112 Is. Geoffroy de Saint-Hilaire, “Sur la Classification
Anthropologique,” Mém. de la Société d’Anthropologie, 1861, vol.
i, p. 125.
113 [Compare Joulin, Anatomie et Physiologie comparé
du bassin des Mammifères, 8vo, Paris, 1864; and Mémoire
sur le bassin considéré dans les Races Humaines, 8vo, Paris,
1864.—Editor.]
114 The proportion given by Camper is this: the great
diameter is to the little,
In the European :: 41 : 27.
In the Negro :: 39 : 27·5.
115Account of the Regular Gradation of Man, 4to,
London, 1799, p. 118.
116Cours de Physiologie, Paris, 1848, vol. i, p.
394. See, also, on the same question, A. Maury, in the Athénéum
Français, 1853, No. 47.
117 [We cannot entirely agree with the author regarding
the low stature of the Spaniards. From our own observation we
may unreservedly say that, at all events, the inhabitants of the
south and south western parts of Spain are a fine race,
not at all liable to the charge of being different in height from the
Anglo-Saxons.—Editor.]
118 [Although our author rather despises the idea of the
legs being bowed by riding, it is tolerably well known in this country
that too much riding on horseback, when young, and especially on
large animals, is very apt to alter the shape of delicate and weakly
limbs.—Editor.]
119 “Tribus Mongoles,” translated by S. A. de Grandsagne, in
the Mémoires du Muséum, vol. xvii.
120 See Broca, Bulletins de la Société
d’Anthropologie, 3rd April, 1862.
121 See Lawrence, Lectures on Comparative Anatomy,
London, 1848, p. 410.
122 Davy, An Account of the Interior of Ceylon, 1821,
p. 109.
123 See Daniel Wilson, in the British Review, 1851;
and in Stephens, the description of the Temple of Uxmal.
124 See Bulletins de la Société de Géographie, 4th
series, vol. x, p. 45. It must not be forgotten that these weapons with
a small handle may have been used by those valiant heroines, whose
praises have so often been sung in the songs of the north.
126 [Compare the memoir of Professor C. G. Carus, Ueber
die Typisch geurdenen abbildungen menschlichen kopfformen namentlich
auf münzen in verschiedenen zeiten und volkern, published
in the Novorum Actorum Academiæ Cæsareæ Leopoldini-Carolinæ
Germanicæ naturæ curiosum for 1863, in which the author gives
characteristic examples of the ancient types, as deduced from the
examination of coins, etc. Compare, also, Nott and Gliddon, Types of
Mankind.—Editor.]
127 See especially Lepsius, Denkmaeler von Egypten und
Œthiopen, vol. ii, pl. 133; vol. iii, pl. 116, 117, 118, 136.
128 Bérard, Cours de Physiologie, Paris, 1848, vol.
i, p. 394.
129 See J. H. Hanneman, Curiosum Scrutinium Nigredinus
Posterorum Cham, in 4to, Kiloni, 1677, § 14.
130 See Pruner-Bey, Bulletins de la Société
d’Anthropologie, 5th March, 1863.
131 See, upon this point, G. Pouchet, Des Colorations de
l’Epiderme, 4to, Paris, 1864.
132 Bory de Saint-Vincent divided mankind into
Leucotriques and Ulotriques (see Bérard, Cours de
Physiologie, 1848, vol. i, p. 394). Prichard refers all these
races to the three following types:—1. Melanocomous; 2.
Leucous; 3. Xanthous (see English Cyclopædia, art.
“Man”).
133Tableau Synoptique des Races Humaines (Mém. de
la Société d’Anthropologie, vol. i, p. 143).
134 See Pruner-Bey, De la Chevelure (Mém. de la
Soc. d’Anthrop., vol. ii, p. 1).
135 See Smith, The Natural History of the Human
Species, p. 189.
136 See Earl, quoted by Crawfurd, On the Negro Race,
etc. (British Association, 1852, p. 86.)
137 Compare Burnouf, Le Lotus de la bonne loi, p.
562.
