[47] De bell. Gall. lib. 4. chap. 22.

[48] Montesquieu, L’esprit des loix, liv. 30. chap. 2. and 6.

[49] Lib. Feud. 1. tit. 1.

[50] L’esprit des loix, liv. 31. chap. 31.

[51] Tacitus de moribus Germanorum. Cæsar de bell. Gall. lib. 6.

[52] Servis, non in nostrum morem descriptis per familiam ministeriis utantur. Suam quisque sedem, suos penates regit. Frumenti modum dominus, aut pecoris, aut vestis, ut colono injungit; et servus hactenus paret. Tacit. de mor. Germ. cap. 25.

[53] De mor. Germ. cap. 24.

[54] De mor. Germ. cap. 11.

[55] Ibid. cap. 7.

[56] L’esprit des loix, liv. 31.

[57] Mably, Observations sur l’histoire de France, liv. 1. cap. 3.

[58] De mor. Germ. cap. 13. and 14.

[59] L’Esprit des loix, liv. 31.

[60] De mor. Germ. cap. 7. 12. and 14.

[61] Ibid. cap. xi.

[62] Muratori, Antiq. Ital. vol. 4. p. 160. et Seq. Mably, Observations sur l’histoire de France, tom. 2. p. 96. et Seq. Madox, Firma Burgi, cap. 1. sect. 9.

[63] Tacit, de mor. Germ. c. 13. Spelman’s Glossary, voc. Miles.

[64] Tacit, de mor. Germ. cap. 12.

[65] Hi cuique sanctissimi testes, hi maximi laudatores. Tacit. de m. G. c. 7. Consult also c. 5. and c. 18.

[66] It is to be wished, that our ingenious Professor had here entered more at large into the history of property in land. The subject is important and little understood. The conceptions entertained by the antient inhabitants of Germany and Gaul concerning property have been explained and illustrated in a book, intituled, “An Historical Dissertation concerning the Antiquity of the English Constitution.” The author of this treatise seems to be the first who has remarked that land is originally the property of nations, and has attempted to account for the manner in which it comes to descend to individuals. See his Dissert. part 1. sect. 3. See also Professor Millar’s valuable work on the Distinction of Ranks in Society, p. 165. et seq. 2d edition.

[67] Cæsar, de bell. Gall. lib. 4. c. 1. Lib. 6. c. 22. Tacit. de mor. Germ. c. 26.

[68] Du Cange, Glossarium voc. Juramentum. Georgisch, corp. juris Germanici antiqui.

[69] Spelman, Gloss. voc. Lada et Ladare. Struv. Hist. jur. criminal. sect. 9.

[70] L’Esprit des loix, liv. 28. ch. 17.

[71] Georgisch, corp. juris Germanici antiqui, p. 347. and p. 368.

[72] Du Cange, Gloss. voc. Duellum. Spelman, voc. Campus. Selden’s Duello, or Treatise on Single Combat, ch. 5.

[73] Georgisch, corp. juris Germanici antiqui, p. 980, 1063, 1223, 1267, 1270.

[74] Selden, Analecta Anglo-Britannica, lib. 2. cap. 8.

[75] Brady’s Hist. of England, p. 65.

[76] Mr Barrington has remarked, that “the last trial by battle in England was in the time of Charles I. and that it did not end in the actual combat.” Observations on the Statutes, 3d edition, p. 202. The last instance which occurs of the judicial combat in the history of France, was the famous one between M. Jarnac and M. de la Chaistaignerie, A. D. 1547. Dr. Robertson’s Charles V. vol. 1. p. 298.

[77] Tacit. de mor. Germ. cap. 12. and 25.

[78] Lindenbrog. Cod. Leg. Antiq. p. 1404. Tacit. de mor. Germ. c. 21. LL. Wal. by Wotton, p. 192. 194. LL. Anglo-Saxon, ap. Wilkins, p. 18. 20. 41. Hickes. Dissert. Epist. p. 110. Georgisch, corpus jur. Germ. antiq.

[79] Montesquieu on the Rise and Decline of the Roman Empire. Dr. Geddes, in his Tract concerning the Nations which overturned the Empire of the Romans, p. 21.-26.

[80] Selden’s titles of honour, part 1. chap. 5. § 1.

[81] Procop. de bel. Goth. ap. script. Byz. Jornandes, Paulus Warnefridus, Gregory of Tours. Mably, observations sur l’histoire de France, tom. 1. chap. 1.

[82] Giannone’s hist. of Naples, lib. II. cap. 4.

[83] Bouquet, le droit public de France, èclairci par les monuments de l’antiquité, p. 6.-10. Montesquieu, l’Esprit des loix, liv. 30. chap. 6, 7, 8, 9.

[84] Reliq. Spelm. p. 2.-7.

