows, inverted. Style simple; stigmas 2. Fruit a capsule with the valves usually separating from the partition, or a nut or berry. Seeds usually placed transversely and margined or winged, exalbuminous.—Genera 21, species 90. Tropical and South Africa. (Plate 137.)

1. Fruit a capsule. Seeds winged. Ovary completely 2-celled. [Tribe
TECOMEAE.]  2

Fruit a berry or nut. Seeds not winged, but often margined. Ovary cylindric, 1-celled or incompletely, rarely (Colea) completely 2-celled.
Fertile stamens 4. Stem erect. [Tribe CRESCENTIEAE.]  14

2. Fertile stamens 5. Anthers exserted, with parallel halves. Calyx 5-toothed.
Ovules few, in two rows. Erect, spiny shrubs. Leaves fascicled. Flowers solitary or in clusters.  3

Fertile stamens 4. Leaves pinnate, very rarely (Stenolobium) unifoliolate.  4

3. Calyx tubular, slit on one side, with linear teeth. Corolla white, with a long tube. Capsule slightly compressed, with prickly warts. Leaves undivided.—Species 1. South Africa and southern Central Africa.  Catophraetes G. Don

Calyx bell-shaped. Capsule much compressed, smooth.—Species 9.
Tropical and South Africa.  Rhigozum Burch.

4. Stamens projecting beyond the corolla-tube. Anther-halves divergent or divaricate. Flowers in racemes or panicles.  5

Stamens concealed within the corolla-tube.  6

5. Calyx spathe-like, slit on one side. Seeds with a broad wing. Trees. Leaflets entire.—Species 3. Central Africa. They yield timber, edible seeds, and medicaments, and serve as ornamental plants. “African tulip-tree.”  Spathodea Beauv.

Calyx bell-shaped, equally 5-toothed. Seeds with a narrow wing. Twining shrubs. Leaflets serrate.—Species 3. Central and South Africa.
Used as ornamental plants. (Under Tecoma Juss.)  Tecomaria Fenzl

6. Anther-halves parallel. Calyx spathe-like, split down one side. Trees.
Flowers panicled.  7

Anther-halves divergent or divaricate.  8

7. Basal (cylindric) part of the corolla-tube short. Ovules of each cell in
2 rows. Fruit 2-celled; valves boat-shaped.—Species 1. West
Africa. Yields timber and medicaments.  Newbouldia Seem.

Basal part of the corolla-tube long. Ovules of each cell in more than two rows. Fruit 4-celled; valves flat. Leaflets entire.—Species 1.
Madagascar.  Dolichandrone Fenzl

8. Inflorescences lateral, usually springing from the old wood. Anther-halves usually divergent.  9

Inflorescences terminal. Anther-halves usually divaricate.  11

9. Flowers solitary or in cymes. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla distinctly
2-lipped; tube curved. Disc conical. Ovules of each cell in two rows. Climbing shrubs.—Species 1. Madagascar.  Perichlaena Baill.

Flowers in panicles. Calyx bell-shaped, unequally 3-5-cleft. Corolla not distinctly 2-lipped. Ovules of each cell in several rows. Trees.  10

10. Calyx-tube narrow, leathery. Corolla campanulate-funnel-shaped. Disc saucer-shaped. Fruit with leathery, keeled valves. Leaves glabrous, crowded at the end of the branches.—Species 2. Madagascar.  Kigelianthe Baill.

Calyx-tube wide. Corolla ventricose-campanulate, curved. Disc cushion-shaped.
Fruit cylindric, twisted. Leaves tomentose beneath.—Species
2. Central Africa. (Ferdinandia Seem., under Heterophragma
DC.)  Fernandia Baill.

11. Flowers in racemes or umbels. Calyx narrowly bell-shaped, 5-toothed.
Connective of the stamens broadened, leaf-like. Ovules of each cell in two rows. Erect shrubs. Leaflets serrate.—Species 1. Naturalized in Central Africa. An ornamental plant. (Under Tecoma Juss.)  Stenolobium D. Don

Flowers in panicles. Connective not leaf-like.  12

12. Ovules arranged in 2 rows in each cell. Calyx bell-shaped or tubular, truncate or unequally 2-5-lobed. Fruit with a spongy partition.
Trees.—Species 6. Tropics. They yield timber, gum, and medicaments.  Stereospermum Cham.

Ovules arranged in 4-8 rows in each cell.  13

13. Ovules in 4 rows in each cell. Calyx spathe-like, split down one side.
Fruit with a winged partition. Trees.—Species 10. Central Africa.
Some species yield timber. (Under Dolichandrone Fenzl)  Markhamia Seem.

Ovules in 8 rows in each cell. Calyx bell-shaped, inflated, equally 5-toothed.
Climbing shrubs.—Species 2. Central and South-east Africa (Under
Pandorea Endl. or Tecoma Juss.)  Podranea Sprague