199.  Artemidorus, ‘Oneirocritica;’ Cockayne, ‘Leechdoms, &c., of Early England,’ vol. iii.; Seafield, ‘Literature, &c., of Dreams;’ Brand, vol. iii.; Halliwell, ‘Pop. Rhymes, &c.,’ p. 217, &c., &c.

200.  St. John, ‘Far East,’ vol. i. pp. 74, 115; Ellis, ‘Polyn. Res.’ vol. iv. p. 150; Polack, ‘New Zealanders,’ vol. i. p. 255.

201.  Georgi, ‘Reise im Russ. Reich,’ vol. i. p. 281; Hooker, ‘Himalayan Journals,’ vol. i. p. 135; ‘As. Res.’ vol. iii. p. 27; Latham, ‘Descr. Eth.’ vol. i. p. 61.

202.  Cieza de Leon, p. 289; Rivero and Tschudi, ‘Peru,’ p. 183.

203.  Burton, ‘Central Afr.’ vol. ii. p. 32; Waitz, vol. ii. pp. 417, 518.

204.  Plin. xi. 73. See Cic. de Divinatione, ii. 12.

205.  Wuttke, ‘Volksaberglaube,’ p. 32.

206.  Le Jeune, ‘Nouvelle France,’ vol. i. p. 90.

207.  J. H. Plath, ‘Rel. d. alten Chinesen,’ part i. p. 89; Klemm, ‘Cultur. Gesch.’ vol. iii. pp. 109, 199; vol. iv. p. 221; Rubruquis, in Pinkerton, vol. vii. p. 65; Grimm, ‘D. M.’ p. 1067; R. F. Burton, ‘Sindh,’ p. 189; M. A. Walker, ‘Macedonia,’ p. 169.

208.  Brand, vol. iii. p. 339; Forbes Leslie, vol. ii. p. 491.

209.  Maury, ‘Magie, &c.’, p. 74; Brand, vol. iii. p. 348, &c. See figure in Cornelius Agrippa, ‘De Occult. Philosoph.,’ ii. 27.

210.  R. Taylor, ‘New Zealand,’ p. 205; Shortland, p. 139; Callaway, ‘Religion of Amazulu,’ p. 330, &c.; Theophylact. in Brand, vol. iii. p. 332. Compare mentions of similar devices; Herodot. iv. 67 (Scythia); Burton, ‘Central Africa,’ vol. ii. p. 350.

211.  Migne’s ‘Dic. des Sciences Occultes.’

212.  Mason, ‘Karens,’ in ‘Journ. As. Soc. Bengal,’ 1865, part ii. p. 200; Bastian, ‘Oestl. Asien,’ vol. i. p. 146.

213.  Hodgson, ‘Abor. of India,’ p. 170. See Macpherson, p. 106 (Khonds).

214.  Ammian. Marcellin. xxix. 1.

215.  Chevreul, ‘De la Baguette Divinatoire, du Pendule dit Explorateur et des Tables Tournantes,’ Paris, 1854; Brand, vol. iii. p. 332; Grimm, ‘D. M.’ p. 926; H. B. Woodward, in ‘Geological Mag.,’ Nov. 1872; Wuttke, p. 94.

216.  Cornelius Agrippa, ‘De Speciebus Magiæ,’ xxi.; Brand, vol. iii. p. 351; Grimm, ‘D. M.’ p. 1062.

217.  De Maistre, ‘Soirées de St. Petersbourg,’ vol. ii. p. 212.

218.  Shortland, ‘Trads., &c. of New Zealand,’ p. 138.

219.  See Cicero, ‘De Div.’ i.; Lucian, ‘De Astrolog.’; Cornelius Agrippa, ‘De Occulta Philosophia;’ Sibly, ‘Occult Sciences;’ Brand, vol. iii.

220.  Plin. xvi. 75; xviii. 75; Grimm, ‘D. M.’ p. 676; Brand, vol. ii. p. 169; vol. iii. p. 144.

221.  Bacon, ‘Novum Organum.’ The original story is that of Diagoras; see Cicero, ‘De Natura Deorum,’ iii. 37; Diog. Laërt. lib. vi., Diogenes, 6.

