Primitive Culture, Vol. 1 of 2

558. Hayton in Purchas, vol. iii. p. 108; see Klemm, ‘C. G.’ vol. vi. p. 129; Vambéry, p. 49; Homer. Odyss. ix.; Strabo, i. 2, 12; see Scherzer, ‘Voy. of Novara,’ vol. ii. p. 40; C. J. Andersson, ‘Lake Ngami, &c.,’ p. 453; Du Chaillu, ‘Equatorial Africa,’ p. 440; Sir J. Richardson, ‘Polar Regions,’ p. 300. For tribes with more than two eyes, see Pliny’s metaphorically explained Nisacæthæ and Nisyti, Plin. vi. 35; also Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. ii. p. 414; ‘Oestl. Asien,’ vol. i. pp. 25, 76; Petherick, l.c.; Bowen, ‘Yoruba Gr.’ p. xx.; Schirren, p. 196.

559. Kölle, ‘Vei Gr.’ p. 229; Strabo, i. 2, 35. The artificially elongated skulls of real Μακροκέφαλοι (Hippokrates, ‘De Aeris,’ 14.) are found in the burial-places of Kertch.

560. Plin., vii. 2.; Humboldt and Bonpland, vol. v. p. 81.

562. Southey, ‘Brazil,’ vol. iii. p. 390.

563. D. Wilson, ‘Archæology, &c. of Scotland,’ p. 123.

564. Bastian, ‘Oestl. Asien,’ vol. i. p. 128; Livingstone, p. 532.

565. Williams, ‘Fiji,’ p. 160; Seemann, ‘Viti,’ p. 113; Turner, ‘Polynesia,’ p. 182 (a similar legend told by the Samoans). Another tattooing legend in Latham, ‘Descr. Eth.’ vol. i. p. 152; Bastian, ‘Oestl. Asien,’ vol. i. p. 112.

566. Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. iii. pp. 167-8; Wilkinson in Rawlinson’s ‘Herodotus,’ vol. ii. p. 79; Grimm, ‘D. M.’ pp. 972-6; W. G. Palgrave, ‘Arabia,’ vol. i. p. 251; Squier and Davis, ‘Monuments of Mississippi Valley,’ p. 134; Taylor, ‘New Zealand,’ p. 258.

567. Latham, ‘Descr. Eth.’ vol. i. p. 43; Lejean in ‘Rev. des Deux Mondes,’ 15 Feb. 1862, p. 856; Apollodor. iii. 8. Compare the derivation of Arequipa by the Peruvians from the words ari! quepay== ‘yes! remain,’ said to have been addressed to the colonists by the Inca: Markham, ‘Quichua Gr. and Dic.;’ also the supposed etymology of Dahome, Danh-ho-men== ‘on the belly of Danh,’ from the story of King Dako building his palace on the body of the conquered King Danh: Burton, in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. iii. p. 401.

568. Charnock, ‘Verba Nominalia,’ s.v. ‘chic;’ see Francisque-Michel, ‘Argot,’ s.v.

569. ‘Spectator,’ No. 147; Brand, ‘Pop. Ant.’ vol. iii. p. 93; Hotten, ‘Slang Dictionary,’ p. 3; Charnock, s.v. ‘cant.’ As to the real etymology, that from the beggar’s whining chaunt is defective, for the beggar drops this tone exactly when he cants, i.e., talks jargon with his fellows. If cant is directly from Latin cantare, it will correspond with Italian cantare and French chanter, both used as slang words for to speak (Francisque-Michel, ‘Argot’). A Keltic origin is more probable, Gaelic and Irish cainnt, caint == talk, language, dialect (see Wedgwood ‘Etymological Dictionary’). The Gaelic equivalents for pedlars’ French or tramps’ slang, are ‘Laidionn nan ceard,’ ‘cainnt cheard,’ i.e., tinkers’ Latin or jargon, or exactly ‘cairds’ cant.’ A deeper connexion between cainnt and cantare does not affect this.

