359 See above 53.

360 Di Brusselles dal Sig^r Internuncio, March 20/30, 1680. Vat. Arch. Nunt. di Fiandra 66. S.P. Dom. Charles II 413: 252. Order in Council for a passport for Henry, Duke of Norfolk, May 26, 1680.

361 7 State Trials 496. Foley v. 460.

362 Sidney’s diary in Sidney’s Charles II i. 82, 163, 165, 166, 174–176. Sidney, Letters 154. Domestic Intelligence, September 26, 1679. C.J. March 26, 1681. Foley v. 80, 81, 460–467. Burnet ii. 228.

It has been supposed that John Sergeant who bore witness against Gavan was a different person from the eminent controversialist of the same name (see his life in Dict. of Nat. Biog. by Mr. Cooper). His identity is however placed beyond question by the advertisement in the Domestic Intelligence above cited, by despatches of Roman ecclesiastics which refer to “il Dottore Sargentio” without hinting at any change of person, and by the indignant exclamation of Warner (MS. hist. 132), “et, proh dolor! Johannes Sergeantius et David Mauritius” in speaking of the witnesses for the Plot. So too Luttrell (Brief Relation i. 21): “One Sergeant, a secular (who hath writ against Dr. Stillingfleet), is expected from Holland, and ’tis said he will discover several matters about the plot.” The letter of the internuncio from Brussels of March 20/30, 1680 contains the following passage: Ho pregato S. A. di discorrere opportunamente col Sig^r Duca d’Jorch, excitandolo ad opporsi ad ogni tentativo che potesse tentarsi dal Frate Valesio, e delli Dottori Sergeant e Mauritio accioche non si propongà a Catt^ci il giuramento di Fedeltà, gia censurato dalla S. Sede, ò non se ne inventi nuova formula che non sia precedentemente approvata da S. B^ne quale ho assicurato esser per mostrarsi sempre propenso verso le convenienze di S. A. Reale. Vat. Arch. Nunt. di Fiandra 66.

363 Di Brusselles del Sig^r Internuncio, April 28/June 8, 1680. Circa il giuramento di fedeltà condannato altre volte dalla S. Sede, e pur troppo vero che il Sig^r Duca di Jorch lo presto anni sono, sedotto dall’ esempio di molti allevati nella Religion Catt^ca e non informato che lo stesso fosse stato prescritto da Sommi Pontifici. Vat. Arch. Nunt. di Fiandra 66.

364 Di Brusselles dal Sig^r Internuncio, August 16/26, August 22/September 2, 1679. Vat. Arch. Nunt. di Fiandra 66.

365 See below in Trials for Treason. 7 State Trials 617. Burnet ii. 196–198.

Thomas Jennison, S.J., died in Newgate on September 27, 1679.

366 See below in Trials for Treason.

367 7 State Trials 1049. Dangerfield’s Particular Narrative 1–7. Malice Defeated: or a Brief Relation of the Accusation and Deliverance of Elizabeth Cellier 12, 13, 28. Col. Mansell’s Exact and True Narrative 7, 60.

368 Dangerfield’s Narrative 8. Malice Defeated 13, 39. Mansell’s Narrative 39, 47, 60, 69.

369 Mansell’s Narrative 43, 53, 54, 69. Malice Defeated 13, 14. Dangerfield’s Case 2. North, Examen 268.

370 Dangerfield’s Narrative 30–36. Malice Defeated 14. Mansell’s Narrative 57, 58, 62. North, Examen 267.

371 Dangerfield’s Narrative 37–49. Dangerfield’s Information 1680. Malice Defeated 14–18. Mansell’s Narrative 18–40.

372 Ferguson, Growth of Popery ii. 265. Sidney, Letters 152, 153. Halstead, Succinct Genealogies 434–437. North, Examen 261, 262. And see Burnet ii. 244, 245. Hatton Correspondence v. 201, 202.