222.  Du Chaillu, ‘Ashango-land,’ pp. 428, 435; Burton, ‘Central Afr.’ vol. i. pp. 57, 113, 121.

223.  See Grimm, ‘D. M.’ ch. xxxiv.; Lecky, ‘Hist. of Rationalism,’ vol. i. chap. i.; Horst, ‘Zauber-Bibliothek;’ Raynald, ‘Annales Ecclesiastici,’ vol. ii., Greg. IX. (1233), xli.-ii.; Innoc. VIII. (1484), lxxiv.

224.  See also Dasent, ‘Introd. to Norse Tales;’ Maury, ‘Magie, &c.,’ ch. vii.

225.  Lane, ‘Thousand and One Nights,’ vol. i. p. 30; Grimm, ‘D. M.’ pp. 435, 465, 1056; Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. ii. pp. 265, 287; vol. iii. p. 204; D. Wilson, ‘Prehistoric Annals of Scotland,’ vol. ii. p. 126; Wuttke, ‘Volksaberglaube,’ pp. 15, 20, 122, 220.

226.  Brand, ‘Pop. Ant.’ vol. iii. pp. 1-43; Wuttke, ‘Volksaberglaube,’ p. 50; Grimm, ‘Deutsche Rechtsalterthümer,’ p. 923; Pictet, ‘Origines Indo-Europ.’ part ii. p. 459; Manu, viii., 114-5; see Plin. vii. 2.

227.  Swedenborg, ‘The True Christian Religion,’ London, 1855, Nos. 156, 157, 281, 851.

228.  Grimm, ‘Deutsche Myth,’ pp. 473, 481.

229.  St. John, ‘Far East,’ vol. i. p. 82; Bastian, ‘Psychologie,’ p. 111; ‘Oestl. Asien.’ vol. iii. pp. 232, 259, 288; Boecler, ‘Ehsten Aberglaube,’ p. 147.

230.  Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. ii. p. 74.

231.  Brand, vol. ii. p. 486.

232.  Glanvil, ‘Saducismus Triumphatus,’ part ii. The invisible drummer appears to have been one William Drury; see ‘Pepys’ Diary,’ vol. i. p. 227.

233.  Brand, vol. iii. pp. 225, 233; Grimm, pp. 801, 1089, 1141; Wuttke, pp. 38-9, 208; Shortland, ‘Trads. of New Zealand,’ p. 137 (ominous ticking of insect, doubtful whether idea native, or introduced by foreigners).

234.  Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. ii. p. 393.

235.  Doolittle, ‘Chinese,’ vol. ii. p. 112; Bastian, ‘Oestl. Asien,’ vol. iii. p. 252; ‘Psychologie,’ p. 159.

236.  Toehla, ‘Aurifontina Chymica,’ cited by K. R. H. Mackenzie, in ‘Spiritualist,’ Mar. 15, 1870.

237.  Nicephor. Callist. Ecclesiast. Hist. viii. 23; Stanley, ‘Eastern Church,’ p. 172.

238.  ‘Pneumatologie Positive et Expérimentale; La Réalité des Esprits et le Phénomène Merveilleux de leur Écriture Directe démontrés,’ par le Baron L. de Guldenstubbé. Paris, 1857.

239.  Hardy, ‘Manual of Budhism,’ pp. 38, 126, 150; ‘Eastern Monachism,’ pp. 272, 285, 382; Köppen, ‘Religion des Buddha,’ vol. i. p. 412; Bastian, ‘Oestl. Asien,’ vol. iii. p. 390; Philostrati Vita Apollon. Tyan. iii. 15. See the mention among the Saadhs of India (17th century), by Trant, in ‘Missionary Register,’ July, 1820, pp. 294-6.

