1.  Brebeuf in ‘Rel. des Jés. dans la Nouvelle France,’ 1636, p. 130; Charlevoix, ‘Nouvelle France,’ vol. vi. p. 75. See Brinton, p. 253.

2.  Waitz, vol. iii. p. 195, see p. 213. Morse, ‘Report on Indian Affairs,’ p. 345.

3.  Mayne, ‘British Columbia,’ p. 181.

4.  Cranz, ‘Grönland,’ pp. 248, 258, see p. 212. See also Turner, ‘Polynesia,’ p. 353; Meiners, vol. ii. p. 793.

5.  Bastian, ‘Psychologie,’ p. 28.

6.  Bastian, ‘Zur vergl. Psychologie,’ in Lazarus and Steinthal’s ‘Zeitschrift,’ vol. v. p. 160, &c., also Papuas and other races.

7.  Burton, ‘W. & W. fr. W. Afr.’ p. 376.

8.  Krapf, ‘E. Afr.’ p. 201.

9.  J. L. Wilson, ‘W. Afr.’ p. 210; see also R. Clarke, ‘Sierra Leone,’ p. 159.

10.  Bastian, l. c.

11.  Macpherson, p. 72; also Tickell in ‘Journ. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. ix. pp. 793, &c.; Dalton in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. vi. p. 22 (similar rite of Mundas and Oraons).

12.  Klemm, ‘C. G.’ vol. iii. p. 77; K. Leems, ‘Lapper,’ c. xiv.

13.  R. Taylor, ‘New Zealand,’ p. 284; see Shortland, ‘Traditions,’ p. 145; Turner, ‘Polynesia,’ p. 353; Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. ii. p. 279; see also p. 276 (Samoyeds). Compare Charlevoix, ‘Nouvelle France,’ vol. v. p. 426; Steller, ‘Kamtschatka,’ p. 353; Kracheninnikow, ii. 117. See Plath, ‘Rel. der alten Chinesen,’ ii. p. 98.

14.  Grey, ‘Australia,’ vol. i. p. 301, vol. ii. p. 363 (native’s accusation against some foreign sailors who had assaulted him, ‘djanga Taal-wurt kyle-gut bomb-gur,’—‘one of the dead struck Taal-wurt under the ear,’ &c. The word djanga = the dead, the spirits of deceased persons (see Grey, ‘Vocab. of S. W. Australia’), had come to be the usual term for a European). Lang, ‘Queensland,’ pp. 34, 336; Bonwick, ‘Tasmanians,’ p. 183; Scherzer, ‘Voy. of Novara,’ vol. iii. p. 34; Bastian, ‘Psychologie,’ p. 222, ‘Mensch,’ vol. iii. pp. 362-3, and in Lazarus and Steinthal’s ‘Zeitschrift,’ l. c.; Turner, ‘Polynesia,’ p. 424.

15.  Römer, ‘Guinea,’ p. 85; Brun-Rollet, ‘Nil Blanc,’ &c. p. 234.

16.  Sproat, ‘Savage Life,’ ch. xviii., xix., xxi. Souls of the dead appear in dreams, either in human or animal forms, p. 174. See also Brinton, p. 145.

17.  Schoolcraft, ‘Indian Tribes,’ part iii. p. 113.

18.  Hayes, ‘Arctic Boat Journey,’ p. 198.

19.  Brinton, ‘Myths of New World,’ p. 102.

20.  Brebeuf in ‘Rel. des Jés.’ 1636, p. 104.

21.  Morgan, ‘Iroquois,’ p. 174.

22.  Clavigero, ‘Messico,’ vol. ii. p. 5.

23.  Martius, ‘Ethnog. Amer.’ vol. i. p. 602; Markham in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. iii. p. 195.

24.  Dobrizhoffer, ‘Abipones,’ vol. ii. pp. 74, 270.

25.  Coreal in Brinton, l. c. See also J. G. Müller, pp. 139 (Natchez), 223 (Caribs), 402 (Peru).

26.  Chomé in ‘Lettres Edif.’ vol. viii.; see also Martius, vol. i. p. 446.

27.  Waitz, vol. ii. p. 419 (Maravi).

28.  Callaway, ‘Rel. of Amazulu,’ p. 196, &c.; Arbousset and Daumas, p. 237.

29.  J. L. Wilson, ‘W. Afr.’ pp. 210, 218. See also Brun-Rollet, pp. 200, 234; Meiners, vol. i. p. 211.

30.  Steinhauser in ‘Mag. der Evang. Miss.’ Basel, 1856, No. 2, p. 135.

31.  Manu, xi. xii. Ward, ‘Hindoos,’ vol. i. p. 164, vol. ii. pp. 215, 347-52.

32.  St. John, ‘Far East,’ vol. i. p. 181; Perelaer, ‘Ethnog. Beschr. der Dajaks,’ p. 17.

33.  Hunter, ‘Rural Bengal,’ p. 210. See also Shaw in ‘As. Res.’ vol. iv. p. 46 (Rajmahal tribes).

34.  Abraham Roger, ‘La Porte Ouverte,’ Amst. 1670, p. 107.

35.  Manu, xii. 9: ‘çarîrajaih karmmadoshaih yâti sthâvaratâm narah’—‘for crimes done in the body, the man goes to the inert (motionless) state;’ xii. 42, ‘sthâvarâh krimakîtâçcha matsyâh sarpâh sakachhapâh paçavaçcha mrigaschaiva jaghanyâ tâmasî gatih’—‘inert (motionless) things, worms and insects, fish, serpents, tortoises and beasts and deer also are the last dark form.’