373 Malice Defeated 15. Examination of Anne Blake, Mansell’s Narrative 41.

374 Malice Defeated 15.

375 Barillon, November 27/December 7, 1679.

376 See below in Shaftesbury and Charles. Dangerfield’s Narrative 30.

377 Dangerfield’s Narrative 39.

378 Traill shews the absurdity neatly, though he makes the mistake of joining Mrs. Cellier with Dangerfield. Shaftesbury 154.

379 7 State Trials 1043–1111.

380 Mansell’s Narrative 40.

381 Barillon, November 27/December 7, 1679. Sidney’s Diary, October 7, October 14, in Sidney’s Charles II i. 181, 185.

382 Parl. Hist. iv. 1029, 1030.

383 Dartmouth MSS. 36.

384 Sir W. Temple to the Earl of Essex, October 25, 1673. Essex Papers. Burnet ii. 31. James (Or. Mem.) i. 530, 536, 537. Clarendon Cor. ii. 467–471. Brusselles Dal. Sig^r Internuncio, March 8/18, 1679. Vat. Arch. Nunt. di Fiandra 66.

385 Barillon, July 19/29, October 4/14, 14/24, 21/31, 1680.

386 James to Col. Legge, December 11, 1679, January 25, December 14, 1680. Dartmouth MSS. 40, 47, 55. James i. 657.

387 James i. 550, 551.

388 Temple i. 382.

389 Barillon, October 21/31, 1680.

390 James i. 554, 556, 574, 659, 660. Dartmouth MSS. 35, 36, 39, 41, 45, 47, 58. Savile Foljambe MSS. 134, 135.

391 James to Col. Legge, May 28, 1679, Dartmouth MSS. 33, 34.

392 James to the Prince of Orange, May 14, May 29, June 1, 1679. Savile Foljambe MSS. 129–131. To Col. Legge, July 22, Dartmouth MSS. 36. And see James (Or. Mem.) i. 551.

393 E.g. Dartmouth MSS. 38, 42, 46, 54.

394 Barillon, July 1/11, July 24/August 3, October 21/31, 1680.

395 Campana de Cavelli i. 302, 304.

396 Vat. Arch. L’Abb^e G. B. Lauri a S. Em.3^a October 23/December 2, 1678. Nunt. di Francia 332. Di Brusselles dal Sig^r Internuncio. May 24/June 3, 1679. Nunt. di Fiandra 66. Add. MSS. 32095: 196. See Appendix C.

397 Barillon, August 9/19, September 20/30, October 21/31, 1680.

398 Vat. Arch. Di Brussells dal Sig^r Internuncio, June 7/17, September 6/16, October 18/28, November 15/25, 1679. Nunt. di Fiandra 66.

Ibid. July 30/September 9. La sera però di detto giorno fattomi introdurre nel suo gabinetto (del Duca d’Yorch), m’incarico di dar parte del successo a S. B^ne, e di confermargli nuovamente che in ogni luogo e stato havrebbe sempre vissuto figlio obedientissimo della S. Sede, e che nell’ animo suo a qualsivoglia altra consideratione o interesse havrebbe prevaluto il riguardo di conservare la fede, e di propagarla per quanto sarà in suo potere.

399 Foley v. 152, 157.

400 Absalom and Achitophel 114–117, 134–141.

401 Ranke v. 186.

402 John Verney to Sir R. Verney, May 19, 1677. “The people about town call this the Pump Parliament, alluding, as a little water put into a pump fetches up a great deal, so, etc.” Verney MSS. 469, and see The Pump Parliament by Sir Charles Sedley.

403 Ranke v. 201, 220. Parl. Hist. iv. 861–863. C.J. April 4, 1677. Ralph i. 310–314, 318. Andrew Marvell, Growth of Popery, Part I. 149.

