661.  Vatnsdæla Saga; Baring-Gould, ‘Werewolves,’ p. 29.

662.  Plin. vii. 53; Lucian. Hermotimus, Musc. Encom. 7.

663.  R. D. Owen, ‘Footfalls on the Boundary of another World,’ p. 259. See A. R. Wallace, ‘Scientific Aspect of the Supernatural,’ p. 43.

664.  Brand, ‘Pop. Ant.’ vol. i. p. 331, vol. iii. p. 236. See Calmet, ‘Diss. sur les Esprits;’ Maury, ‘Magie,’ part ii. ch. iv.

665.  Cranz, ‘Grönland,’ p. 257.

666.  Waitz, vol. iii. p. 195.

667.  Taylor, ‘New Zealand,’ pp. 104, 184, 333; Baker in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. i. p. 57.

668.  Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. ii. p. 319; Jagor in ‘Journ. Eth. Soc.,’ vol. ii. p. 175.

669.  Mason, ‘Karens,’ l.c. p. 199; Cross, l.c.; Bastian, ‘Oestl. Asien,’ vol. i. p. 144, vol. ii. p. 389, vol. iii. p. 266.

670.  Bastian, ‘Psychologie,’ pp. 16-20; Eisenmenger, vol. i. p. 458, vol. ii. pp. 13, 20, 453; Franck, ‘Kabbale,’ p. 235.

671.  Augustin. De Civ. Dei, xviii. 18.

672.  Grimm, ‘D. M.’ p. 1036.

673.  Charlevoix, ‘Nouvelle France,’ vol. vi. p. 78; Lafitau, ‘Mœurs des Sauvages,’ vol. i. p. 363.

674.  Callaway, ‘Relig. of Amazulu,’ pp. 228, 260, 316; ‘Journ. Anthrop. Inst.’ vol. i. p. 170. See also St. John, ‘Far East,’ vol. i. p. 199 (Dayaks).

675.  Williams, ‘Fiji,’ vol. i. p. 242.

676.  Mayne, ‘Brit. Columbia,’ p. 261; see Sproat, l.c.

677.  J. L. Wilson, ‘W. Africa,’ pp. 210, 395; M. H. Kingsley, ‘W. African Studies,’ p. 205. See also Ellis, ‘Polyn. Res.’ vol. i. p. 396; J. G. Müller, ‘Amer. Urrel.’ p. 287; Buchanan, ‘Mysore,’ in Pinkerton, vol. viii. p. 677; ‘Early Hist. of Mankind,’ p. 8.

678.  Homer. Il. xxiii. 59. See also Odyss. xi. 207, 222; Porphyr. De Antro Nympharum; Virgil. Æn. ii. 794; Ovid. Fast. v. 475.

679.  Cicero De Divinatione, i. 27.

680.  Augustin. De Curâ pro Mortuis, x.-xii. Epist. clviii.

681.  Compare Voltaire’s remarks, ‘Dict. Phil.’ art. ‘ame,’ &c.

682.  Steinhauser, ‘Religion des Negers,’ in ‘Magazin der Evang. Missionen’, Basel, 1856, No. 2, p. 135.

683.  ‘Historie del S. D. Fernando Colombo,’ tr. Alfonso Ulloa, Venice, 1571, p. 127, Eng. Tr. in Pinkerton, vol. xii. p. 80.

684.  Castrén, ‘Finn. Myth.’ p. 120.

685.  1 Sam. xxviii. 12.

686.  Brinton, ‘Myths of New World,’ p. 269.

687.  Pennant, ‘2nd Tour in Scotland,’ in Pinkerton, vol. iii. p. 315; Johnson, ‘Journey to the Hebrides.’

688.  J. Gardner, ‘Faiths of the World,’ s.v. ‘bilocation.’

689.  Mason, ‘Karens,’ l.c. p. 198.

690.  Shortland, ‘Trads. of New Zealand,’ p. 140; Polack, ‘M. and C. of New Zealanders,’ vol. i. p. 268. See also Ellis, ‘Madagascar,’ vol. i. p. 393; J. G. Müller, p. 261.