[85] Potgiesser, de stat. servorum, lib. 2. cap. 1. Montesquieu, l’Esprit des loix, liv. 30. chap. 14. Du Cange, voc. Servus.

[86] Spelman reliq. 12, 14, 248. Muratori antiq. Ital. vol. 5. p. 712.

[87] Brussel, usage des fiefs, liv. 2. Selden’s tit. of honour, part 2, cap. 1. § 23. and § 33.

[88] Mably, observations sur l’histoire de France, liv. 1. chap. 5. and 6.

[89] Gregor. Turonen. lib. 2. cap. 27. Usage des fiefs, par Brussel, liv. 2. cap. 6. Dissertation on the antiq. of the English constitution, part 3. § 2.

[90] Lib. feud. 1. tit. 1. Hume appendix, 2. Dalrymple, Essay on feudal property, cap. 5. § 1.

[91] Coke on Littleton, lib. 2. chap. 4.

[92] Montesquieu, l’Esprit des loix. liv. 30. chap. 13. Du Cange, voc. Alod. Schilteri Thesaur. voc. Alod.

[93] Heinnec. Elem. jur. Germ. lib. 3. § 26. Selden’s tit. of hon. part 2. chap. 1. Spelman, voc. Comites.

[94] Ripuar. L. L. tit. de diversis interfectionibus, p. 160, 161. ap. Georgisch, corp. jur. Germ. Du Cange, voc. Faida.

[95] Bacon’s Discourse on the Laws and Government of England, p. 11.-27. Monast. Anglican, passim. Mezeray, abr. chronol. tom. 1. p. 172.

[96] Montesquieu, l’Esprit de Loix, liv. 30. chap. 21. liv. 31. chap. 9. 10. 11.

[97] Lib. 1. Feud. tit. 1. Hanneton, de jur. feud. p. 139. Du Cange, voc. Fideles et Fidelitas.

[98] Mably, Observations sur l’histoire de France, liv. 1. chap. 6. Du Cange voc. Beneficium.

[99] Spelman’s Gloss. voc. Feodiem. Dalrymple on Feudal-Property, chap. 1. Hume, Append. 2.

[100] Du Cange, voc. Investitura. Spelman, voc. Pares Curiæ. Craig de feud. lib. 2. dieg. 2.

[101] Bracton, lib. 2. cap. 17. Spelman, voc. Fidelitas, et Seisina. Fleta, lib. 3. cap. 15.

[102] Spelman, Gloss. p. 266. Feud. lib. 2. tit. 6. Littleton, lib. 2. chap. 2. Basnage, contume reformée de Normandie, tit. Des fiefs et droits Feodaux, art. 107.

[103] Coke on Littleton, book 2. chap. 1. Du Cange, voc. Vassaticum. Wright on tenures, p. 55, 56.

[104] Feud. lib. 2. tit. 23. and 24. Dalrymple on Feud. property, chap. 2. Wright on tenures, p. 72.

[105] Madox, Antiquities of the Exchequer, vol. 1. p. 653. Coke on Littleton, lib. 2. chap. 2.

[106] Du Cange, voc. Auxilium. Madox, Antiq. Excheq. chap. 15.

[107] Feud. lib. 2. tit. 25.

[108] Bracton, lib. 3. p. 130. Spelm. voc. Escheata. Glanville, lib. 7. cap. 17. Dalrymple on feud. property, p. 62. Ed. 1757. Hengham Parva, chap. 6. Coke on Littleton, b. 1. chap. 1.

[109] Craig, de feud. lib. 2. dieg. 207.

[110] Craig, de feud. lib. 1. dieg. 11. and 12.

[111] Ibid.

[112] Ibid.

[113] Reliq. Spelm. p. 3, 7, 33, 43. Gervas. de Tilb. Dialog. de Scaccar. lib. 1. cap. 7. Madox, Antiq. Excheq. vol. 1. p. 272.

[114] Fortescue de Laud. leg. Angl. p. 99. Ed. 1737. Coke on Littleton, b. 2. chap. 7.

[115] Carte, hist. of England, vol. 2. p. 169. The reign of Edward I. in Kennet’s collect. of English historians, p. 197.

[116] Coke on Littleton, lib. 2. chap. 8. Madox, Antiq. Excheq. vol. 1. p. 321, 326.

[117] Madox, hist. of Excheq. vol. 1. p. 51.

[118] Ib. p. 40. 41.

[119] Ib. p. 43.

[120] It may not be improperly remarked in this place, that about the 18th year of Henry II. Geoffrey Martell held in England the office or serjeanty of Pincernaria, or Butlership. See Madox, hist. Excheq. vol. 1. p. 50.

[121] Lib. 2. cap. 9.

[122] Feud. lib. 1. tit. 8.

[123] Brussel, usage des Fiefs, tom. 1. p. 41. Du Cange, voc. Cavena and Canava.