139Narrative of a Second Voyage, etc., 1835, p. 427.
140 [The name given to Persia by its
inhabitants.—Editor.]
141 Compare The Natural History of the Human Species.
142 M. de Serres, in his Lectures on Anthropology, at
the Museum of Natural History.
143 Ross, Narrative of a Second Voyage, etc., p. 446.
144 This fact is related by Pallas, Mémoires du
Muséum, vol. xvii, p. 238. A Kalmuc saw a body of men thirty versts
off [nearly twenty miles English], while the Russian general could see
nothing even with a telescope.
145 It would be interesting to discover if the fact related
by Knox (The Races of Men, 1850, p. 271) is true; namely, that
the sharpness of sight, which the Bosjesmans possess in a very high
degree, is lost immediately on crossing the breed with the whites.
146 Le Cat, Traité des Sens, 1744; Haller,
Elementa Physiologiæ, vol. v, p. 179; Humboldt, Relation
Personnelle, vol. iii, p. 229.
147 See Robin, Annales des Sciences Naturelles, 1845;
Zoologie, vol. iv, p. 380.
149 [“Face to face with the present position of metaphysical
thought in England, that anthropology, which can find no higher
employment for the human mind than the ascertainment of man’s relations
with the baboons, will find no place at all.... We have no real fear
that the consequences which may result from the practical application
of this law (transmutation) will be prejudicial to religion, morality,
or society.... But until the day comes when such a law shall be
fully, entirely, and satisfactorily established, we must strenuously
protest against the diffusion, even amongst the ‘wider circle of the
intelligent public,’ of essays, the object of which is to render ‘Man’s
Place in Nature’ closer to that of the brute creation.” C. Carter
Blake, Man and Beast (Anthropological Review, vol. i, pp.
154, 161).—Editor.]
153 We only know of one painting in which Egyptians
themselves are represented in a like position; it is in the British
Museum, and is on a tomb. It is a group of persons squatted behind a
flock of geese. It is right to remark, however, that the artist may
have been rather puzzled about its composition, more complicated than
usual, and that the inartistic profiles of his figures, which almost
cover one another, greatly diminish the value of the picture with
reference to our subject.
154Geographische Nosologie oder die Lehre von den
Veränderungen der Krankheiten in den Verschiedenen Gegenden der
Erde, in Verbindung mit Physicher Géographie und Naturgeschichte des
Menschen, 8vo, Stuttgart, 1813.
155Traité de Géographie Médicale, 1857:
Introduction, p. 29.
156 [“The great question of acclimatisation has hitherto
been treated lightly enough. ‘A firm resolution not to be conquered
by a malady,’ says Malte-Brun, ‘is, in the opinion of most doctors,
one of the most efficacious preventives of disease. Our body depends
on our intelligence. In every climate the nerves, the muscles, the
blood-vessels, in relaxing or in stretching, in dilating or in
contracting, soon take the particular state which suits the degree
of heat or cold which is borne by the body.’ Thus, according to this
celebrated geographer, man has only to exercise his will
in order to accommodate his organism to all the difficulties of
a new temperature and a new climate.” H. J. C. Beavan, The
Acclimatisation of Man (Social Science Review, February 21,
1863.)—Editor.]
157 Hirsch, Handbuch der Historisch-Geographischen
Pathologie, § 10. With the author of this immense compilation we
refer our readers (with reference to this relative immunity of Negroes
from marsh-fever) to the works of Jobin, Tschudi, M’Cabe, Hunter,
Arnold, Cameron, Heymann, Epp, Bartlett, Thomson, Tidyman (Philad.
Journ. of Med. Science, vol. iii, No. 6), etc.
158Epidemiological Society, 3rd June, 1861;
Medical Times and Gazette, 29th June, 1861, No. 574.
159 [“In spite of ‘previous acclimatisation,’ a Negro
regiment was almost entirely destroyed by chest disease at
Gibraltar, in 1817, within the short space of fifteen months.”
Acclimatisation of Man (Social Science Review, February
21, 1863).—Editor.]
