Motor-car Principles | Project Gutenberg

INDEX

Adjusting screw for vibrator, 103.
Advance of ignition, 13.
Advancing ignition by moving timer, 101.
too far, 13.
Air cooling, 34.
requisites for, 35.
Air inlet, auxiliary, adjustment of, 231.
Air intake trouble, 197.
Amperes, 77.
Antifreezing mixture, 200.
Antiskid devices, use of, 174.
Armature of generator, 88, 256.
Assembling springs, 229.
Automatic carburetor, 58.
Automatic valve, 25.
action of, 26.
adjustment of, 233.
spring of, 27.
Auxiliary air, necessity for, 56.
Auxiliary air inlet, action of, 57.
adjustment of, 231.
Axle, dead rear, 152.
live rear, 146.
necessity for fixed front, 162.
rear, floating, 148.
sprung, effect of, 148.
Back pressure, 18.
Backfiring, causes of, 218.
Balance of engines, 37.
Band brake, 167.
Battery, causes of trouble in, 182.
cross-connected, 182.
nearly exhausted, 183.
recuperation of, 183.
weak, effect of, 213.
Battery connections, 84.
Bearings, tight, effect of, 210.
tight, testing for, 221.
Bevel gears, necessity for, 142.
Bosch magnetos, 301, 308, 317, 323.
Brake, motor as, 170.
Brake equalizer, 172.
Brakes, 167.
emergency and running, 169.
tight, effect of, 210.
testing for, 221.
Broken wire, 181.
Bus bar, 204.
Cam, 26.
action of, 26.
parts of, 26.
worn, effect of, 235.
Cam shaft, 28.
Carbon deposit from burned oil, 31.
Carburetion, 52.
Carburetor, action of, 55.
adjustment of, 231.
automatic, 58.
cleaning of, 196.
dirt and water in, 195.
effect of varying speed on, 56.
float feed, 53.
flooding of, 195.
mechanically controlled, 58.
necessity for, 53.
necessity for auxiliary air in, 56.
parts of, 53.
principle of, 53.
surface, 64.
testing of, 207.
trouble in, causes of, 195.
types of, 58.
with central mixing chamber, 61.
with side mixing chamber, 60.
Carburetor adjustments, 58.
Chains, care of, 225.
cleaning and lubricating of, 225.
driving, adjusting of, 225.
Change speed mechanism, friction type of, 141.
individual clutch type of, 138.
necessity for, 119.
planetary type of, 132.
sliding gear type of, 120.
Changing gear, principle of, 125.
Charging of storage battery, 82.
Check and relief valves, 72.
Chemical generators, 80.
Circuit breaker, magneto, 286.
Circuit, jump spark system, 108.
primary, testing of, 206.
primary and secondary, 109.
parts of, 97.
secondary, testing of, 212.
Circulation, failures of, 199.
Circulation connections, troubles of, 199.
Circulation of water, forced and gravity, 32.
Classes of gasoline engines, 5.
Cleaning, use of kerosene for, 224.
Cleaning carburetor, 196.
chains, 225.
combustion space, 223.
crank case, 224.
differential, 224.
gear case, 224.
lubricator pipes, 202.
spark plug, 187.
tires, 222.
Clearance, 17.
Closing of exhaust valve, 17.
of inlet valve, 8.
Clutch, action of, 113.
friction cone, 113.
internal expanding, 118.
multiple disk, 114.
parts of, 116.
necessity for, 112.
reversed friction cone, 114.
slipping of, effect of, 210.
withdrawing of, when changing gear, 113.
Coil trouble, causes of, 186.
Coils, matching of, to cylinders, 230.
testing of, 206.
Cold, effect of, on starting engine, 209.
Combustion, pressure from, 4.
Combustion and explosion, 4.
Combustion space, 8.
carbonized, effect of, 215.
cleaning of, 223.
Commutator, 97.
Compensating gear (see Differential).
Compression, during exhaust
stroke, 16.
effect of, 10.
on spark, 188.
necessity for, 10.
Compression leaks, 197.
testing for, 211.
Compression limit, 14.
Compression trouble, causes of, 197.
Compression-combustion stroke, 8.
Condenser, action of, 109.
Conductors and insulators, 76.
Cone clutch, friction, 113.
Connecting rod, 23.
Connections, battery, 84.
loose, effect of, 212, 213.
making, 180.
of secondary distributer, 111.
Construction of bevel gear differential, 153.
of primary induction coil, 93.
of secondary induction coil, 96.
of spark plug, 107.
of spur gear differential, 157.
of switch, 89.
