77.  See Wuttke, ‘Deutsche Volksaberglaube,’ pp. 95, 115, 178.

78.  Mariner, ‘Tonga Islands,’ vol. ii. p. 239; Turner, ‘Polynesia,’ p. 214; Williams, ‘Fiji,’ vol. i. p. 228. Compare Cranz, ‘Grönland,’ p. 231.

79.  R. Taylor, ‘New Zealand,’ pp. 206, 348, 387.

80.  Smith’s Dic., art. ‘talus.’

81.  Brand, ‘Popular Antiquities,’ vol. ii. p. 412.

82.  D. & C. Livingstone, ‘Exp. to Zambesi,’ p. 51.

83.  Doolittle, ‘Chinese,’ vol. ii. pp. 108, 285-7; see 384; Bastian, ‘Oestl. Asien,’ vol. iii. pp. 76, 125.

84.  Smith’s Dic., art. ‘cottabos.’

85.  Grimm, ‘Deutsche Myth.’ p. 222.

86.  Plin. viii. 54.

87.  From a letter of Mr. H. J. Stokes, Negapatam, to Mr. F. M. Jennings. General details of the Couvade in ‘Early History of Mankind.’ p. 293.

88.  Hâvamâl, 138.

89.  Jamieson, ‘Scottish Dictionary,’ s.v. ‘coals’; R. Hunt, ‘Popular Romances,’ 1st ser. p. 83.

90.  Wuttke, ‘Volksaberglaube,’ p. 131.

91.  Rochholz, ‘Deutscher Glaube und Brauch,’ vol. i. p. 120; R. Chambers, ‘Popular Rhymes of Scotland,’ Miscellaneous; Grimm, pp. 969, 976; Wuttke, p. 115.

92.  Mendes, ‘Service for the First Nights of Passover,’ London, 1862 (in the Jewish interpretation the word sbunra,—‘cat,’ is compared with sbinâr). Halliwell, ‘Nursery Rhymes,’ p. 288; ‘Popular Rhymes,’ p. 6.

93.  Williams, ‘Fiji,’ vol. i. p. 110.

94.  Shortland, ‘Traditions of N. Z.’ p. 196.

95.  Casalis, ‘Études sur la langue Séchuana.’

96.  R. F. Burton, ‘Wit and Wisdom from West Africa.’ See also Waitz, vol. ii. p. 245.

97.  Callaway, ‘Nursery Tales, &c. of Zulus,’ vol. i. p. 364, &c.

98.  Casalis, ‘Etudes sur la langue Séchuana,’ p. 91; ‘Basutos,’ p. 337.

99.  Steere, ‘Swahili Tales,’ p. 418.

100.  Burton, ‘Wit and Wisdom from West Africa,’ p. 212.

101.  Turner, ‘Polynesia,’ p. 216. See Polack, ‘New Zealanders,’ vol. ii. p. 171.

102.  Sahagun, ‘Historia de Nueva España,’ in Kingsborough’s ‘Antiquities, of Mexico,’ vol. vii. p. 178.

103.  Grimm, p. 699.

104.  Diog. Laert. i. 91; Athenagoras. x, 451.

105.  Mannhardt’s ‘Zeitschr. für Deutsche Mythologie,’ vol. iii. p. 2, &c.:

106.  See Grote, ‘Hist. of Greece,’ vol. ii. p. 5.

107.  Mannhardt’s ‘Zeitschr.’ l.c.

108.  E. A. W. Zimmermann, ‘Geographische Geschichte des Menschen,’ &c., 1778-83, vol. iii. See Professor Rolleston’s Inaugural Address, British Association, 1870.

109.  Earl of Chesterfield, ‘Letters to his Son,’ vol. ii. No. lxviii.

110.  See Hylten-Cavallius, ‘Wärend och Wirdarne,’ vol. i. pp. 161-70 Grimm, pp. 52-5, 1201; Brand, vol. ii. pp. 314, 325, &c.

111.  Callaway, ‘Religion of Amazulu,’ pp. 64, 222-5, 263.

112.  Godignus, ‘Vita Patris Gonzali Sylveriæ.’ Col. Agripp. 1616; lib. ii. c. x.

113.  Bosman, ‘Guinea,’ letter xviii. in Pinkerton, vol. xvi. p. 478.

114.  Burton, ‘Wit and Wisdom from West Africa,’ p. 373.

115.  Shortland, ‘Trads. of New Zealand,’ p. 131.

116.  Turner, ‘Polynesia,’ p. 348; see also Williams, ‘Fiji,’ vol. i. p. 250.

117.  Mariner, ‘Tonga Is.’ vol. i. p. 456.

118.  Garcilaso de la Vega, ‘Hist. de la Florida,’ vol. iii. ch. xli.

119.  Among dissertations on the subject, see especially Sir Thos. Browne ‘Pseudodoxia Epidemica’ (Vulgar Errors), book iv. chap. ix.; Brand ‘Popular Antiquities,’ vol. iii. p. 119, &c.; R. G. Haliburton, ‘New Materials for the History of Man.’ Halifax, N. S. 1863; ‘Encyclopædia Britannica,’ (5th ed.) art. ‘sneezing,’ Wernsdorf, ‘De Ritu Sternutantibus bene precandi.’ Leipzig, 1741; see also Grimm, D. M. p. 1070, note.