160 “Si no acontecía ahorcar al Negro, nunca moría.” Compare
Herrera, Hist. Gener. de los Hechos de los Castellanos, dec. 2,
Book III, chap. xiv.
161 Bancroft (Essay 273); Blair, Some Account of the last
Yellow Fever Epidemic of British Guiana, London, 1850; Jackson;
Hirsch, Handbuch der Historisch-Geographischen Pathologie, § 36.
162 “It is a well-established fact, that there is something
in the Negro constitution which affords him protection against
the worst effects of yellow fever, but what it is I am unable to
say.”—Fenner. Compare Hirsch, Handbuch, § 36.
163 “The smallest admixture of Negro blood, even though
the subject be brought from a more northerly state, seems to be a
potent antidote against the morbid poison.”—Nott, Southern Journal
of Medicine, February, 1847. “The coloured people resisted the
epidemic influence better than the whites; and, I believe I may hazard
the observation, that their degree in resistance was in proportion to
the admixture of white blood.”—Bryant, American Journal, April,
1856, p. 301. Compare Hirsch, Handbuch, § 36.
164 See Mémoires de Médecine et de Chirurgie
Militaire, November and December 1863; Société
d’Anthropologie, meeting of 19th March, 1864.
165 M. d’Eichthal, Lettres sur la Race noire, 1839,
p. 15.
166 [“The Arabs say that Mohammed, whilst on the road from
Medina to Mecca, one day happened to see a widow woman sitting before
her house, and asked how she and her three sons were; upon which
the troubled woman (for she had concealed one of her sons on seeing
Mohammed’s approach, lest he, as is customary when there are three
males of a family present, should seize one and make him do porterage),
said, ‘Very well; but I’ve only two sons!’ Mohammed, hearing this, said
to the woman, reprovingly, ‘Woman, thou liest! thou hast three sons;
and for trying to conceal this matter from me, henceforth remember that
this is my decree,—that the two boys whom thou hast not concealed
shall multiply and prosper, have fair faces, become wealthy, and reign
lords over all the earth; but the progeny of your third son shall, in
consequence of your having concealed him, produce seedis as
black as darkness, who will be sold in the market like cattle, and
remain in perpetual servitude to the descendants of the other two.’”
This is the Arab theory of the Negro’s origin, mentioned in What led
to the Discovery of the Source of the Nile, by J. H. Speke, p. 341,
London, 1864.—Editor.]
167Othello, Act I, Scene 3. [Othello was, however,
a Moor, not a Negro, and capable of a far higher delicacy of
mental perceptions than the veritable “unbleached African.” Perhaps one
of the most absurd theatrical errors was committed when the part of
Othello was acted by a genuine Negro, Ira Aldridge.—Editor.]
170 “De l’Unité de l’Espèce Humaine,” Biblioth.
Univ. de Genève, nouv. ser., vol. liv, p. 145, 1844.
171 Gliddon, Types of Mankind, p. 59. Carus has
observed, that among the remarkable Negroes mentioned by Blumenbach,
not one of them was distinguished either in politics, literature, or
in any high conception of art. Compare Gobineau, De l’Inégalité des
Races Humaines, vol. i, p. 122, 1853.
172 See De Maillet, Telliamed, 8vo, vol. ii,
p. 187, Amsterdam, 1748. For want of those passages of the Korán
to which he refers, we give the whole of Maillet’s remark on the
subject:—“Mohammed was so struck with the difference between white
and black men, that he did not hesitate to say, that God had made the
first with white earth, and the latter with black. He did
not imagine that men so different, not only in colour but in figure
and inclination, could possibly be of one and the same origin. He
observes, in another place, that although there have been prophets of
all other nations, there was never one among the blacks; which shows
that they have so little mind, that the gift of foresight,—the effect
of natural wisdom, which has sometimes been honoured with the name of
prophecy,—has never fallen to the lot of any of them.” This passage
is, besides, remarkable; because this custom of prophecy seems to be
a special attribute of the Semitic race (compare Renan, Histoire
Générale des Langues Sémitiques, 8vo, p. 8, Paris, 1855), and
Mohammed, in making this distinction, declared almost a specific
characteristic. In the translation of the “Évangile de l’Enfance,” by
G. Brunet (Evangiles Apocryphes, 12mo, Paris, 1849), there is
this curious document (Jesus had just changed some children into rams
in the sight of some women, who asked for their pardon), “The Lord
Jesus having answered, that the children of Israel were, among other
nations, like the Ethiopians; the women said,” etc. This is merely
a proof of the contempt which overwhelmed this unhappy race in the
east.