570. See also Francisque-Michel, ‘Argot,’ s.v. ‘maccabe, macchabée’==noyé.

571. Musters, ‘Patagonians,’ pp. 69, 184.

572. Döhne, ‘Zulu Dic.’ p. 417; Arbousset and Daumas, p. 269; Waitz, vol. ii. pp. 349, 352.

573. Shortland, ‘Trads. of N. Z.’ p. 224.

574. On the adoption of imaginary ancestors as connected with the fiction of a common descent, and the important political and religious effects of these proceedings, see especially Grote, ‘History of Greece,’ vol. i.; McLennan, ‘Primitive Marriage;’ Maine, ‘Ancient Law.’ Interesting details on eponymic ancestors in Pott, ‘Anti-Kaulen, oder Mythische Vorstellungen vom Ursprnge der Völker and Sprachen.’

575. Martius, ‘Ethnog. Amer.’ vol. i. p. 54; see p. 283.

576. Macpherson, ‘India,’ p. 78.

577. Vambéry, ‘Central Asia,’ p. 325; see also Latham, ‘Descr. Eth.’ vol. i. p. 456 (Ostyaks); Georgi, ‘Reise im Russ. Reich,’ vol. i. 242 (Tunguz).

578. Barth, ‘N. & Centr. Afr.’ vol. ii. p. 71.

579. J. G. Müller, ‘Amer. Urrelig.’ p. 574.

580. Martius, vol. i. pp. 180-4; Waitz, vol. iii. p. 416.

581. Schoolcraft, ‘Indian Tribes,’ part i. p. 319, part iii. p. 268, see part ii. p. 49; Catlin, vol. ii. p. 128; J. G. Müller, pp. 134, 327.

582. Grote, ‘Hist. of Greece;’ Pausan. iii. 20; Diod. Sic. v.; Apollodor. Bibl. i. 7, 3, vi. 1, 4; Herodot. i. 171.

583. Max Müller in Bunsen, vol. i. p. 338; Tabari, part i. ch. xlv., lxix.

584. Sir W. Jones in ‘As. Res.’ vol. ii. p. 24; Vansittart, ibid. p. 67; see Campbell, in ‘Journ. As. Soc. Bengal,’ 1866, part ii. p. 7.

585. Will, de Rubruquis in Pinkerton, vol. vii. p. 23; Gabelentz in ‘Zeitschr. für die Kunde des Morgenlandes,’ vol. ii. p. 73; Schmidt, ‘Völker Mittel-Asien,’ p. 6.

586. See also Pott, ‘Anti-Kaulen,’ pp. 19, 23; ‘Rassen,’ pp. 70, 153; and remarks on colonization-myths in Max Müller, ‘Chips,’ vol. ii. p. 68.

587. Seemann, ‘Viti,’ p. 311; Turner, ‘Polynesia,’ p. 252.

588. Ellis, ‘Polyn. Res.’ vol. i. p. 69.

589. Schoolcraft, ‘Algic Res.’ vol. i. p. 122; ‘Indian Tribes,’ part i. p. 320, part ii. p. 230.

590. J. R. Wise, ‘The New Forest,’ p. 160; Taylor, ‘New Zealand,’ p. 268; Max Müller, ‘Chips,’ vol. i. p. 249; M. A. Walker, ‘Macedonia,’ p. 192; Movers, ‘Phönizier,’ vol. i. p. 665; Lucian. de Deâ Syriâ, 8; Hunt, ‘Pop. Rom.’ 2nd Series, p. 15; Wuttke, ‘Volksaberglaube,’ pp. 16, 94; Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. ii. p. 59, vol. iii. p. 185; Buchanan, ‘Mysore, &c.’ in Pinkerton, vol. viii. p. 714.

591. Sprenger, ‘Leben des Mohammad,’ vol. i. pp. 78, 119, 162, 310.

592. Marco Polo, book i. ch. viii.

593. Grote, vol. i. p. 347.

594. Welcker, vol. i. p. 756.

595. Xenoph. Memorabilia, ii. 1.

596. Oldfield in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. iii. p. 259.

597. Steller, ‘Kamtschatka,’ p. 255.

598. Wilson in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. iv. p. 306.

599. J. L. Wilson, ‘W. Afr.’ p. 382.

600. Bleek, ‘Reynard in S. Afr.’ pp. 5, 47, 67 (these are not among the stories which seem recently borrowed from Europeans). See ‘Early History of Mankind,’ p. 10.