404 Burnet ii. 155.

405 Burnet ii. 179. Barillon, September 30/October 10, 1678.

406 Sir Edward Carteret provided his rooms at the rent of £60 a year.

407 Secret Services of Charles II and James II 3–15. I do not know if the very comic accounts said to have been presented by Oates and Bedloe are authentic (L’Estrange, Brief Hist. iii. 121–124. Lingard xii. 363). They are not inconsistent with the men’s character, but L’Estrange was quite capable of having invented them. In any case they were not paid.

408 State Trials vii. 796, ix. 489, 490, x. 134, 136, 137, 1275, 1299. Reresby, Memoirs 196. Evelyn, Diary October 1, November 15, 1678. Smith, Intrigues of the Popish Plot. Luttrell, Brief Relation i. 112. North, Examen 223. Lives of the Norths ii. 180. Hatton Correspondence i. 198. Sitwell, First Whig 43, 44. I am indebted to Sir George Sitwell for some of these references, and have ventured to quote a portion of his admirable description, some strokes of which however are drawn from sources not beyond doubt. The epithet applied to the Pope is from “Rawleigh Redivivus.”

409 Grey, Debates vi. 296. Barillon, November 25/December 5, 1678. L.J. xiii. 389–392. C.J. November 28, 29, December 6, 7. Danby’s notes of Oates’ examination, November 25. Add. MSS. 23043: 5. James to the Prince of Orange, November 26, 1678. Foljambe MSS. 125. See too House of Lords MSS. 66. Lord Ossory to the Duchess of Ormonde. Hist. MSS. Com. Rep. vi. App. 723. James (Or. Mem.) i. 529. Burnet ii. 173, 174. Even Oldmixon did not believe the accusation. History of the House of Stuart 618.

410 Burnet i. 470–474. In 1671 Burnet propounded the questions; “Is a woman’s barrenness a just ground for divorce or polygamy; and is polygamy in any case lawful under the Gospel?” The answer to both was in the affirmative.

411 Sarotti describes him as “un cadavere spirante.” December 12/22, 1679.

412 Burnet i. 474, ii. 180. North, Examen 186. Airy, Charles II 137, 138, 230. The relations between the king and queen became much better about this time in consequence, one may imagine, of these intrigues. Countess of Sunderland to Henry Sidney, August 15, 1679: “The Queen, who is now a mistress, the passion her spouse has for her is so great....” Sidney’s Charles II i. 86.

413 Pepys, Diary December 24, 31, 1662. Burnet i. 469, 470.

414 Barillon, April 28/May 8, May 5/15, 1679. Temple i. 421, 423, 426, 429. MS. diary of Lord Keeper Guildford, Dalrymple ii. 322. Burnet ii. 233. Foxcroft, Life of Halifax i. 173–178. Hatton Correspondence v. 192.

415 Sidney, Letters 52, 53.

416 Ibid.

417 Ralph i. 434. North, Examen 86. Sidney, Letters 52, 90.

418 Burnet ii. 235. Parl. Hist. iv. 1130. North, Examen 79. This story may be accepted, since North probably had it from his brother the Chief Justice. And see Sidney’s Charles II i. 5, where Henry Sidney states that Charles supported Lauderdale at the council.

419 Barillon, June 12/22, 1679. Sidney, Letters 95–97, 104–107, 112–113. Temple i. 420, 427, 428. North, Examen 81, 82. Burnet ii. 234, 235, 239. S.P. Dom. Charles II 412: 26. Sunderland to Essex, July 1679, 262. Essex to the King, July 21, 1679.

420 Sitwell, First Whig 70.

421 MS. diary of Lord Keeper Guildford, Dalrymple ii. 322, 323. North, Examen 571–575. Parl. Hist. iv. App. ix. Ralph i. 476, 477, 483. Sitwell, First Whig 83–89. And see the trial of Benjamin Harris, the publisher of the Appeal, 7 State Trials 925. Wilson, Life of Defoe, chap. i. Defoe, Review ix. 152. “As to handing treasonable papers about in coffee-houses, everybody knows it was the original of the very thing called a coffee-house and that it is the very profession of a coffee-man to do so, and it seems hard to punish any of them for it.”