120.  Homer, Odyss. xvii. 541.

121.  Xenophon, Anabasis, iii. 2, 9.

122.  Aristot. Problem. xxxiii. 7.

123.  Anthologia Græca, Brunck, vol. iii. p. 95.

124.  Petron. Arb. Sat. 98.

125.  Plin. xxviii. 5.

126.  Noel, ‘Dic. des Origines;’ Migne, ‘Dic. des Superstitions,’ &c.; Bastian, ‘Oestl. Asien,’ vol. ii. p. 129.

127.  Ward, ‘Hindoos,’ vol. i. p. 142; Dubois, ‘Peuples de l’Inde,’ vol. i. p. 465; Sleeman, ‘Ramaseeana,’ p. 120.

128.  Buxtorf, ‘Lexicon Chaldaicum;’ Tendlau, ‘Sprichwörter, &c. Deutsch-Jüdischer Vorzeit.’ Frankf. a. M., 1860, p. 142.

129.  Lane, ‘Modern Egyptians,’ vol. i. p. 282. See Grant, in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. iii. p. 90.

130.  Grimm, ‘D. M.’ pp. 1070, 1110.

131.  ‘Manuel des Pecchés,’ in Wedgwood, ‘Dic. English Etymology,’ s.v., ‘wassail.’

132.  Brand, vol. iii. p. 126.

133.  Callaway, p. 263.

134.  Ward, l.c.

135.  ‘Pend-Nameh,’ tr. de Sacy, ch. lxiii.; Maury, ‘Magie,’ &c., p. 302; Lane, l.c.

136.  G. Brecher, ‘Das Transcendentale im Talmud,’ p. 168; Joseph. Ant. Jud. viii. 2, 5.

137.  Migne, ‘Dic. des Hérésies,’ s.v.

138.  Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. ii. pp. 115, 322.

139.  Wuttke, ‘Deutsche Volksaberglaube,’ p. 137.

140.  Haliburton, op. cit.

141.  Powell and Magnussen, ‘Legends of Iceland,’ 2nd ser. p. 448.

142.  The cases in which a sneeze is interpreted under special conditions, as with reference to right and left, early morning, &c. (see Plutarch, De Genio Socratis, &c.), are not considered here, as they belong to ordinary omen-divination.

143.  W. Scott, ‘Minstrelsy of Scottish Border;’ Forbes Leslie, ‘Early Races of Scotland,’ vol. i. pp. 194, 487; Grimm, ‘Deutsche Mythologie,’ pp. 972, 1095; Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. ii. pp. 92, 407, vol. iii. pp. 105, 112; Bowring, ‘Servian Popular Poetry,’ p. 64. A review of the First Edition of the present work in ‘Nature,’ June 15, 1871, contains the following:—‘It is not, for example, many years since the present Lord Leigh was accused of having built an obnoxious person—one account, if we remember right, said eight obnoxious persons—into the foundation of a bridge at Stoneleigh. Of course so preposterous a charge carried on its face its own sufficient refutation; but the fact that it was brought at all is a singular instance of the almost incredible vitality of old traditions.’

144.  Waitz, vol. ii. p. 197.

145.  Ellis, ‘Polyn. Res.’ vol. i. p. 346; Tyerman and Bennet, vol. ii. p. 39.

146.  St. John, ‘Far East,’ vol. i. p. 46; see Bastian, vol. ii. p. 407. I am indebted to Mr. R. K. Douglas for a perfect example of one meaning of the foundation-sacrifice, from the Chinese book, ‘Yūh hea ke’ (‘Jewelled Casket of Divination’): ‘Before beginning to build, the workmen should sacrifice to the gods of the neighbourhood, of the earth and wood. Should the carpenters be very apprehensive of the building falling, they, when fixing a post, should take something living and put it beneath, and lower the post on it, and to liberate [the evil influences] they should strike the post with an axe and repeat—

147.  Caron, ‘Japan,’ in Pinkerton, vol. vii. p. 623.

148.  F. Mason, ‘Burmah,’ p. 100; Bastian, ‘Oestl. Asien,’ vol. i. pp. 193, 214; vol. ii. pp. 91, 270; vol. iii. p. 16; Roberts, ‘Oriental Illustrations,’ p. 283.

149.  Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. iii. p. 107. A modern Arnaut story is given by Prof. Liebrecht in ‘Philologus,’ vol. xxiii. (1865), p. 682.