601. Callaway, ‘Zulu Tales,’ vol. i. p. 355.

602. Schoolcraft, ‘Algic Res.’ vol. i. p. 160; see pp. 43, 51.

603. Jakob Grimm, ‘Reinhart Fuchs,’ Introd.

604. Account of Laura Bridgman, p. 120.

605. Bowring, ‘Siam,’ vol. i. p. 313; Hardy, ‘Manual of Budhism,’ p. 98. See the fable of the ‘Crow and Pitcher,’ in Plin. x. 60, and Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. i. p. 76.

606. Jameson, ‘History of Our Lord in Art,’ vol. i. p. 375.

607. J. D. Lang, ‘Queensland,’ pp. 340, 374, 380, 388, 444 (Buddai appears, p. 379, as causing a deluge; he is probably identical with Budyah).

608. Moffat, ‘South Africa,’ p. 261.

609. Azara, ‘Voy. dans l’Amérique Méridionale,’ vol. ii. pp. 3, 14, 25, 51, 60, 91, 119, &c.; D’Orbigny, ‘L’Homme Américain,’ vol. ii. p. 318.

610. Muir, ‘Sanskrit Texts,’ part ii. p. 435; Euseb. ‘Hist. Eccl.’ iv. 15; Bingham, book i. ch. ii.; Vanini, ‘De Admirandis Naturae Arcanis,’ dial. 37; Lecky, ‘Hist. of Rationalism,’ vol. i. p. 126; Encyclop. Brit. (5th ed.) s.v. ‘Superstition.’

611. J. de Verrazano in Hakluyt, vol. iii. p. 300.

612. See W. Ellis, ‘Hist. of Madagascar,’ vol. i. p. 429; Flacourt, ‘Hist. de Madagascar,’ p. 59.

613. Dampier, ‘Voyages,’ vol. ii. part ii. p. 76.

614. Roe in Pinkerton, vol. viii. p. 2.

615. Lubbock, ‘Prehistoric Times,’ p. 564: see also ‘Origin of Civilization,’ p. 138.

616. Sproat, ‘Scenes and Studies of Savage Life,’ p. 205.

617. Mouat, ‘Andaman Islanders,’ pp. 2, 279, 303. Since the above was written, the remarkable Andaman religion has been described by Mr. E. H. Man, in ‘Journ. Anthrop. Inst.’ vol. xii. (1883) p. 156. (Note to 3rd ed.)

618. Baker, ‘Races of the Nile Basin,’ in Tr. Eth. Soc. vol. v. p. 231; ‘The Albert Nyanza,’ vol. i. p. 246. See Kaufmann, ‘Schilderungen aus Central-afrika,’ p. 123; Brun-Rollet, ‘Le Nil Blanc et le Soudan,’ pp. 100, 222, also pp. 164, 200, 234; G. Lejean in ‘Rev. des Deux M.’ April 1, 1862, p. 760; Waitz, ‘Anthropologie,’ vol. ii. pp. 72-5; Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. iii. p. 208. Other recorded cases of denial of religion of savage tribes on narrow definition or inadequate evidence may be found in Meiners, ‘Gesch. der Rel.’ vol. i. pp. 11-15 (Australians and Californians); Waitz, ‘Anthropologie,’ vol. i. p. 323 (Aru Islanders, &c.); Farrar in ‘Anthrop. Rev.’ Aug. 1864, p. ccxvii, (Kafirs, &c.); Martius, ‘Ethnog. Amer.’ vol. i. p. 583 (Manaos); J. G. Palfrey, ‘Hist. of New England,’ vol. i. p. 46 (New England tribes).

619. The term has been especially used to denote the doctrine of Stahl, the promulgator also of the phlogiston-theory. The Animism of Stahl is a revival and development in modern scientific shape of the classic theory identifying vital principle and soul. See his ‘Theoria Medica Vera,’ Halle, 1737; and the critical dissertation on his views, Lemoine, ‘Le Vitalisme et l’Animisme de Stahl,’ Paris, 1864.

620. Bonwick, ‘Tasmanians,’ p. 182.

621. Tanner’s ‘Narr.’ p. 291, Cree atchâk==soul.

622. Brasseur, ‘Langue Quichée,’ s.v.

623. Martius, ‘Ethnog. Amer.’ vol. i. p. 705; vol. ii. p. 310.

624. Dobrizhoffer, ‘Abipones,’ vol. ii. p. 194.

625. Döhne, ‘Zulu Dic.’ s.v. ‘tunzi;’ Callaway, ‘Rel. of Amazulu,’ pp. 91, 126; ‘Zulu Tales,’ vol. i. p. 342.

626. Casalis, ‘Basutos,’ p. 245; Arbousset and Daumas, ‘Voyage,’ p. 12.

627. Goldie, ‘Efik Dictionary,’ s.v.; see Kölle, ‘Afr. Native Lit.’ p. 324 (Kanuri). Also ‘Journ. Ind. Archip.’ vol. v. p. 713 (Australian).