Contracting brake, 167.
Control of steering, 164.
Coolers, 32.
Cooling, air, 34.
requisites for, 35.
failure in, effect of, 215.
water, 31.
Cooling cylinder, necessity for, 30.
Cooling system freezing, 200.
Cooling systems, 31.
Cooling trouble, causes of, 199.
Cooling water, flow of, 31.
Corrosion, effect of, 181.
Crank case, cleaning of, 224.
depth of oil in, 224.
Crank pin, 23.
Crank shaft, 20.
four-cylinder engine, 43.
180°-, effect of, 39.
360°-, effect of, 41.
Crank shaft points, 22.
Crank shaft throws, 38.
Cranks, relative positions of, 22.
Current, flow of, 75.
induced, 94.
secondary, 97.
Cycle, 4.
events of, 6.
strokes of, 6.
Cylinder, 25.
faulty, testing for, 212.
matching coils, to, 230.
necessity for cooling, 30.
Cylinder head, 5.
Defects of surface carburetors, 64.
Deposit from burned oil, 31.
Differential, bevel gear, construction of, 153.
cleaning of, 224.
location of, 158.
necessity for, 152.
operation of, 165.
spur gear, construction of, 157.
Direct drive, 124.
Disk, valve, 25.
Disk clutch, 114.
Distance rods, necessity for, 176.
Distributer, causes of trouble in, 192.
secondary, 110.
Double-acting brake, 167.
Double-chain drive, 150.
Double-opposed engine, 38.
Drag link, 162.
bent, effect of, 228.
Drive, double chain, 150.
driving shaft, 144.
final, 142.
propeller or driving shaft, 144.
single chain, 142.
Drives, advantages of different types of, 158.
Driving chains, adjusting of, 225.
Driving gear ratios, 159.
Dry cells, 80.
voltage of, 81.
Dynamo, action of, 88.
Eisemann system, 283 et seq.
Electric current, generation of, by magnetism, 87, 254.
production of, 80.
Electrical measurements, 77.
Electrolyte, 82.
Electro-magnet, 87, 253.
Emergency brake, 169.
Engine, care of, 223.
distinction between two-cycle and four-cycle, 5.
effect of cold on starting, 209.
failure of, to deliver full
power, 209.
to start, 208.
four-cycle, 5.
missing of, at high speed, 213.
parts of, 20.
starting, then stopping of, 214.
stopping of, 216.
timing of, 232.
two-cycle, 47.
two-cycle, action of, 49.
vibration of, 37.
Engine as a brake, 170.
Engine balance, 37.
four-cylinder, 41, 43.
H. D. O., 38.
three- and six-cylinder, 44.
two-cylinder, 38.
Engine types, advantages and disadvantages of, 45.
Epicyclic gears (see Planetary).
Equalizer, brake, 172.
Events of cycle, 6.
Exhaust stroke, 16.
compression during, 16.
Exhaust valve, closing of, 17.
opening of, 15.
Expanding brake, 167.
Expanding clutch, 118.
Explosion and combustion, 4.
Explosions, missing, 211.
weak, 210.
Field, magnetic, 88, 251.
of generator, 88.
Final drive, 142.
Firing order, 44.
Float, punctured, 196.
Float and float chamber, carburetor, 53.
Float feed carburetor, 53.
Floating rear axle, 148.
Flow of cooling water, 31.
of current, 75.
of electricity, definition of, 79.
Fly wheel, necessity for, 8.
vibration absorbed by, 37.
weight of, 42.
Force circulation of water, 32.
Fouled spark plug, causes of, 187.
Four-cycle engine, 5.
Four-cylinder engine balance, 43.
Four-cylinder engine crank shaft, 43.
Four-cylinder engines, 43.
Freezing of water, 200.
Friction transmission, 141.
Gases, properties of, 1.
Gasoline, dirt and water in, 193.
separating water from, 193.
spraying, necessity for, 57.
Gasoline engine, action of, 4.
classes of, 5.
functions of (see Cycle).
not self-starting, 18.
power of, 18.
without reserve power, 19.
Gasoline feed pipe trouble, causes of, 195.
Gasoline feeds, gravity and pressure, 66.
Gasoline line, trap on, 73.
Gasoline strainer, 73.
Gasoline trouble, causes of, 193.
Gasoline vapor, 52.
Gear case, cleaning of, 224.
Gears, two-to-one, 28.
Generator field and armature, 88.
Generator terminals or poles, 75.
Generators of electric current, 81.