422 Sitwell, First Whig, 87, 88.

423 Barillon, September 4/14, 1679. Temple i. 433. Countess of Sunderland to Henry Sidney, September 2. Henry Savile to Henry Sidney, September 11, 1679. Sidney’s Charles II i. 122, 140. Sidney, Letters 143. Ralph i. 477.

424 Barillon, July 3/13, 1679, January 12/22, 1680. Dangerfield’s Particular Narrative 30, 60. The Case of Thomas Dangerfield 5. Mansell’s Exact and True Narrative 62. Grey, Debates vii. 358, 359, viii. 136–149. Gazette, No. 1476. Ralph i. 496, 497. Parl. Hist. iv. 1233. Le Fleming MSS. 174.

425 Burnet ii. 242. Carte, Life of Ormonde ii. 493. Barillon, September 4/14, 11/21, 15/25, 1679. Temple i. 433–438. Foljambe MSS. 137, 138. Foxcroft, Life of Halifax i. 189–191. Gazette 1449. S.P. Dom. Charles II 412: 24. Conway Papers, September 11, 1679. Airy, Charles II 245. James (Or. Mem.) i. 566, 570–580.

426 James (Or. Mem.) i. 563. James to the Prince of Orange, Foljambe MSS. 137. Burnet ii. 243. Hatton Correspondence i. 194. Barillon, September 15/25. December 1/11, 1679.

427 Dal. Sigr. Internuncio Brusselles, June 8, 1679. Arch. Nunt. di Fiandra 66. Ferguson, Growth of Popery, Part II. 276.

428 Barillon, December 1/11, 8/18, 1679. Sidney, Letters 165. Charles Hatton to Lord Hatton, November 29, 1679. Hatton Correspondence i. 203. Ralph i. 484, 497.

429 Sidney, Letters 143, 144.

430 Temple i. 441. Ralph i. 490–494. Le Fleming MSS. 165. North, Examen 541–548. Defoe, Review vii. 296.

431 Barillon, December 11/21, 15/25, 18/28, 1679. James i. 581.

432 Barillon, January 8/18, 12/22, 15/25, 19/29, January 29/February 8, March 11/21, 1680. James (Or. Mem.) i. 587. Ralph i. 494.

433 The declaration was made twice, on January 6 and March 3, 1679.

434 The author was probably Ferguson. Sec Sprat’s History of the Ryehouse Plot, where a printer’s bill made out to him is printed in the appendix, one item of the bill being for the Letter. The pamphlet was published on May 15, 1680.

435 S.P. Dom. Charles II 413: 103, 105, 107, 118, 120, 131, 132, 229, 231. Informations and examinations concerning the Black Box. Gazette, Nos. 1507, 1520. Somers Tracts viii. 187–208. James I 589.

436 Barillon, June 28/July 8, July 1/11, 8/18, 1680. 8 State Trials 179. Burnet ii. 300.

437 S.P. Dom. Charles II 413: 75, Lord Massareen to Lord Conway. 76, Francis Gwyn to same, March 23, 1680. Barillon, March 25/April 4, May 17/27, 20/30, July 1/11. Countess of Sunderland to H. Sidney, May 18, 1680. Sidney’s Charles II ii. 60. Luttrell, Brief Relation i. 38.

438 William Harbord to H. Sidney, April 1680. Sidney’s Charles II ii. 23. Countess of Sunderland to same, April 16. Sir L. Jenkins to same, circa May 20. Sir W. Temple to same, April 27. Sidney’s Diary, May 25. Ibid. 52, 53, 64, 66. Barillon, October 7/17, 1680.