[124] Spelman, and Du Cange, voc. Camera, et voc. Feudum. Craig, de Feud. lib. 1. Dieges. 10.

[125] Du Cange, voc. Soldata, et voc. Feudum. ædificii.

[126] Coke on Littleton, lib. 2. chap. 4.

[127] Du Cange, voc. Gastaldus.

[128] Gibson, Cod. Jur. Eccles. Anglican, tit. 23.

[129] Montesquieu, l’Esprit de Loix, liv. 31. chap. 11. Bacon, hist. and polit. disc. on the laws and government of England, ch. 59. Inett’s hist. of the English Church, vol. 2. ch. 2.

[130] Gibson, Cod. Jur. Eccles. Anglican. tit. 23.

[131] Ibid.

[132] Ibid. and tit. 30.

[133] Gibson, Cod. Jur. Eccles. Anglican, tit. 34.

[134] Gibson, tit. 1. and 2.

[135] Father Paul on beneficiary matters, ch. 2. and ch. 6. Selden’s history of tithes, ch. 4. sect. 1. Spelm. larger work of tithes, ch. 6.

[136] Selden’s hist. of tithes, ch. 6. and 7. Spelm. larger work of tithes, ch. 29.

[137] De non temerand. Eccles. tract. Spelm. p. 3.

[138] Montesquieu, l’Esprit des loix. liv. 31. chap. 12. Selden of tithes, ch. 7. Father Paul of benefices, ch. 11.

[139] Father Paul of benefices, ch. 14.

[140] Giannone’s hist. of Naples, b. 19. chap. 4. § 2.

[141] Selden on tithes, chap. 8. Bacon, hist. and polit. disc. on the Laws and Government of England, chap. 59. L. l. Angl. Sax. ap. Wilkins.

[142] Brady, Appendix to his hist. p. 15. Carte, hist. of England, vol. 1. p. 441.

[143] Selden on tithes, chap. 14.

[144] Carte’s hist. of England, vol. 3. p. 135, 143, 148, 149. Lord Herbert’s life and reign of Henry VIII. p. 186. et seq. ap. Kennet.

[145] Gibson, Cod. Jur. Eccles. Anglican. tit. 35. Hume, vol. 1. p. 51.

[146] Wood, Institute of the Laws of England, fol. 161. et seq.

[147] Madox, Baronia Angl.

[148] 4. Instit. 268. Scroggs of Courts Baron, p. 56.

[149] Coke on Littleton, lib. 2. chap. 12. § 215.

[150] Madox, Antiquities of the Excheq. vol. 1. p. 652.

[151] Coke on Littleton, lib. 2. chap. 12.

[152] Ibid.

[153] Coke, ut supra.

[154] Madox, Antiq. of the Excheq. chap. 13. The Statutes at Marlebridge, ap. Ruffhead, vol. 1. p. 30.

[155] Ruffhead, vol. 1. p. 37.

[156] Glanvil, lib. 9. c. 8. lib. 10. c. 3. lib. 11. c. 4.

[157] Houard, Anciennes loix des François conservées dans les coutumes Angloises, tom. 1. p. 32. et seq. Craig, lib. 1. dieg. 4.

[158] Bracton, lib. 2. c. 36. Hume, append. 2. Du Cange, voc. relevium. Spelman, voc. relevamen. Reliq. Spel. p. 32, 33.

[159] Fleta, lib. 3. c. 77. Feud. lib. 1. tit. 1. Dalrymple on feudal property, ch. 5. Madox, antiq. of the Exchequer, ch. 10. § 4.

[160] Wright on tenures, p. 95. 96.

[161] LL. Hen. 1. c. 1.

[162] Lib. 9. c. 4.

[163] Madox, antiq. of the Exchequer, ch. x.

[164] Ruffhead, vol. 1. p. 2.

[165] Bracton, lib. 2. fol. 86.

[166] Montesquieu, l’Esprit de Loix, liv. 31. chap. 1.

[167] St. Amand on the legislative power of England, p. 27. Montesquieu, l’Esprit des loix, liv. 31. ch. 8. Dr Robertson’s Charles V. vol. 1. p. 222.

[168] Mably, observations sur l’histoire de la France, tom. 1. l. 1. ch. 5. and 6. Montesquieu, l’Esprit des loix, liv. 31. ch. 9.

[169] Spelman on feuds and tenures. Mably, observations sur l’histoire de France, tom. 1. l. 2. ch. 3, 4, 5, 6. Montesquieu, l’Esprit des loix, liv. 31. ch. 28, 29, 30, 31. Houard, anciennes loix des François, liv. 1. ch. 1. Basnage, coutume de Normandie, tom. 1. p. 146.

[170] See the authorities quoted above, and Selden’s titles of honour, part 2. chap. 5.

[171] Coke on Littleton, lib. 2. ch. 1.

