1 Dr March states very clearly the difference between a symbol and an emblem. ‘A symbol stands for an abstract idea, an emblem denotes a concrete thing, an attribute appears in apposition with the person it qualifies; for example, in a presentment of the Blessed Virgin, the lily that she holds in her hand or that flowers by her side is her attribute. When the lily appears alone it represents the Queen of Heaven and is her emblem, but if it indicates purity it is a symbol.’
2 Ghent Cathedral.
3 The Prado, Madrid.
4 Antwerp Cathedral.
5 Author of Liber aggregationis, seu Liber mirabilium de virtutibus herbarum, lapidum et animalium.
6 Authoress of The Garden of Health.
7 ‘This is that herb which such physicians as are licensed to blaspheme by authority without danger of having their tongues burned through with a hot iron called an herb of the Trinity; it is also called, by those who are more moderate, three faces in a hood ... and in Sussex we call them pancies.’ Culpeper’s Herbal.
8 C. Marriott.
9 Corsini Gallery, Florence.
10 Naples Museum.
11 Stroganoff Collection, Rome.
12 Accademia, Florence.
13 Ex Convent of S. Apollonia, Florence.
14 Bargello, Florence.
15 Adoration, Pitti Palace, private apartments.
16 Cathedral, Perugia.
17 J. K. Huysmans, La Cathédrale.
18 Attributed to Giotto. Collection of A. E. Street, Esq.
19 Isaiah XXXV. 1.
20 Wolfenbüttel Copy, Bibliothèque Nationale.
21 Marienpfarrkirchen, Danzig.
22 Town Museum, Leyden.
23 ‘The Smaller Passion,’ British Museum.
24 J. K. Huysmans, La Cathédrale.
25 Complete Book of Heraldry, 1780. vol. i.
26 ‘The effigies of the Kings of Navarre, successors to Garcias, are still to be seen with this order about their necks in the Church of St Mary at Nagera, St Saviour’s de Layra and St Mary la Reale of Pompelona, as also in the church at Ronceneux, and at St John’s de la Pigna.’ (Edmondson.)
27 Now in Seville Cathedral.
28 Solomon’s Song v. 9.
29 ‘Ut ipsa corporis species simulacrum fuerit mentis.’
De Verginit, lib. ii. chap. 2.
30 S. Maria Trastevere, Rome.
31 National Gallery, London.
32 Lower Church, Assisi.
33 Uffizi, Florence.
34 Or San Michele, Florence.
35 Frankfort-on-the-Maine.
36 Berlin.
37 Alte Pinakothek, Munich.
38 Royal Museum, Antwerp.
39 Coll. Radziwill, Berlin.
40 Royal Gallery, Berlin.
41 Prado, Madrid.
42 Uffizi, Florence.
43 ‘Coronation of the Virgin,’ shrine of Saint Ursula, Bruges.
44 ‘Christ surrounded by Angels,’ Royal Museum, Antwerp.
45 ‘Madonna with the Child,’ Marienpfarrkirche, Danzig.
46 Purga, xxix. 81.
47 See Chapter XIV., ‘The Lily of the Annunciation.’
48 Accademia, Florence.
49 The Brera, Milan.
50 The Rudolphinum, Prague.
51 Chaucer, The Knight’s Tale.
52 Schifanoja Palace, Ferrara.
53 Botticelli, Uffizi.
54 Walter Pater, ‘Sandro Botticelli.’
55 Legenda Aurea.
56 William Dunbar.
57 The Book of Spiritual Grace.
58 Orvieto Cathedral.
59 Accademia, Florence.
60 The Portincula or Porzuincola (the little portion) built by Saint Benedict and rebuilt by Saint Francis was the first church of the Franciscan order. It is now enclosed by the Church of S. Maria degli Angeli, and, close by, the rose-bushes of the legend, still thornless, are shown.
61 Prado, Madrid.
62 Cadiz.
63 Wilton House.
64 Museo Provincial, Seville.
65 Florence. To be placed in the Riccardi Palace.
66 Palazzo Pitti.
67 Robert de la Condamine, The Upper Garden.
68 In the Bibliothèque de l’Arsénal, Paris.
69 British Museum.
70 Dante.
71 In France at the same period it was very usual to place a ‘fleur-de-lys’ in the Madonna’s hand. For instance, the beautiful statuette in silver gilt of the early fourteenth century, now in the Louvre, carries a ‘fleur-de-lys’ of crystal in the right hand.