439 Barillon, December 1/11, 11/21, 1679, January 5/15, April 5/15, July 1/11, 1680. S.P. Dom. Charles II 413: 82. Sir James Butler to Lord Craven, March 25, 1680. Temple i. 450. Sir L. Jenkins to Henry Sidney, July 24, 1680. Sidney’s Charles II ii. 86. A concise account of the extreme difficulties of the time may be found in a letter from Henry Sidney to the Prince of Orange, October 7, 1680. Groen van Prinsterer v. 422.

440 Ralph i. 502, 503. Groen van Prinsterer v. 428. Burnet ii. 253. Barillon, October 21/31, 1680. James (Or. Mem.) i. 591–600. And see Somers Tracts viii. 137. Articles of Impeachment against the Duchess of Portsmouth.

441 Parl. Hist. iv. 1118, 1160–1175, 1291. Beaufort MSS. 112. Burnet ii. 212, 256. Temple i. 421. Foxcroft, Life of Halifax i. 154, 208, 224, 236. Ralph i. 444. Groen van Prinsterer v. 435, 437.

442 Parl. Hist. iv. 1175–1215. L.J. xiii. 666. Barillon, November 18/28, 1680. James (Or. Mem.) i. 617, 618. Temple i. 453. Halstead, Succinct Genealogies i. 204. Reresby, Memoirs 192, 197. Burnet ii, 259. Foxcroft, Life of Halifax i. 246–249. James to the Prince of Orange, November 23, 1680, Groen van Prinsterer v. 440.

443 Parl. Hist. iv. 1215–1295. Reresby, Memoirs 191, Groen van Prinsterer v. 444.

444 Sitwell, First Whig 142. S.P. Dom. Charles II 414: 101, Robert Ferguson to his wife, August 14, 1680. 243, Hugh Speke “for Mr. Charles Speke at Whitelackington.” 275, James Holloway to the Earl of Essex, December 14, 1680.

445 Charles’ actual words are in doubt, but it is certain that he received the deputation coldly and sent it away unsatisfied.

446 “Instructions for members of Parliament summoned for March 21, 1681, and to be held at Oxford.”

447 North, Examen 100–102. Reresby, Memoirs 204. S.P. Dom. Charles II 415: 37. Answer of the Earl of Essex, January 27, 1681. 66, The Earl of Craven’s proposition, February 14, 1681. “About the disposing of the king’s forces.” 126, Information of Mr. John Wendham of Thetford against Wm. Harbord, M.P. 156, Quarters of his Majesty’s forces, March 22, 1681. Luttrell, Brief Relation i. 70. Ralph i. 562, 563. Sitwell, First Whig 144, 145. Klopp II. 308. And see the trial of Stephen Colledge 8 State Trials 549–724.

448 Barillon, January 13/23, 1679.

449 Barillon, passim. There was however talk of the negotiations in diplomatic circles. Brosch 452.

450 North, Examen 104, 105. Barillon March 28/April 7, 1681. Beaufort MSS. 83. Reresby, Memoirs 207–211. Ralph i. 570–580. Parl. Hist. iv. 1298–1339. Airy, Charles II 257. Ailesbury, Memoirs i. 57. Luttrell, Brief Relation i. 72. “Some are pleased to call it the Jewish Parliament, it being dissolved on the eighth day, alluding to that people’s manner of circumcision on the eighth day.”

451 Lord Grey’s confession 12, 13, 14. North, Examen 105.

452 It is remarkable that every one thought he understood Charles and that most who opposed him paid in the end the penalty of their mistake by failure. Only the most acute indeed were able to realise the strength of the character which they began by thinking weak. Thus Courtin believed that Charles could do nothing but what his subjects wanted. Jusserand, A French Ambassador 150. Barillon, with the possible exception of Gremonville, the ablest of Louis XIV’s diplomatists, whom Ranke compares to the Spanish ambassador Mendoza of the time of the League, thought when he first came to England that he could in every instance measure Charles’ weight in the balance. Before the Popish Plot had ceased its course, he perceived that he could not. He writes on January 15/25, 1680: Il est fort difficile de pénétrer quel est dans le fonds son véritable dessein. Again on September 9/19 of the same year; Le Roi de la Grande Bretagne a une conduite si cachée et si difficile à pénétrer que les plus habiles y sont trompés. And again on January 13/23, 1681: Je ne puis encore expliquer aver certitude à V.M. l’état des affaires de ce pays-ci. Ceux qui approchent de plus près du Roi d’Angleterre ne pénètrent point le fonds de ses intentions. See too Burnet II 409 n. 3, 467 n.