240.  Lucian, Philopseudes, 13.

241.  Eunapius in Iambl.

242.  Alban Butler, ‘Lives of the Saints,’ vol. i. p. 674; Calmet, ‘Diss. sur les Apparitions, &c.,’ chap. xxi.; De Maistre, ‘Soirées de St. Pétersbourg,’ vol. ii. pp. 158, 175. See also Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. ii. p. 578; ‘Psychologie,’ p. 159.

243.  Glanvil, ‘Saducismus Triumphatus,’ part ii.; Bastian, ‘Psychologie,’ p. 161.

244.  ‘Spiritualist,’ Feb. 15, 1870. Orrin Abbott, ‘The Davenport Brothers,’ New York, 1864.

245.  Homer, Odyss. xiv. 345 (Worsley’s Trans.); Beda, ‘Historia Ecclesiastica,’ iv. 22; Grimm, ‘D. M.,’ p. 1180 (an old German loosing-charm is given from the Merseburg MS.); J. Y. Simpson, in ‘Proc. Ant. Soc. Scotland,’ vol. iv.; Keating, ‘Long’s Exp. to St. Peter’s River,’ vol. ii. p. 159; Egede, ‘Greenland,’ p. 189; Cranz, ‘Grönland,’ p. 269; Castrén, ‘Reiseberichte,’ 1845-9, p. 173.

246.  Conyers Middleton, ‘A Letter from Rome,’ 1729; Hor. Sat. I. v. 98.

247.  C. de Brosses, ‘Traité de la Formation Mécanique des Langues,’ &c. (1st ed. 1765); Wedgwood, ‘Origin of Language’ (1866); ‘Dic. of English Etymology’ (1859, 2nd ed. 1872); Farrar, ‘Chapters on Language’ (1865).

248.  Among the principal savage and barbaric languages here used for evidence, are as follows:—Africa: Galla (Tutschek, Gr. and Dic.), Yoruba (Bowen, Gr. and Dic.), Zulu (Döhne, Dic.). Polynesia, &c.: Maori (Kendall, Vocab., Williams, Dic.), Tonga (Mariner, Vocab.), Fiji (Hazlewood, Dic.), Melanesia (Gabelentz, Melan. Spr.). Australia (Grey, Moore, Schürmann, Oldfield, Vocabs.). N. America: Pima, Yakama, Clallam, Lummi, Chinuk, Mohawk, Micmac (Smithson. Contr. vol. iii.), Chinook Jargon (Gibbs, Dic.), Quiché (Brasseur, Gr. and Dic.). S. America: Tupi (Diaz, Dic.), Carib (Rochefort, Vocab.), Quichua (Markham, Gr. and Dic.), Chilian (Febres, Dic.), Brazilian tribes (Martius, ‘Glossaria linguarum Brasiliensium’). Many details in Pott, ‘Doppelung,’ &c.

249.  Bonwick, ‘Daily Life of Tasmanians,’ p. 140; Capt. Wilson, in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.,’ vol. iv. p. 322, &c.; J. L. Wilson, in ‘Journ. Amer. Oriental Soc.,’ vol. i. 1849, No. 4; also Cranz., ‘Grönland,’ p. 279 (cited below, p. 186). For other accounts, see ‘Early Hist. of Mankind,’ p. 77.

250.  Forbes, ‘Aymara Indians,’ in Journ. Eth. Soc. 1870, vol. ii. p. 208.

251.  See Helmholtz, ‘Tonempfindungen,’ 2nd ed. p. 163; McKendrick, Text Book of Physiology, p. 681, &c., 720, &c.; Max Müller, ‘Lectures,’ 2nd series, p. 95, &c.

252.  See Pallegoix, ‘Gramm. Ling. Thai.’; Bastian, in ‘Monatsb. Berlin. Akad.’ June 6, 1867, and ‘Roy. Asiatic Soc.,’ June, 1867.

253.  Burton, in ‘Mem. Anthrop. Soc.,’ vol. i. p. 313; Bowen, ‘Yoruba Gr. and Dic.’ p. 5; see J. L. Wilson, ‘W. Afr.,’ p. 461.

254.  C. W., in ‘London and Westminster Review,’ Oct. 1837.

255.  ‘Accentus est etiam in dicendo cantus obscurior.’—Cic. de Orat.