[172] Houard, anciennes loix des François, liv. 2. ch. 1. Du Cange, voc. Hominium. Spelman, voc. Homagium.

[173] Wright on tenures, p. 154. et seq. Dalrymple on feudal property, chap. 2. § 2. Millar on the distinction of ranks in society, second edit. p. 215.

[174] Wright on tenures, p. 172.

[175] Coke on Littleton, lib. 3. chap. 13.

[176] Houard, anciennes loix des François, liv. 3. chap. 13. Coke, ut supra.

[177] Wright on tenures, p. 168, 169.

[178] Wright on tenures, p. 186.

[179] Fortescue de laud. leg. Angliæ, cap. 44. Glanvil, lib. 2. chap. 9. Spel. reliq. p. 25, 26. Du Cange, voc. Warda.

[180] Craig, de feud. lib. 2. dieg. 20. Wright on tenures, p. 86. et seqq. Dalrymple on feud. property, chap. 2. § 2.

[181] Ruffhead’s Statutes, p. 2, 3. Basnage, Coutume de Normandie, tit. des gardes.

[182] Coke on Littleton, lib. 2. ch. 5. sect. 123. Houard, anciennes loix des François, liv. 2. ch. 5.

[183] LL. Henry 1. c. 1. Bracton, lib. 2. c. 37. sect. 6. Craig, de feud. lib. 2. Dieges. 21. Du Cange, voc. Maritagium. Glanvil, liv. 7. c. 12.

[184] Wright on tenures, p. 97.

[185] Ruffhead’s statutes, fol. p. 19.

[186] Ibid. p. 6.

[187] Coke’s institutes, part 2. p. 440. Ruffhead, vol. I.

[188] 32 Henry VIII. c. 46. 12 Car. II.

[189] Craig, de feud. lib. 2. Dieges. 13. Dalrymple on feudal property, ch. 5. sect. 1.

[190] Craig de feud. lib. 2. dieges. 14.

[191] Basnage, coutume de Normandie, tit. De partage d’heritage. LL. Hen. 1. 70.

[192] Dalrymple on feud. property, chap. 5. § 1. Hume, appen. 2.

[193] Hale’s hist. of the common law, chap. 5. Bacon’s hist. and polit. discourse on the laws and government of England, part 1. chap. 45, 55, and 56.

[194] Id. chap. 57. See also Tyrrel’s history, and Kennet’s historians.

[195] Glanvil, lib. 7. cap. 3. Craig de feud. lib. 2. dieges. 15. Dalrymple on feudal property, chap. 5. § 2.

[196] Lib. Feud. 2. tit. 12.

[197] Lindenbrogius, cod. leg. antiq. p. 679.

[198] Dalrymple on feud. property, chap. 5.

[199] Craig. de feud. lib. 2. dieges. 14.

[200] Hale, hist. com. law, chap. 9.

[201] Giannone’s hist. of Naples. Selden’s tit. hon. part 2. chap. 9.

[202] Bouquet, le droit public de France, p. 30.-36.—Allodium, proprietas quæ a nullo recognoscitur. Tenere in allodium, id est, in plenam et absolutam proprietatem. Habet integrum ac directum dominium quale à principio de jure gentium fuit distributum et distinctum. Du Moulin, de l’ancienne coûtume de Paris, art. 46.

[203] Dalrymple on feud. property, ch. 3. sect. 1.

[204] Lib. 4. feud. tit. 34. Ruffhead’s statutes, v. 1. p. 122.

[205] Gibson, cod. jur. eccles. Anglican, tit. 28.

[206] Kennet’s collection of historians, vol. 1. p. 116. Carte, hist. of England, vol. 1. p. 469. 555.

[207] Hume, hist. of England, vol. 1.

[208] LL. Hen. 1. cap. 70.

[209] Lib. 7. c. 1.

[210] Glanvil, ut supra. Ruffhead’s statutes, vol. 1. p. 8.

[211] Britton, c. 18. Wright on tenures, p. 163. 164.

[212] Staunford, de prerog. Reg. cap. 7.

[213] An. 27. Hen. VIII. cap. 10. ap. Ruffhead, vol. 2. p. 226.

[214] Madox, hist. of Exchequer, ch. 17. Firma burgi.

[215] Du Cange, et Spelman, voc. Tallagium. Madox, antiq. of the Exchequer, ch. 17.

[216] Hume’s hist. of England, appendix 2. Madox, Firma burgi, ch. 1.

[217] Ruffhead, vol. 1. p. 115.

[218] An. 13. Ed. I. c. 18. apud Ruffhead, append.

[219] An. 23. Henry VIII. cap. 6. ap. Ruffhead, vol. 2. p. 167.

[220] An. 13. Eliz. c. 7. An. 1. James I. cap. 15. 21. James I. cap. 19. 5. George II. c. 30.