691.  Calmet, ‘Diss. sur les Esprits,’ vol. i. ch. xl.

692.  Wuttke, ‘Volksaberglaube,’ pp. 44, 56, 208; Brand, ‘Popular Antiquities,’ vol. iii. pp. 155, 235; Johnson, ‘Journey to the Hebrides;’ Martin, ‘Western Islands of Scotland,’ in Pinkerton, vol. iii. p. 670.

693.  See R. D. Owen, ‘Footfalls on the Boundary of another World;’ Mrs. Crowe, ‘Night-Side of Nature;’ Howitt’s Tr. of Ennemoser’s ‘Magic,’ &c.

694.  The conception of the soul as a small human image is found in various districts; see Eyre, ‘Australia,’ vol. ii. p. 356; St. John, ‘Far East,’ vol. i. p. 189 (Dayaks); Waitz, vol. iii. p. 194 (N. A. Ind.). The idea of a soul as a sort of ‘thumbling’ is familiar to the Hindus and to German folklore; compare the representations of tiny souls in mediæval pictures.

695.  Magalhanes de Gandavo, p. 110; Maffei, ‘Indie Orientali,’ p. 107.

696.  Oldfield in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. iii. p. 287.

697.  Waitz, vol. ii. p. 194; Römer, ‘Guinea,’ p. 42.

698.  Meiners, vol. ii. pp. 756, 763; Purchas, vol. iii. p. 495; J. Jones in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. iii. p. 138.

699.  Calmet, vol. i. ch. xxxvi.; Plin. Ep. vii. 27; Hunt, ‘Pop. Romances,’ vol. ii. p. 156.

700.  Le Jeune in ‘Rel. des Jésuites,’ 1639, p. 43; see 1634, p. 13.

701.  Shortland, ‘Trads. of N. Z.’ p. 92; Yate, p. 140; R. Taylor, pp. 104, 153; Ellis, ‘Polyn. Res.’ vol. i. p. 406.

702.  Callaway, ‘Rel. of Amazulu,’ pp. 265, 348, 370.

703.  Homer, II. xxiii. 100.

704.  Ovid, Fast. v. 457.

705.  Isaiah viii. 19; xxix. 4. The Arabs hate whistling (el sifr), it is talking to devils (Burton, ‘First Footsteps in East Africa,’ p. 142). ‘Nicolaus Remigius, whose “Daemonolatreia” is one of the ghastliest volumes in the ghastly literature of witchcraft, cites Hermolaus Barbarus as having heard the voice sub-sibilantis daemonis, and, after giving other instances, adduces the authority of Psellus to prove that the devils generally speak very low and confusedly in order not to be caught fibbing,’ Dr Sebastian Evans in ‘Nature,’ June 22, 1871, p. 140. (Nicolai Remigii Daemonolatreia, Col. Agripp. 1596, lib. i. c. 8, ‘pleraeque aliae vocem illis esse aiunt qualem emittunt qui os in dolium aut restam rimosam insertum habent’—‘ut Daemones e pelvi stridulâ voce ac tenui sibilo verba ederent’).

706.  Morgan, ‘Iroquois,’ p. 176.

707.  Flacourt, ‘Madagascar,’ p. 101.

708.  N. B. Dennys, ‘Folk-Lore of China,’ p. 22.

709.  Monnier, ‘Traditions Populaires,’ p. 142; Wuttke, ‘Volksaberglaube,’ p. 209; Grimm, ‘D. M.’ p. 801; Meiners, vol. ii. p. 761.

710.  Lang, ‘Queensland,’ p. 441; Bonwick, ‘Tasmanians,’ p. 187.

711.  Charlevoix, ‘Nouvelle France,’ vol. vi. pp. 76, 122; Le Jeune in ‘Rel. des Jésuites,’ 1634, p. 23; 1639, p. 44; Tanner’s ‘Narr.’ p. 292; Peter Jones, ‘Hist. of Ojebway Indians,’ p. 99.

712.  Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. ii. p. 323.

713.  Meiners, vol. i. p. 318.

714.  Festus, s.v. ‘everriatores;’ see Bastian, l.c., and compare Hartknoch, cited below, vol. ii. p. 40.

715.  Wuttke, ‘Volksaberglaube,’ pp. 132, 216.

716.  Casalis, ‘Basutos,’ p. 285; Glanvil, ‘Saducismus Triumphatus,’ part ii. p. 161; Wuttke, p. 216; Bastian ‘Psychologie’ p. 192.