72 The Prado, Madrid.
73 Private apartments, Pitti Palace, Florence.
74 Uffizi, Florence.
75 An exception is the Assumption by Fungai in the Belle Arti of Siena, where white roses and red carnations fill the tomb. The prejudice appears to have been against the red rose.
76 Kunst Museum, Bern.
77 ‘The Key’ of Saint Melitus.
78 ‘Hortulus,’ Walafrid Strabo.
79 ‘Spiritual Grace,’ Saint Mectilda.
80 The Wisdom of Solomon ii. 8.
81 Passio S.S. Jacobi, Mariani et aliorum martyrum in Numidia.
82 Sensations d’Italie.
83 S. Maria Novella, Florence.
84 The Brera, Milan.
85 Legenda Aurea.
86 Prado, Madrid.
87 Ghent Cathedral.
88 Paradiso, xxx. 114.
89 Ibid. 121.
90 2 Esdras ii. 18–19.
91 Written by the monk Dionysius of Mount Athos in the twelfth century. Translated by M. Didron.
92 Adoration of the Lamb, Ghent Cathedral.
93 Florence.
94 Ruskin, Modern Painters.
95 Town Museum, Frankfort-on-the-Maine.
96 The Song of Solomon ii. 2.
97 Museum, Verona.
98 Rat. Off., iii. 18.
99 Trésor of Aix la Chapelle.
100 Arthur Martin, Mélanges d’Archéologie.
101 Opera del Duomo.
102 Isaiah xi. 1–2.
103 Christian Iconography, Didron.
104 Ghent Cathedral.
105 Uffizi Gallery.
106 Christian Iconography, Didron.
107 Kaiser-Friedrich Museum, Berlin.
108 Uffizi Gallery.
109 St Petersburg.
110 Tiefenbronn Church.
111 Wallraf-Richartz Museum, Cologne.
112 Sophocles, Œdipus Coloneus.
113 Smith’s Classical Dictionary.
114 De Baptismo, c. viii.
115 See title-page.
116 Northcote and Brownlow, Roma Sotterana.
117 Palazzo Pubblico, Siena.
118 Taddeo di Bartolo, Sano di Pietro, Francesco di Giorgio Martini, Belle Arti, Siena.
119 No. 160, Belle Arti, Siena.
120 Stefano di Giovanni, Belle Arti, Siena.
121 Trésor of Aix la Chapelle.
122 Trésor of the King of Bavaria.
123 Milton.
124 ‘The Nativity,’ National Gallery.
125 ‘The Nativity,’ Belle Arti, Siena.
126 Collection L. Mond, London.
127 Durandus, Rat. Off., vi. 47–9.
128 Ecclesiasticus xxiv. 14.
129 Lives of the Painters.
130 Corsini Gallery, Florence.
131 Monza.
132 Palazzo Pubblico, Siena.
133 Uffizi, Florence.
134 Munich.
135 Private apartments, Pitti Palace.
136 Nierenberg.
137 Mantegna, Belle Arti, Verona.
138 Botticelli, Poldi Pezzoli Collection, Milan.
139 Botticelli, Borghese Gallery, Rome.
140 Museo Provincial, Seville.
141 Collection of the Duchess of Fife.
142 Royal Gallery, Augsburg.
143 Sassoferrato, Church of S. Sabina, Rome.
144 Accademia, Florence.
145 Uffizi, Florence.
146 Der Goldene Schmiede.
147 Munich.
148 1 Maccabees xiii. 51.
149 Revelation vii.
150 2 Esdras ii. 45.