150.  Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. iii. p. 210; Ward, ‘Hindoos,’ vol. ii. p. 318.

151.  Kracheninnikow, ‘Descr. du Kamchatka, Voy. en Sibérie,’ vol. iii. p. 72.

152.  Steller, ‘Kamtschatka,’ pp. 265, 274.

153.  J. V. Grohmann, ‘Aberglauben und Gebräuche aus Böhmen,’ p. 12.

154.  Chap. XVIII.

155.  Eastman, ‘Dacotah,’ pp. 118, 125.

156.  R. Taylor, ‘New Zealand,’ p. 48.

157.  Bastian, ‘Oestl. Asien,’ vol. iii. p. 34.

158.  Hanusch, ‘Wissenschaft des Slawischen Mythus,’ p. 299.

159.  Grimm, ‘Deutsche Myth,’ p. 462.

160.  Bastian, ‘Oestl. Asien,’ vol. i. p. 119.

161.  ‘Life of Nath. Pearce,’ ed. by J. J. Halls, vol. i. p. 286.

162.  ‘Journ. Ind. Archip.’ vol. i. p. 328; vol. ii. p. 273; see vol. iv. p. 425.

163.  Muir, ‘Sanskrit Texts,’ part ii. p. 435.

164.  Dalton, ‘Kols,’ in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. vi. p. 6; see p. 16.

165.  Jas. Gardner, ‘Faiths of the World,’ s.v. ‘Exorcism.’

166.  Shortt, ‘Tribes of Neilgherries,’ in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. vii. pp. 247, 277; Sir W. Elliot in ‘Trans. Congress of Prehistoric Archæology,’ 1868, p. 253.

167.  F. Rühs, ‘Finland,’ p. 296; Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. iii. p. 202.

168.  Brand, ‘Pop. Ant.’ vol. iii. pp. 81-3; see p. 313.

169.  Wuttke, ‘Deutsche Volksaberglaube,’ p. 128; see p. 239.

170.  For an examination of numerous magical arts, mostly coming under this category, see ‘Early History of Mankind,’ chaps. vi. and x.

171.  Stanbridge, ‘Abor. of Victoria,’ in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. i. p. 299; Ellis, ‘Polyn. Res.’ vol. i. p. 364; J. L. Wilson, ‘W. Africa,’ p. 215; Spiegel, ‘Avesta,’ vol. i. p. 124; Wuttke, ‘Deutsche Volksaberglaube,’ p. 195; general references in ‘Early History of Mankind,’ p. 129.

172.  Burton, ‘W. and W. from West Africa,’ p. 411.

173.  W. Gregory, ‘Letters on Animal Magnetism,’ p. 128.

174.  Eyre, ‘Australia,’ vol. ii. p. 361; Collins, ‘New South Wales,’ vol. i. pp. 561, 594.

175.  Shortt, in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. vi. p. 278.

176.  Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. iii. p. 117.

177.  See Grote, vol. iii. pp. 113, 351.

178.  Hardy, ‘Eastern Monachism,’ p. 241.

179.  Oldfield, in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. iii. p. 246.

180.  Grout, ‘Zulu-land,’ p. 134.

181.  See specimen and description in the Christy Museum.

182.  Macpherson, ‘India,’ pp. 130, 363.

183.  Wuttke, ‘Volksaberglaube,’ p. 31.

184.  R. Hunt, ‘Pop. Rom. of W. of England,’ 2nd ser. p. 165; Brand, ‘Pop. Ant.’ vol. ii. p. 231.

185.  Wuttke, p. 100.

186.  Grimm, ‘D. M.’ p. 560.

187.  Brand, vol. iii. p. 240.

188.  Hunt, ibid. p. 148.

189.  Wuttke, p. 165; Brand, vol. iii. p. 305.

190.  Magalhanes de Gandavo, p. 125; D’Orbigny, vol. ii. p. 168.

191.  St. John, ‘Far East,’ vol. i. p. 202; ‘Journ. Ind. Archip.’ vol. ii. p. 357.

192.  Yate, ‘New Zealand,’ p. 90; Polack, vol. i. p. 248.

193.  Klemm, ‘Cultur-Gesch.’ vol. iii. p. 202.

194.  Burton, ‘Wit and Wisdom from West Africa,’ p. 381.

195.  See Cornelius Agrippa, ‘De Occulta Philosophia,’ i. 53; ‘De Vanitate Scient.’ 37; Grimm, ‘D. M.’ p. 1073; Hanusch, ‘Slaw. Myth.’ p. 285; Brand, vol. iii. pp. 184-227.

196.  Oldfield in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. iii. p. 241.

197.  Steller, ‘Kamtschatka,’ p. 279.

198.  Callaway, ‘Rel. of Amazulu,’ pp. 236, 241; R. Taylor, ‘N. Z.’ p. 334.