717.  Mariner, ‘Tonga Is.’ vol. ii. p. 135.

718.  Cranz, ‘Grönland,’ p. 257.

719.  Rochefort, ‘Iles Antilles,’ p. 429.

720.  Loubere, ‘Siam,’ vol. i. p. 458; Bastian, ‘Oestl. Asien,’ vol. iii. p. 259; see p. 278.

721.  Diog. Laert. x. 67-8; see Serv. ad. Æn. iv. 654.

722.  Irenæus contra Hæres. v. 7, 1; see Origen, De Princep. ii. 3, 2.

723.  Tertull. De Anima, 9.

724.  Hampole, ‘Ayenbite of Inwyt.’

725.  Wuttke, ‘Volksaberglaube,’ pp. 216, 226.

726.  A. J. Davis, ‘Philosophy of Spiritual Intercourse,’ New York, 1851, p. 49.

727.  Calmet, vol. i. ch. xli. &c.

728.  ‘Journ. Ind. Archip.’ vol. ii. p. 359; vol. iii. pp. 104, 556; Earl, ‘Eastern Seas,’ p. 266; St. John, ‘Far East,’ vol. i. pp. 52, 73, 79, 119; Mundy, ‘Narr. from Brooke’s Journals,’ p. 203. Heads were taken as funeral offerings by the Garos of N. E. India, Eliot in ‘As. Res.’ vol. iii. p. 28, Dalton, ‘Descr. Ethnol. of Bengal,’ p. 67; see also pp. 46-7 (Kukis).

729.  T. Williams, ‘Fiji,’ vol. i. pp. 188-204; Mariner, ‘Tonga Is.’ vol. ii. p. 220. For New Zealand accounts, see R. Taylor, ‘New Zealand,’ pp. 218, 227; Polack, ‘New Zealanders,’ vol. i. pp. 66, 78, 116.

730.  J. M’Coy, ‘Hist. of Baptist Indian Mission,’ p. 360; Waitz, vol. iii. p. 200.

731.  Rochefort, ‘Iles Antilles,’ pp. 429, 512; see also J. G. Müller, pp. 174, 222.

732.  Oviedo, ‘Hist. de las Indias,’ lib. xxix. c. 31; Charlevoix, ‘Nouv. Fr.’ vol. vi. p. 178 (Natchez); Waitz, vol. iii. p. 219. See Brinton, ‘Myths of New World,’ p. 239.

733.  Brasseur, ‘Mexique,’ vol. iii. p. 573.

734.  Piedrahita, ‘Nuevo Reyno de Granada,’ part i. lib. i. c. 3.

735.  Cieza de Leon, p. 161; Rivero and Tschudi, ‘Peruv. Ant.’ p. 200; Prescott, ‘Peru,’ vol. i. p. 29. See statements as to effigies, J. G. Müller, p. 379.

736.  Simpson, ‘Journey,’ vol. i. p. 190; similar practice among Takulli or Carrier Ind., Waitz, vol. iii. p. 200.

737.  Burton, ‘Central Afr.’ vol. i. p. 124; vol. ii. p. 25; ‘Dahome,’ vol. ii. p. 18, &c.; ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. iii. p. 403; J. L. Wilson, ‘W. Afr.’ pp. 203, 219, 394. See also H. Rowley, ‘Mission to Central Africa,’ p. 229.

738.  Cavazzi, ‘1st. Descr. de’ tre Regni Congo, Matamba, et Angola,’ Bologna, 1687, lib. i. 264; Waitz, vol. ii. pp. 419-21; Callaway, ‘Religion of Amazulu,’ p. 212.

739.  Renaudot, ‘Acc. by two Mohammedan Travellers,’ London, 1733, p. 81; and in Pinkerton, vol. vii. p. 215; Marco Polo, book iii. chap. xx.; and in Pinkerton, vol. vii. p. 162.

740.  Caron, ‘Japan,’ ibid., p. 622; Siebold, ‘Nippon,’ v. p. 22.

741.  ‘Journ. Ind. Archip.’ new series, vol. ii. p. 374.