628. Dante, ‘Div. Comm. Purgatorio,’ canto iii. Compare Grohmann, ‘Aberglauben aus Böhmen,’ p. 221. See ante, p. 85.

629. Rochefort, pp. 429, 516; J. G. Müller, p. 207.

630. Mariner, ‘Tonga Is.’ vol. ii. p. 135; S. S. Farmer, ‘Tonga,’ &c. p. 131.

631. Casalis, l.c. See also Mariner, ibid.

632. Bastian, ‘Psychologie,’ pp. 15-23.

633. J. H. Bernau, ‘Brit. Guiana,’ p. 134.

634. Grimm, ‘D. M.’ pp. 1028, 1133. Anglo-Saxon man-lica.

635. Lieber, ‘Laura Bridgman,’ in Smithsonian Contrib. vol. ii. p. 8.

636. G. F. Moore, ‘Vocab. of W. Australia,’ p. 103.

637. Brinton, p. 50, see p. 235; Bastian, ‘Psychologie,’ p. 15.

638. Cranz, ‘Grönland,’ p. 257.

639. Crawfurd, ‘Malay Gr. and Dic.’ s.v.; Marsden, ‘Sumatra,’ p. 386.

640. Oviedo, ‘Hist. du Nicaragua,’ pp. 21-51.

641. Pott, ‘Zigeuner,’ vol. ii. p. 306; ‘Indo-Germ. Wurzel-Wörterbuch,’ vol. i. p. 1073; Borrow, ‘Lavengro,’ vol. ii. ch. xxvi. ‘write the lil of him whose dook gallops down that hill every night,’ see vol. iii. ch. iv.

642. Brinton, ‘Myths of New World,’ p. 253; Comm. in Virg. Æn. iv. 684; Cic. Verr. v. 45; Wuttke, ‘Volksaberglaube,’ p. 210; Rochholz, ‘Deutscher Glaube,’ &c. vol. i. p. 111.

643. Williams, ‘Fiji,’ vol. i. p. 241.

644. Ellis, ‘Madagascar,’ vol. i. p. 393.

645. Charlevoix, ‘Nouvelle France,’ vol. vi. pp. 75-8; Schoolcraft, ‘Indian Tribes,’ part i. pp. 33, 83, part iv. p. 70; Waitz, vol. iii. p. 194; J. G. Müller, pp. 66, 207-8.

646. Cross in ‘Journ. Amer. Oriental Soc.’ vol. iv. p. 310.

647. Macpherson, pp. 91-2. See also Klemm, ‘C. G.’ vol. iii. p. 71 (Lapp); St. John, ‘Far East,’ vol. i. p. 189 (Dayaks).

648. Shürmann, ‘Vocab. of Parnkalla Lang.’ s.v.

649. Tanner’s ‘Narr.’ p. 291; Keating, ‘Narr. of Long’s Exp.’ vol. ii. p. 154.

650. Williams, ‘Fiji,’ vol. i. p. 242; see the converse process of catching away a man’s soul, causing him to pine and die, p. 250.

651. J. L. Wilson, ‘W. Afr.’ p. 220.

652. Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. ii. p. 319; also Sproat, p. 213 (Vancouver’s I.).

653. Bastian, ‘Psychologie,’ p. 34; Gmelin, ‘Reisen durch Sibirien,’ vol. ii. p. 359 (Yakuts); Ravenstein, ‘Amur,’ p. 351 (Tunguz).

654. Bastian, ‘Oestl. Asien,’ vol. i. p. 143; vol. ii. pp. 388, 418; vol. iii. p. 236. Mason, ‘Karens,’ l.c. p. 196, &c.; Cross, ‘Karens,’ in ‘Journ. Amer. Oriental Soc.’ vol. iv. 1854, p. 307. See also St. John, ‘Far East,’ l.c. (Dayaks).