173On the Negro’s Place in Nature (Dr. Hunt,
Anthropological Society of London, November 17, 1863).
174 See the table taken from the Systema Naturæ. We
know that Linnæus had adopted the geographical classification of human
races.
Homo Americanus.
{
Pertinæ, contentus, liber.
Regitur consuetudine.
” Europæus.
{
Levis, argutus, inventor.
Regitur ritibus.
” Asiaticus.
{
Severus, fastuosus, avarus,
Regitur opinionibus.
” Afer.
{
Vafer, segnis, negligens,
Regitur arbitrio.
175Des Races Humaines, in the Revue des Deux
Mondes.
176 [It is, indeed, worthy of a place in science, though
not apparently in the sense which is meant by our author. C. Carter
Blake says, and says truly, “In zoology, as in all other methods of
human thought, the sincere searcher after truth will reap some solid
benefit for his labours if carried on in a fair and honest spirit.
What science reveals to us,—and we know of no source of knowledge
whence the revelation of the truth, as it is manifested in living
nature, can be impugned,—what science teaches us, a simple-minded
student will accept, that which the unbiassed evidences of his senses
and the manifestations of his own consciousness tell him to be true.”
(C. Carter Blake, On the Doctrine of Final Causes, as illustrated
by Zoology, Hastings Philosophical Society, meeting of January 13,
1864.)—Editor.]
177 [“The natives of Australia,” observes Hasskarl, “are
deficient in the idea of a Creator or moral Governor of the world, and
all attempts to instruct them terminate in a sudden break up of the
conversation. The Bechuanas, one of the most intelligent tribes of the
interior of South Africa, have no idea of a Supreme Being; and there is
no word to be found in their language for the conception of a Creator.”
(Force and Matter, by Dr. Louis Büchner, transl. and edited by
J. F. Collingwood, F.R.S.L., F.G.S., F.A.S.L.).—Editor.]
178 I translate in this way the word mythology, used
by Latham; it is the real translation. Every religion is necessarily
based on a fable, for whoever does not practise it, “Mutato
nomine, de te fabula narratur.” [This is an assertion which our author
has no right to make, and which certainly does not redound to his
credit. We must earnestly protest against it. A moment’s consideration,
however, will satisfy most men that the translator’s license has here
been carried to a most unwarrantable extent.—Editor.]
181 See Bertillon, Bulletins de la Société
d’Anthropologie, March 15, 1860. [See above, p. 66,
note.—Editor.]
182 I had this fact from the mouth of M. de Lesseps, on his
return from a journey to Khartûm.
183 J. Ross, Narrative of a Second Voyage, p. 548,
1835.
184 Emanuel Zobrega wrote to the Company from Brazil, in
1552:—“The inhabitants acknowledge Saint Thomas, whom they call Zomé
(changing the Th into Z, according to their dialect); and
they have a tradition that he once journeyed through this country.”
His letter is fully given by Nieremberg, Historia Naturæ, fol.,
Antuerpiæ, 1635.
185 “On the Intellectual Character of the Esquimaux”
(Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, vol. xxxviii, p. 306,
October 1844 to April 1845.)
186L’Immortalité de l’âme chez les Juifs, transl. by
I. Cohen, 12mo, Paris, 1857.
187 See Brecher, L’Immortalité de l’âme chez les
Juifs, p. 81.