Governor-controlled carburetor, 62.
Gravity feed of gasoline, 66.
Gravity system of water cooling, 34.
Grinding valves, 226.
Grounding the return, 79.
the secondary circuit, 108.
the timer, 101.
Gudgeon pin (see Wrist Pin).
Half time shaft, 28.
Heat, 1.
excessive, result of, 30.
losses, 15.
produced through resistance, 77.
Horizontal double-opposed engine, 38.
Hydrometer, 83.
Igniter, 91, 268.
adjustment of, 276.
magnetic, 323.
Igniter bearing, 190.
Igniter contacts, 190.
Igniter points, setting, 189, 276.
Igniter tappet, 92.
spring of, strength of, 190.
Igniter trouble, causes of, 189.
Ignition, affected by improper mixture, 12.
affected by speed, 12.
necessity for, 8.
necessity for early, 11.
speed controlled by, 14.
too far advanced, 13.
too far retarded, 13.
Ignition advance, 13.
Ignition lead (see Necessity for Early Ignition).
Ignition retard, 13.
Ignition system, parts of, 75.
purpose of, 74.
Ignition systems, 91.
Ignition testing, 203.
Ignition timing, 192.
Ignition trouble, causes of, 179.
Ignition wiring, 236.
Imperfect combustion of mixture, 10.
Improper mixture, ignition affected by, 12.
Individual clutch, 138.
Induced current, 94, 254.
Induction and magnetism, 93, 254.
Inductor magnetos, 319.
Inflation of tires, 173.
Inlet pipe, 53.
Inlet stroke, 8.
Inlet valve, closing of, 8.
Inspection of car, 220.
Insulators, 76.
Interrupter points, smoothing, 295.
Irreversible steering mechanism, 165.
Jack shaft, 152.
Jackets, water, 31.
Joints universal, necessity for, 144.
Jump spark system, action of, 96.
circuit of, 108.
Jump spark trouble, location of, 205.
Jump spark wiring, 238.
Kerosene, use of, for cleaning, 224.
Knocks, 217.
Lead and return wires, 78.
Leaks of compression, 197.
Limit of compression, 14.
Lines of force, magnetic, 87, 251.
Live rear axle, 146.
Losses of heat, 15.
Low tension system, action of, 91, 270.
Lubrication, 34, 35.
of chains, 225.
of springs, 229.
Lubrication systems, 36.
Lubrication table, 244.
Lubrication troubles, 201.
Lubricator failure, effect of, 215.
Lubricator pipes, cleaning of, 202.
Magnetic field, 88, 251.
Magnetic lines of force, 87.
Magnetic make-and-break system, 323.
Magnetic vibrator, 103.
Magnetism, 86, 245.
electric current generated by, 87.
test for, 265.
Magnetism and induction, 93, 254.
Magneto, action of, 88, 95.
classification, 261.
drives, 263.
dual systems, 300, 316.
effect of changing speed, 262.
Eisemann, care of, 294.
high tension, four spark, 308.
interrupter, 286.
low tension, ignition by, 258.
wiring of, 272.
with secondary coil, 283.
parts, 256.
preserving magnetism of, 266.
principles, 255 et seq.
removing armature of, 183, 266.
Remy, 320.
retention of magnetism of, 184, 266.
safety spark gap, 289.
starting engine with, 263.
testing, 264.
Magneto setting, 185, 274, 306.
Magneto troubles, causes of, 183, 264.
Magnetos, Bosch, 301, 308, 317, 323.
high tension, care of, 305.
principles of, 297.
setting, 303.
high tension, troubles of, 306.
inductor type, 319.
magnetic make-and-break, 323.
Magnets, permanent and electro-, 87, 249, 253.
Maintenance and construction, 220.
Make-and-break ignition, action of, 91, 270.
Make-and-break trouble, location of, 206.
Make-and-break wiring, 240.
Measurements, electrical, 77.
Mechanical generator, action of, 86.
care of, 88, 89.
Mechanical vibrator, 103.
Mechanically-controlled carburetor, 58.
construction of, 62.
Mechanically operated valve, action of, 26.
Mixing chamber, carburetor, 53.
central, 60.
side, 60.
Mixture, imperfect combustion of, 10.
Muffler, necessity for, 30.
Muffler explosions, causes of, 219.
Multiple connection of battery, 85.
Multiple disk clutch, 114.
parts of, 116.