453 If Pemberton is counted.

454 Pilgrimage of Grace; Insurrection in West; Kent; Wyatt; Rising in North; Essex; Penruddock; Booth, 1659; Venner; Monmouth.

455 See the evidence of Lord Ferrers against Southall at the trial of Lord Stafford. 7 State Trials 1485.

456 Dalton, Justice, quoted Stephen, History of the Criminal Law, i. 195. Temp. James I.

457 Colquhoun, Treatise on the Police of the Metropolis, quoted Stephen i. 195.

458 Ralph i. 399. See also the Statutes: 13 C. II c. 6, 14 C. II c. 3, 15 C. II c. 4.

459 6 State Trials 566–630.

460 £1000 was stolen in cash, and over £2000 in jewelry.

461 6 State Trials 572–575.

462 By two Germans and a Pole, acting, it was said, under orders from Count Königsmark, who had been courting Mr. Thynne’s bride.

463 Reresby, Memoirs 235, 236.

464 Reresby, Memoirs 281, 282.

465 This was the recognised appellation of a J.P. in the seventeenth century.

466 House of Lords MSS. 39, under date May 29, 1679.

467 7 State Trials 1471.

468 8 State Trials 525–550.

469 Gilbert’s evidence, ibid. 531–534.

470 8 State Trials 531.

471 Ibid. 532.

472 Foley v. 891. House of Lords MSS. 89. See also Fitzherbert MSS. 18, 19.

473 Foley v. 34. House of Lords MSS. 89.

474 Foley v. 883.

475 “A true narrative of the imprisonment and trial of Mr. Lewis,” written by himself. Foley v. 917–928. His account of the trial is inserted in 7 State Trials 249–260.

476 Foley v. 885. 7 State Trials 249, 252.

477 Foley v. 96. Catalogue of those who suffered in Oates’ Plot and on account of their priesthood, taken from Dodd and Challoner.

478 7 State Trials 1131.

479 Ralph i. 570.

480 See Appendix D, where Giles’ trial is discussed. Lawrence Hyde to the Prince of Orange, April 16, 1680. “This I say is a very unfortunate accident to revive men’s fears and apprehensions of the Plot, which were pretty well asleep, but there is no care or watchfulness can prevent the folly and wickedness of men that are so given to it.” Groen van Prinsterer v. 395.

481 See Stephen i. 228.

482 7 State Trials 1397–1399.

483 Southall’s evidence. 7 State Trials 1467–1471.

484 For the following paragraph I have used Gardiner’s History of England iii. 1–27.

485 Essay of Judicature.

486 This rule was not without exception. Baron Flowerdue, raised to the bench in 1684, held office quamdiu se bene gesserit. (Prothero, Statutes and Constitutional Documents 143). And we learn from Coke (Inst. iv. 117) that the Chief Baron always held office on a permanent tenure (Prothero cviii.). Of course it made no difference, for good behaviour in the eyes of the king, with whom the decision rested, was likely to have much in common with his good pleasure.

487 Gneist, Constitutional History of England (trans. Ashworth) 550.

488 Clarendon, Hist. Reb. (Oxford, 1826) i. 123, 124.

489 Gneist 552 n. See Gardiner viii. 208.

490 Gardiner ix. 246, 247. Gneist 555.

491 L.J. May 6, 1641. Parl. Hist. ii. 757.