188 Josephus, Antiquities, xviii, ch. 2, transl. by
D. G. Génébrard, Paris, 1639.
190 Barthélemy Saint-Hilaire, Bouddha et sa Religion,
chapter upon the “Nirvâna,” 1862.
191 Niebuhr quoted, in support of this, the Nalhkis and
the Guaranis in the New Californian and Cape Missions. Schlegel
(Essais, p. 341, Paris, 1841) declares, that most savage nations
ought always to remain so by the will of nature.
192 See Comptes rendus de l’Académie des Sciences,
meeting of July 20, 1857.
193 “I maintain,” says Courtet de l’Isle (Tableau
Ethnographique du genre humain, p. 89, 8vo, Paris, 1849), “that
human races are unequal in intellectual power, that they are,
consequently, not susceptible of the same degree of development, and
that each of them is called upon to fill, in unequal conditions, a
mission marked out by Providence.”
194 Doctor Martius is a curious example of the extravagances
to which monogenist ideas may lead. In order to explain the moral
character of the Americans, he is obliged to suppose a frightful
cataclysm [great inundation] which happened, he cannot say when, and
adds, “Is it the profound terror felt by those unhappy people who
escaped from this awful calamity which, being transmitted without a
diminished intensity to following generations, has troubled their
reason, obscured their intelligence, and hardened their heart?” Compare
Morel, Traité des Dégénérescences de l’espèce humaine, 1857, and
Discours Inaugural à l’Académie de Rouen, 1857.
195 D’Orbigny saw the Charruas continue a war against the
Spaniards (who decimated them) rather than renounce their much-valued
independence. (Voyage dans l’Amérique Méridionale, vol. iv,
Introduction p. 4.) [Our author ought not to compare the northern
Americans with the southern aborigines, giving to both of them,
apparently, the same characteristics. The northerners are whites, and
(supposing the Canadians and the north-western settlers are spoken of)
worthy of his praise. We put the present Northern States on one
side altogether, as the character given by our author cannot possibly
apply to them. The Charruas, who are mentioned in the above note, are
Indians, inhabiting the banks of the Uruguay in South America, and
therefore, whatever may be their courage and love of liberty as
aborigines, they cannot properly be classed with white inhabitants,
who are merely settlers.—Editor.]
196 Compare D’Escayrac de Lauture, Le Désert et le
Soudan; Mémoire sur le Soudan, etc. [These people are not so
very peculiar in this respect. Even in our own land, there is sometimes
a good deal of difficulty in obtaining information about routes; and
agricultural labourers especially are much given to scratching their
heads and chewing the cud of meditation, ending with an indecision
quite delightful to the tired traveller.—Editor.]
197 See Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica,
pp. 482, 483, 4to, Amstelodami, 1723.
198 See Essai Politique sur le royaume de la Nouvelle
Espagne, Paris, 1811.
202 [Dr. Hunt, however, does not think that language is
such an unfailing test as our author appears to imagine. He considers
that language must be utterly discarded as the first principle of
anthropological classification, and gives a far higher value to
religion and to art, considering language merely as the third element.
It is possible to change the language of a race; but apparently
impossible to change either their religion or their innate ideas of
art. See Hunt on Anthropological Classification (Brit.
Assoc., 1863), Anthrop. Rev., vol. i, p. 383. “On ethnology,
Professor Müller says, ‘The science of language and the science of
ethnology have both suffered most seriously from being mixed up
together. The classification of races and languages should be quite
independent of each other. Races may change their languages; and
history supplies us with several instances where one race adopted the
language of another. Different languages, therefore, may be spoken by
one race, or the same language may be spoken by different races; so
that any attempt at squaring the classification of races and tongues
must necessarily fail.’”(On the Science of Language, R. S.
Charnock; Anthrop. Rev., vol. i, p. 200.)—Editor.]
204Histoire des Langues Sémitiques, p. 467, Paris,
1855.
205 See Prichard, The Eastern Origin of the Celtic
Nations, edited by Latham, 1857.