Necessity for auxiliary air in carburetor, 56.
for bevel gears, 142.
for carburetor, 53.
for change-speed mechanism, 119.
for clutch, 112.
for compression, 10.
for cooling cylinder, 30.
for differential, 152.
for distance or radius rods, 176.
for early ignition, 11.
for fixed-front axle, 162.
for fly wheel, 8.
for ignition, 8.
for muffler, 30.
for spraying the gasoline, 57.
for switch, 89.
for timer, 98.
for torsion rod, 148.
for universal joints, 144.
for valves, 8.
for vibrator, 102.
for withdrawing clutch when changing gear, 130.
Negative pole, 76.
Noises, 217.
Nonconductors, 76.
Ohms, 78.
Oil, burned, deposit from, 31.
depth of, in crank case, 224.
Opening of exhaust valve, 15.
Operation of differential, 155.
Overheating, 215.
Overheating, causes of, 199.
warning of, 216.
Parallel connection of battery, 85.
Parts of engine, 20.
of cam, 26.
of carburetor, 53.
of ignition system, 75.
of magneto, 256.
of multiple disk clutch, 116.
of primary circuit, 97.
of secondary circuit, 97.
Permanent magnet, 87.
Piston, 23.
stuck, 216.
Piston pin (see Wrist Pin).
Piston rings, 24.
care of, 223.
setting of, 198.
trouble of, 198.
Planetary gear action, 136.
Planetary type of change-speed mechanism, 132.
Points, crank shaft, 22.
Poles, positive and negative, 76.
Poles of generator, 75.
Ports of two-cycle engine, 47.
Positive pole, 76.
Power of gasoline engine, 18.
of steam engine, 18.
Power stroke, 15.
Preignition, causes of, 215.
Pressure circulation of water, 32.
Pressure feed of gasoline, 66.
Pressure from combustion, 4.
Primary circuit, 109.
parts of, 97.
testing of, 206.
Primary generators, 80.
Primary induction coil, use of, 93.
Production of electric current, 80.
Progressive type sliding gear, 121.
Propeller-shaft drive, 144.
Properties of gases, 1.
Protection of tires, 222.
Pumps, water, 32.
Purpose of ignition system, 74.
Push rod, 28.
Radiators, 32.
Radius rods, necessity for, 176.
Ratios, driving gear, 159.
Rear axle, dead, 152.
Reason for skidding, 174.
Recuperation of battery, 183.
Relative positions of cranks, 22.
Remy magneto, 320.
Renewing vibrator contacts, 186.
Replacing valve springs, 227.
Requisites for air cooling, 35.
Resistance, 76.
heat produced by, 77.
Retard of ignition, 13.
too far, 13.
Return, grounding the, 79.
Return wire, 78.
Reverse, action of, 125.
Reversible steering mechanism, 164.
Revolution and stroke, 5.
Rings, piston, 24.
Rod, radius, necessity for, 176.
torsion, necessity for, 148.
valve lifter, 28.
Running brake, 169.
Running gear, 161.
Seat, valve, 25.
Secondary cells, 80.
Secondary circuit, 109.
grounding of, 108.
parts of, 97.
testing of, 212.
Secondary current, 97.
Secondary distributer, 110, 287.
causes of trouble in, 192.
Secondary induction coil, use of, 96.
Secondary shaft, 28.
Selective type, advantages of, 129.
of sliding gear, 126.
Series connection of battery, 85.
Setting igniter points, 189.
Setting magneto, 185.
Setting piston rings, 198.
Shaft, cam, 28.
jack, 152.
Shock absorbers, 176.
Short circuit, definition of, 79.
causes of, 187.
Side chain drive, 150.
Silencer, 30.
Single-acting brake, 167.
Single chain drive, 142.
Six-cylinder engine balance, 44.
Skidding, reason for, 174.
Sliding gear, action of, 120.
progressive type of, 121.
selective type of, 126.
Spark, effect of compression on, 188.
Spark gap, size of, 188.
Spark plug, 106.
cleaning of, 189.
distance between points of, 188.
fouled, effect of, 212.
trouble in, causes of, 187.
Sparking in timer, 108.
Speed, control of, by ignition, 14.
effect of varying, on carburetor, 56.
excessive, results of, 19.
ignition affected by, 12.
Spray nozzle, carburetor, 55.
Spraying gasoline, necessity for, 57.
Springs, assembling, 229.
automatic valve, 27.
care of, 228.
lubrication of, 229.
vehicle, action of, 175.
Steam engine, action of, 2.
power of, 18.
Steering, 161.
control of, 164.
principle of, 163.
Steering arm, bent, effect of, 228.
Steering knuckles, 162.