256.  Helmholtz, p. 364.

257.  Caswell, in Bastian, ‘Berlin. Akad.’ l.c.

258.  Horne Tooke, ‘Diversions of Purley,’ 2nd ed. London, 1798, pt. i. pp. 60-3.

259.  R. F. Burton, ‘Lake Regions of Central Africa,’ vol. ii. p. 333; Livingstone, ‘Missionary Tr. in S. Africa,’ p. 298; ‘Gr. of Mpongwe lang,’ A. B. C. F. Missions, Rev. J. L. Wilson, p. 27. See Callaway, ‘Zulu Tales,’ vol. i. p. 59.

260.  Arroyo de la Cuesta, ‘Gr. of Mutsun Lang.’ p. 39, in Smithsonian Contr., vol. iii.; Neapolitan mamma mia! exclamation of wonder, &c., Liebrecht in Götting. Gel. Anz. 1872, p. 1287.

261.  Shaw, ‘Travels in Barbary,’ in Pinkerton, vol. xv. p. 669.

262.  Some of the examples here cited, will be found in Grimm, ‘Deutsche Gr.’ vol. iii. p. 308; Pott, ‘Doppelung.’ p. 27; Wedgwood, ‘Origin of Language.’

263.  See Pictet, ‘Origines Indo-Europ.’ part i. p. 382; Caldwell, ‘Gr. of Dravidian Langs.’ p. 465; Wedgwood, Dic. s.v. ‘puss,’ &c.; Mariner, ‘Tonga Is. (Vocab.)’; Gibbs, ‘Dic. of Chinook Jargon,’ Smithsonian Coll. No. 161; Pandosy, ‘Gr. and Dic. of Yakama,’ Smithson. Contr. vol. iii.; compare J. L. Wilson, ‘Mpongwe Gr.’ p. 57. The Hindu child’s call to the cat mun mun! may be from Hindust. mâno = cat. It. micio, Fr. mite, minon, Ger. mieze, &c. = ‘cat,’ and Sp. miz! Ger. minz! &c. = ‘puss!’ are from imitations of a mew.

264.  For lists of drivers’ words, see Grimm, l.c.; Pott, ‘Zählmethode,’ p. 261; Halliwell, ‘Dic. of Archaic and Provincial English,’ s.v. ‘ree;’ Brand, vol. ii. p. 15; Pictet, part ii. p. 489.

265.  ‘Encyclopédie, ou Dictionnaire Raisonné des Sciences, &c.’ Recueil de Planches, Paris, 1763, art. ‘Chasses.’ The traditional cries are still more or less in use. See ‘A Week in a French Country-house.’

266.  Aldrete, ‘Lengua Castellana,’ Madrid, 1673, s.vv. harre, exe.

267.  ‘There prevailed in those days an indecent custom; when the preacher touched any favourite topick in a manner that delighted his audience, their approbation was expressed by a loud hum, continued in proportion to their zeal or pleasure. When Burnet preached, part of his congregation hummed so loudly and so long, that he sat down to enjoy it, and rubbed his face with his handkerchief. When Sprat preached, he likewise was honoured with the like animating hum, but he stretched out his hand to the congregation, and cried, “Peace, peace; I pray you, peace.”’ Johnson, ‘Life of Sprat.’

268.  Cranz, ‘Grönland,’ p. 279.

269.  D. Wilson, ‘Prehistoric Man,’ p. 65.

270.  Compare, in the same district, Camé ii, Cotoxó biebie, eubiähiä, multus, -a, -um.

271.  J. H. Donker Curtius, ‘Essai de Grammaire Japonaise,’ p. 34, &c. 199. In former editions of the present work, the directly interjectional character of the o is held in an unqualified manner. Reference to the grammars of Prof. B. H. Chamberlain and others, where this particle (on, o) is connected with other forms implying a common root, leaves the argument to depend wholly or partly on the supposition of an interjectional source for this root. [Note to 3rd ed.]