206 “The sound of their voice resembles sighing.” “Their
language resembles the clucking of a turkey.” Compare White, Account
of the regular gradation of Man, p. 67, London, 1799. Appleyard,
The Kafir Language, p. 3, 8vo, King William’s Town, 1850. Morel,
Traité des Dégénérescences de l’espèce humaine, p. 42, Paris,
1857. “The Kafirs have adopted some of the inflexions in use among
their neighbours, but as a simple ornament to their speech, without
attributing any special signification to these ‘cluckings.’”—Is.
Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (Correspondence).
207 Compare Cabanis, Rapports du Physique et du
Moral, 13th year, vol. ii, p. 201: Knox, The Races of Men,
p. 82, London, 1850: Morel, Dégénérescences de l’Espèce Humaine,
Paris, 1857.
208 See Beddom in English Cyclopædia: see, also,
Vitruvius, book vi, ch. i.
209Rapports du Physique et du Moral, 13th year, vol.
ii, p. 294.
210Histoire Naturelle Générale, vol. iii, p. 319,
1860. We do not here quote the facts relative to the Barbary and
Corsican stag (ibidem, p. 407), since they rest only on the
negative assertion of an old author.
211 “Partout de petits changements, nulle part de grands.”
Hist. Naturelle Générale, vol. iii, p. 388.
212Recherches sur les Ossements Fossiles, 4to, vol.
i, p. 59, 1831.
214 “What would be thought of a breeder who took Norman
colts or Flemish calves to the high lands of the Alps and the Pyrenees,
and then expected to see them reproduce (their training having been
finished) all the pure characteristics of the original races?”—Isidore
Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Histoire Naturelle Générale, vol. iii,
p. 307.
215 See Verneuil, Bulletins de la Société
d’Anthropologie, February 2, 1860.—Bonté, ibidem, August 6,
1863.
216 [“A priest who has drunk wine shall migrate into a moth
or a fly, feeding on ordure. He who steals the gold of a priest, shall
pass a thousand times into the bodies of spiders. If a man shall steal
honey, he shall be born a great stinging gnat; if oil, an oil-drinking
beetle; if salt, a cicada; if a household utensil, an ichneumon fly”
(Institutes of Menu, § 353). Thus, apparently with regard to
comparison, the Hindú considers insects to be the lowest form of
animal life, into which moral criminals are to pass after death,
according to their doctrine of metempsychosis.—Editor.]
217 [Why will some scientific men persist in separating,
so strongly, religion and science, as if both could not be
practised? This is what the “master of science” appears to think. Each
student of science may well apply the following lines: “It
is your duty to go on steadfastly, unwaveringly, ohne Hast, ohne
Rast, conscious that you interpret, to the best of your finite
ability, your conceptions of the truths of science, equally conscious
that whatever may be the immediate result of your labours, they
must eventually fulfil the aspiration which tends ad majorem Dei
gloriam.”—C. Carter Blake On the Doctrine of Final Causes
(Hastings Philosophical Society, meeting of January 13,
1864).—Editor.]
218 Robin, Mémoire sur la Production du Blastoderme
(Journal de Physiologie, p. 358, 1862).
219 It is thus that we do not see realised in man that
general law which decrees that animal species are large in proportion
to the continent which they inhabit; the mean size of the mammalia,
in particular, is regularly proportional to the extent of Australia,
America, the ancient continent, and the bottom of the ocean.
220 Compare Mitchell, An Essay upon the Causes of the
Different Colours, etc. (Philosophical Transactions, 1745.)
221 “Sole colorari homines non dubium, eosque autem
ut nigrescant non constat.” Albinus, De Sede et Causa Coloris
Æthiopum, p. 12. He also says, still speaking of Negroes, that they
are coloured, “quod suum parentes colorem in liberos propagant ...;
æthiops fœmina si cum mare æthiope rem habuerit, æthiopem, ni quid
forte natura ludat, gignit; alba si cum albo, album.”—Ibidem,
p. 10. It is in some manner the permanence of a declared type.
222Dissertation Physique sur les Différences des Traits
du Visage, p. 17.