Steering mechanism, care of, 227.
irreversible, 165.
reversible, 164.
Stem, valve, 25.
Storage battery, charging of, 82.
Storage cell, action of, 81.
terminals of, 83.
voltage of, 84.
Strainer, gasoline, 70.
Stratified mixture (see Imperfect Combustion of Mixture).
Stroke and revolution, 5.
Strokes of cycles, 6.
Sun and planet gears (see Planetary).
Surface carburetors, 64.
Switch, necessity for, 89.
Switch trouble, causes of, 193.
Systems, cooling, 31.
Tank, air-bound, 194.
Tank trouble, causes of, 194.
Tappet, igniter, 92.
spring of, 92.
strength of, 190.
Terminals of generator, 75.
of storage cells, 83.
Testing carburetor, 207.
coils, 206.
electrolyte, 83.
for compression leaks, 211.
for faulty cylinder, 212.
for tight bearings and brakes, 221.
ignition, 203.
Testing, make-and-break, 204.
primary circuit, 206.
secondary circuit, 212, 213.
Thermosiphon system of water cooling, 34.
Three-cylinder engine balance, 44.
Throttle, 62.
worn connections of, effect of, 232.
Throws, crank shaft, 38.
Timer, 97.
control rods of, effect of wear on, 191.
grounding of, 101.
loose on shaft, 191.
moving of, to advance ignition, 101.
necessity for, 98.
setting of, 192.
sparking in, 106.
trouble of, causes of, 191.
Timers, types of, 98.
Timing magneto, 185.
Tires, 172.
cleaning of, 222.
protection of, 222.
reducing the cutting of, 223.
unevenly worn, cause of, 228.
Torsion rod, necessity for, 148.
Transmission, parts of, 112.
Trap on gasoline line, 73.
Trembler (see Vibrator).
Trouble, air intake, 197.
battery, causes of, 182.
carburetor, causes of, 195.
circulation connections, 199.
coil, causes of, 186.
compression, causes of, 197.
cooling, causes of, 199.
engine failing to deliver full
power, 209.
engine failing to start, 208.
engine missing at high speed, 213.
engine starting, then stopping, 214.
engine stopping, 216.
freezing of water, 200.
gasoline, causes of, 193.
gasoline feed pipe, causes of, 195.
igniter, causes of, 189, 282.
ignition, causes of, 179.
location of, 203.
lubrication, 201.
magneto, Bosch, 296.
causes of, 183, 264, 306.
Eisemann, 295.
in general, 264.
low tension, 281.
missing explosions, 211.
noises, 217.
overheating, 215.
piston ring, 198.
secondary distributer, causes of, 192.
spark plug, causes of, 187.
switch, causes of, 193.
tank, causes of, 194.
timer, causes of, 191.
weak explosions, 210.
Two-cycle engine, 47,
action of, 49.
advantages and disadvantages of, 50.
efficiency of, 51.
Two-cylinder engine balance, 38.
Two-cylinder vertical engine, disadvantages of, 42.
Two-to-one gears, 28.
Types of carburetors, 58.
of timers, 98.
Universal joints, action of, 144.
necessity for, 144.
Use of antiskid devices, 174.
Valve, automatic, 25.
action of, 26.
adjustment of, 235.
spring of, 27.
check and relief, 68.
grinding of, 226.
leaking of, effect of, 213.
lifter rod of, 28.
mechanically operated, action of, 26.
parts of, 25.
setting of, 232.
spring of, replacing of, 227.
Valves, location of, 29.
necessity for, 8.
Vapor of gasoline, 52.
Vehicle springs, action of, 175.
Vibration absorbed by fly wheel, 37.
Vibration of engines, 37.
Vibrator, 103.
Vibrator, adjustment of, 229.
principle of, 105.
contacts of, renewing of, 186.
necessity for, 102.
parts of, 103.
slow, effect of, 213.
Vibrators, mechanical and magnetic, 103.
action of, 103.
Voltage of storage cell, 84.
Volts, 77.
Warning of overheating, 216.
Washing the car, 221.
Water, cooling, flow of, 31.
dirt in, 199.
forced circulation of, 32.
gravity system of, 34.
Water cooling, 31.
Water jackets, 31.
Water pumps, 32.
Wear of tires, 173.
Weight of fly wheel, 42.
Winding of primary induction coil, 93.
of secondary induction coil, 96.
Wires, broken, 181.
causes of breaking, 180.
Wiring, 236.
for jump spark, 238.
for make-and-break, 240.
Wrist pin, 23.