272.  Bruyas, ‘Mohawk Lang.,’ p. 16, in Smithson. Contr. vol. iii. Schoolcraft, ‘Indian Tribes,’ Part iii. p. 328, 502, 507. Charlevoix, ‘Nouv. France,’ vol. i. p. 350.

273.  The arre! may have been introduced into Europe by the Moors, as it is used in Arabic, and its use in Europe corresponds nearly with the limits of the Moorish conquest, in Spain arre! in Provence arri!

274.  Wedgwood, ‘Origin of Language,’ p. 92.

275.  Ibid., p. 72.

276.  De Brosses, vol. i. p. 203. See Wedgwood.

277.  Also Oraon hae—ambo; Micmac é—mw.

278.  A double contradiction in Carib anhan! = ‘yes!’ oua! = ‘no!’ Single contradictions in Catoquina hang! Tupi eém! Botocudo hemhem! Yoruba eñ! for ‘yes!’ Culino aiy! Australian yo! for ‘no!’ &c. How much these sounds depend on peculiar intonation, we, who habitually use h’m! either for ‘yes!’ or ‘no!’ can well understand.

279.  (Charles de Brosses) ‘Traité de la Formation Mécanique des Langues, &c.’ Paris, An. ix., vol. i. p. 238; vol. ii. p. 313. Lazarus and Steinthal, ‘Zeitschrift für Völkerpsychologie,’ &c., vol. i. p. 421. Heyse, ‘System der Sprachwissenschaft,’ p. 73. Farrar, ‘Chapters on Language,’ p. 202.

280.  Similar sounds are used to command silence, to stop speaking as well as to stop going. English husht! whist! hist! Welsh ust! French chut! Italian zitto! Swedish tyst! Russian st’! and the Latin st! so well described in the curious old line quoted by Mr. Farrar, which compares it with the gesture of the finger on the lips:—

This group of interjections, again, has not been proved to be in use outside Aryan limits.

281.  Catlin, ‘North American Indians,’ vol. i. pp. 221, 39, 151, 162. Bailey in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.,’ vol. ii. p. 318. Job xxvii. 23. (The verb shârak also signifies to call by a hiss, ‘and he will hiss unto them from the end of the earth, and behold, they shall come with speed,’ Is. v. 26; Jer. xix. 8.) Alcock, ‘The Capital of the Tycoon,’ vol. i. p. 394. Cook, ‘2nd Voy.’ vol. ii. p. 36. Casalis, ‘Basutos,’ p. 234.

282.  Wedgwood, ‘Origin of Language,’ p. 83, ‘Dictionary,’ Introd. p. xlix. and s.v. ‘foul.’ Prof. Max Müller, ‘Lectures,’ 2nd series, p. 92, protests against the indiscriminate derivation of words directly from such cries and interjections, without the intervention of determinate roots. As to the present topic, he points out that Latin pus, putridus, Gothic fuls, English foul, follow Grimm’s law as if words derived from a single root. Admitting this, however, the question has to be raised, how far pure interjections and their direct derivatives, being self-expressive and so to speak living sounds, are affected by phonetic changes such as that of Grimm’s law, which act on articulate sounds no longer fully expressive in themselves, but handed down by mere tradition. Thus p and f occur in one and the same dialect in interjections of disgust and aversion, puh! fi! being used in Venice or Paris, just as similar sounds would be in London. In tracing this group of words from early Aryan forms, it must also be noticed that Sanskrit is a very imperfect guide, for its alphabet has no f, and it can hardly give the rule in this matter to languages possessing both p and f, and thus capable of nicer appreciation of this class of interjections.

283.  Mpongwe punjina; Basuto foka; Carib phoubäe; Arawac appüdün (ignem sufflare). Other cases are given by Wedgwood, ‘Or. of Lang.’ p. 83.

284.  See Wedgwood, ‘Dic.’ Introd. p. viii.

285.  See Wedgwood, Dic., s.v. ‘mum,’ &c.

286.  Bates, ‘Naturalist on the Amazons,’ 2nd ed., p. 404; Markham in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.,’ vol. iii. p. 143.