742.  Legge, ‘Confucius,’ p. 119; Doolittle, ‘Chinese,’ vol. i. pp. 108, 174, 192. The practice of attacking or killing all persons met by a funeral procession is perhaps generally connected with funeral human sacrifice; any one met on the road by the funeral of a Mongol prince was slain and ordered to go as escort; in the Kimbunda country, any one who meets a royal funeral procession is put to death with the other victims at the grave (Magyar, ‘Süd. Afrika,’ p. 353); see also Mariner, ‘Tonga Is.’ vol. i. p. 403; Cook, ‘First Voy.’ vol. i. pp. 146, 236 (Tahiti).

743.  Jakob Grimm, ‘Verbrennen der Leichen,’ contains an instructive collection of references and citations.

744.  Homer, Il. xxiii. 175; Eurip. Suppl.; Pausanias, iv. 2.

745.  Edda, ‘Gylfaginning,’ 49; ‘Brynhildarqvitha,’ &c.

746.  Cæsar., Bell. Gall. vi. 19.

747.  Hanusch, ‘Slaw. Myth.’ p. 145.

748.  Strabo, xv. 1, 62; Cic. Tusc. Disp. v. 27, 78; Diod. Sic. xvii. 91; xix. 33, &c.; Grimm, ‘Verbrennen,’ p. 261; Renaudot, ‘Two Mohammedans,’ p. 4; and in Pinkerton, vol. vii. p. 194. See Buchanan, ibid. pp. 675, 682; Ward, ‘Hindoos,’ vol. ii. pp. 298-312.

749.  H. H. Wilson, ‘On the supposed Vaidik authority for the Burning of Hindu Widows,’ in ‘Journ. Roy. As. Soc.’ vol. xvi. (1854) p. 201; in his ‘Works,’ vol. ii. p. 270. Max Müller, ‘Todtenbestattung bei den Brahmanen,’ in ‘Zeitschr. der Deutsch. Morgenl. Ges.’ vol. ix.; ‘Chips,’ vol. ii. p. 34.

750.  Schoolcraft, ‘Indian Tribes,’ part i. p. 543; part iii. pp. 229, 520; Waitz, vol. iii. pp. 191-3.

751.  Klemm, ‘Cultur-Gesch.’ vol. iii. pp. 355, 364; Waitz, vol. ii. p. 178.

752.  Mouhot, ‘Indo-China,’ vol. i. p. 252.

753.  Wood in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. iv. p. 36.

754.  Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. iii. p. 26.

755.  De Brosses, ‘Dieux Fétiches,’ p. 61.

756.  Ravenstein, ‘Amur,’ p. 382; T. W. Atkinson, p. 483.

757.  St. John, ‘Far East,’ vol. ii. p. 253 (Dayaks).

758.  Charlevoix, ‘Nouvelle France,’ vol. vi. p. 78; Sagard, ‘Hist. du Canada,’ p. 497; Schoolcraft, ‘Indian Tribes,’ part iii. p. 229.

759.  Cranz, ‘Grönland,’ p. 257.

760.  Taylor, ‘New Zealand,’ p. 271; Ellis, ‘Madagascar,’ vol. i. p. 429.

761.  Steller, ‘Kamtschatka,’ p. 269.

762.  Stewart, ‘Notes on Northern Cachar,’ in ‘Journ. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. xxiv. p. 632; Cross, ‘Karens,’ l.c.; Mason, ‘Karens,’ l.c.

763.  Callaway, ‘Zulu Tales,’ vol. i. p. 317.

764.  Low in ‘Journ. Ind. Archip.’ vol. i. p. 426. See Meiners, vol. i. p. 220; vol. ii. p. 791.

765.  Juvenal, Sat. xv. 148.

766.  Alger, ‘Future Life,’ p. 632, and see ‘Bibliography,’ appendix ii.; Wesley, ‘Sermon on Rom. viii. 19-22;’ Adam Clarke, ‘Commentary,’ on same text. This, by the way, is the converse view to Bellarmine’s, who so patiently let the fleas bite him, saying, ‘We shall have heaven to reward us for our sufferings, but these poor creatures have nothing but the enjoyment of the present life.’—Bayle ‘Biog. Dic.’ The argument in Butler’s ‘Analogy,’ part i. ch. i. puts the evidence for souls of brutes on much the same footing as that for souls of men.

767.  Schoolcraft, ‘Indian Tribes,’ part i. pp. 237, 262; part ii. p. 68.