151 Chaucer, The Second Nonnes Tale.
152 A. Venturi, Storia dell’ Arte Italiana.
153 Ibid.
154 Rat. Off.
155 S. Cecilia, Uffizi.
156 Accademia, Venice.
157 Dante.
158 Rubens, Uffizi.
159 Piero della Francesca, Uffizi.
160 At Heidelberg.
161 SS. Annunziata.
162 Belle Arti, Siena.
163 Lord Lindsay.
164 Opera del Duomo, Siena.
165 Sterzing, Rathaus.
166 Opera del Duomo, Siena.
167 Uffizi, Florence.
168 W. Menzel, Christliche Symbolik.
169 Die Sinnbilder und Beiworte Mariens in der deutschen Literatur und lateinischen Hymnenpoesie des Mittelalters.
170 Rome.
171 Ibid.
172 Recherches sur l’origine du Blazon et en particulier la Fleur-de-Lis.
173 Ragalium Franciæ, Libro duo, 1545.
174 In possession of Sir J. Tobin.
175 S. Chiara, Naples.
176 Westminster Abbey.
177 Psalterium cum Figuris, Bib. National.
178 Roman des Trois Pélerinages, Bib. S. Geneviève.
179 St Martin in Vignes, Troyes.
180 Germanisches Museum, Nuremburg.
181 Scenes from the Passion, Alte Pinakothek, Munich.
182 Edmund G. Gardner, Florence.
183 Louvre.
184 Uffizi, Florence.
185 First part of King Henry VI, Act I. sc. ii.
186 Trial of Jeanne d’Arc, 1431.
187 Florence.
188 Rome.
189 At Gaeta.
190 British Museum.
191 South Kensington Museum.
192 Imperial Gallery, St Petersburg.
193 Alte Pinakothek, Munich.
194 Collection Mérode, Brussels.
195 Spanish Handbook, first edition.
196 Lower Church, Assisi.
197 Uffizi, Florence.
198 Pantheon, Rome.
199 Uffizi, Florence.
200 Belle Arti, Siena.
201 SS. Annunziata, Arezzo.
202 Museo di S. Marco, Florence.
203 Uffizi, Florence.
204 Vatican, Rome.
205 Cathedral, S. Giminiano.
206 National Gallery.
207 Spedale degli Innocenti, Florence.
208 Lives of the Painters, Titian.
209 Diptych of Jeanne de Bourbon, Musée Condé, Chantilly.
210 Collection of Prince U. Radziwill, Berlin.
211 Royal Gallery, Berlin.
212 British Museum.
213 British Museum.
214 W. Menzel, Christliche Symbolik.
215 Dies in lætitiæ, Neale’s translation.
216 The large transparent vase which stands beside the Madonna with the Child, by Jean Perréal, in the Louvre, contains iris, the white lily, lily of the valley and columbine.
217 Duccio di Buoninsegna, National Gallery.
218 Giovanni di Paolo, Vatican.
219 Andrea Vanni, Collection Saracini, Siena.
220 Ambrogio Lorenzetti, Belle Arti, Siena.
221 Uffizi, Florence.
222 Sacchetti.
223 Museum of Padua.
224 Vatican.
225 Belle Arti, Siena.
226 The Cathedral, Arezzo.
227 Sermon on Ezekiel.
228 Sermon on Amos and Zachariah.
229 Tate Gallery.
230 In the collection of Miss Hertz, Rome.
231 Pinakothek, Munich.
232 Milton.
233 Botticini, Accademia; School of Botticelli, Accademia.
234 Carotto, S. Eufemia, Verona.
235 Alte Pinakothek.
236 Rossello di Jacopo Franchi, Accademia, Florence.
237 Luca Signorelli.
238 Rathaus, Sterzing.
239 Uffizi.
240 Uffizi.
241 Frankfort-on-Maine.
242 S. Spirito, Florence.
243 Yrjö Hirn, The Sacred Shrine.
244 Wallraf Richartz Museum, Cologne.
245 Uffizi.
246 Goldene Schmiede.
247 Huysman, La Cathédrale.
248 Collection of Lady Jekyll.
249 Tate Gallery, London.
250 Lower Church, Assisi.
251 Accademia, Florence.
252 Uffizi, Florence.
253 Goldene Schmiede.
254 Die Sinnbilder und Beiworte Mariens in der deutschen Literatur und lateinischen Hymnenpoesie des Mittelalters.
255 Uffizi, Florence.
256 Spiritual Grace.
257 Pinacoteca, Arezzo.
258 Lives of the Painters, Signorelli.
259 Cathedral, Perugia.
260 Accademia, Florence.
261 Collection Pierpont Morgan, America.
262 Kaiser Friedrich Museum, Berlin.
263 Cologne.
264 Cologne.
265 W. Menzel, Christliche Symbolik.
266 Oratory of S. Bernardino, Siena.
267 Vatican.
268 National Gallery (now attributed to Botticini).
269 Vatican.
270 Vatican.
271 Cathedral, Bagno di Romagna.
272 Accademia, Florence.
273 Robert Browning.
274 Alte Pinakothek, Munich.
275 Uffizi, Florence.
276 Now in the Pinacoteca, Lucca.
277 Ecclesiasticus xxiv. 17, 18, 20.
278 Cant. Cantic. iv. 13.
279 In Collection of the Duke of Devonshire.
280 Cremona.
281 Museum, Verona.
282 A Sienese painter of the Franciscan Legend.
283 Upper Church, Assisi.
284 Capella dell’ Arena, Padua.
285 Capella Baroncelli, Santa Croce, Florence.
286 S. Girolamo Spello.
287 Cathedral, Como.
288 Alte Pinakothek, Munich.
289 Rijks Museum, Amsterdam.
290 Archæologia, vol. 45.
291 Villa Masèr, near Treviso.
292 S. Domenico, Siena.
293 The name Catharine, it will be remembered, is from the Greek Katharos, which has the same signification as the lily, i.e., purity.
294 Luini, S. Maurizio, Milan.
295 S. Francesco, Assisi.
296 Royal Gallery, Berlin.
297 National Gallery, London.
298 Seville Cathedral.
299 Rome.
300 Ghent Cathedral.
301 Collection Gardener, Boston.
302 Berlin.
303 Paradise Lost.
304 Vatican.
305 Brera, Milan.
306 Uffizi.
307 Museum, Brussels.
308 Belle Arti, Siena.
309 Belle Arti, Siena.
310 Ibid.
311 Uffizi.
312 Goldene Schmiede.
313 Uffizi.
314 Lives of the Painters.
315 Joos van Cleeve, Royal Gallery, Brussels; Wolf Trant, National Museum, Munich.
316 Florence.
317 Imperial Gallery, Vienna.
318 Museum, Rouen.
319 Alte Pinakothek, Munich.
320 Kaiser Friedrich Museum, Berlin.
321 The ‘Chigi’ Madonna, Collection Gardener, Boston.
322 W. Menzel, Christliche Symbolik.
323 Museum. Colmar.
324 German Museum, Nüremburg.
325 Kunsthalle, Karlsruhe.
326 Royal Gallery, Dresden.
327 National Gallery.
328 Museum, Berlin.
329 Vatican Gallery.
330 Capitoline Museum, Rome.
331 National Gallery.
332 “For as Jonas was three days and three nights in the whale’s belly; so shall the Son of Man be three days and three nights in the heart of the earth” (Matt. xii. 40).
333 Vatican Museum.
334 Uffizi, Florence.
335 Uffizi.
336 Accademia, Florence.
337 Pitti.
338 Florence.
339 German Museum, Nüremburg.
340 Vatican Gallery.
341 Ibid.
342 Dr Anselm Salzer, O.S.B. Die Sinnbilder und Beiworte Mariens in der deutschen Literatur und lateinischen Hymnenpoesie des Mittelalters.
343 Mrs Henry Jenner, Christian Symbolism.
344 Vatican.
345 Belle Arti, Siena.
346 Town Museum, Solothurn.
347 Belle Arti, Siena.
348 Accademia, Venice.
349 Brera, Milan.
350 National Gallery, London.
351 Sermon on the Assumption of the Virgin.
352 Isaiah iv. 2.
353 Imperial Gallery, Vienna.
354 Town Museum, Bruges.
355 Dom di Bartolo d’Asciano.
356 II. Esdras II., 19.
357 II. Esdras II., 18.
358 Rat. Off. of Altars.
359 Ad. Nat., 2, 3.
360 Spiritual Grace.
361 Imperial Gallery, Vienna.
362 José Antolines, Alte Pinakothek, Munich.
363 Murillo, Prado, Madrid.