36.  Köppen, ‘Religion des Buddha,’ vol. i. pp. 35, 289, &c., 318; Barthélemy Saint-Hilaire, ‘Le Bouddha et sa Religion,’ p. 122; Hardy, ‘Manual of Budhism,’ pp. 98, &c., 180, 318, 445, &c.

37.  Herod. ii. 123, see Rawlinson’s Tr.; Plutarch. De Iside 31, 72; Wilkinson, ‘Ancient Eg.’ vol. ii. ch. xvi.

38.  Plat. Phædo, Timæus, Phædrus, Repub.; Diog. Laert. Empedokles xii.; Pindar. Olymp. ii. antistr. 4; Ovid. Metam. xv. 160; Lucian. Somn. 17, &c. Philostr. Vit. Apollon. Tyan. See also Meyer’s Conversations-Lexicon, art. ‘Seelenwanderung.’ For re-birth in old Scandinavia, see Helgakvidha, iii., in ‘Edda.’

39.  Eisenmenger, part ii. p. 23, &c.

40.  Beausobre, ‘Hist. de Manichée,’ &c., vol. i. pp. 245-6, vol. ii. pp. 496-9; G. Flügel, ‘Mani.’ See Augustin. Contra Faust.; De Hæres.; De Quantitate Animæ.

41.  Gul. de Rubruquis in ‘Rec. des Voy. Soc. de Géographie de Paris,’ vol. iv. p. 356. Benjamin of Tudela, ed. and tr. by Asher, Hebrew 22, Eng. p. 62. Niebuhr, ‘Reisebeschr. nach Arabien,’ &c., vol. ii. pp. 438-443; Meiners, vol. ii. p. 796.

42.  St. Clair and Brophy, ‘Bulgaria,’ p. 57. Compare the tenets of the Russian sect of Dukhobortzi, in Haxthausen, ‘Russian Empire,’ vol. i. p. 288, &c.

43.  Since the first publication of the above remark, M. Louis Figuier has supplied a perfect modern instance by his book, entitled ‘Le Lendemain de la Mort,’ translated into English as ‘The Day after Death: Our Future Life according to Science.’ His attempt to revive the ancient belief, and to connect it with the evolution-theory of modern naturalists, is carried out with more than Buddhist elaborateness. Body is the habitat of soul, which goes out when a man dies, as one forsakes a burning house. In the course of development, a soul may migrate through bodies stage after stage, zoophyte and oyster, grasshopper and eagle, crocodile and dog, till it arrives at man, thence ascending to become one of the superhuman beings or angels who dwell in the planetary ether, and thence to a still higher state, the secret of whose nature M. Figuier does not endeavour to penetrate, ‘because our means of investigation fail at this point.’ The ultimate destiny of the more glorified being is the Sun; the pure spirits who form its mass of burning gases, pour out germs and life to start the course of planetary existence. (Note to 2nd edition.)

44.  Swedenborg, ‘The True Christian Religion,’ 13. Compare the notion attributed to the followers of Basilides the Gnostic, of men whose souls are affected by spirits or dispositions as of wolf, ape, lion, or bear, wherefore their souls bear the properties of these, and imitate their deeds (Clem. Alex. Stromat. ii. c. 20).

45.  See J. G. Müller, ‘Amer. Urrel.’ p. 208 (Caribs); but compare Rochefort, p. 429. Steller, ‘Kamtschatka,’ p. 269, Castrén, ‘Finnische Mythologie,’ p. 119.

46.  For Egyptian evidence see the funeral papyri and translations of the ‘Book of the Dead.’ Compare Brinton, ‘Myths of New World,’ p. 254, &c.

47.  Aryan evidence in ‘Rig-Veda,’ x. 14, 8; xi. 1, 8; Manu, xii. 16-22; Max Müller, ‘Todtenbestattung,’ pp. xii. xiv.; ‘Chips,’ vol. i. p. 47; Muir in ‘Journ. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. i. 1865, p. 306; Spiegel, ‘Avesta’; Haug, ‘Essays on the Parsis.’

48.  Origen, De Princip. ii. 3, 2: ‘materiæ corporalis, cujus materiæ anima usum semper habet, in qualibet qualitate positæ, nunc quidem carnali, postmodum vero subtiliori et puriori, quæ spiritalis appellatur.’

49.  Burton, ‘Central Africa,’ vol. ii. p. 345.

50.  Callaway, ‘Rel. of Amazulu,’ p. 84.

51.  Kaufmann, ‘Schilderungen aus Centralafrika,’ p. 124; G. Lejean in ‘Rev. des Deux Mondes,’ Apr. 1, 1860, p. 760; see Brun-Rollet, ‘Nil Blanc,’ pp. 100, 234. A dialogue by the missionary Beltrame (1859-60), in Mitterutzner, ‘Dinka-Sprache,’ p. 57, ascribes to the Dinkas ideas of heaven and hell, which, however, show Christian influence.

52.  Mariner, ‘Tonga Is.’ vol. ii. p. 136; John Smith, ‘Descr. of Virginia,’ 33; Oviedo, ‘Nicaragua,’ p. 50. The reference to the Laos in Meiners, vol. ii. p. 760, is worthless.

53.  Cranz, ‘Grönland,’ p. 259.

54.  Williams, ‘Fiji,’ vol. i. p. 244. See ‘Journ. Ind. Archip.’ vol. iii. p. 113 (Dayaks). Compare wasting and death of souls in depths of Hades, Taylor, ‘New Zealand,’ p. 232.

55.  Bosman, ‘Guinea’ in Pinkerton, vol. xvi. p. 401. See also Waitz, ‘Anthropologie,’ vol. ii. p. 191 (W. Afr.); Callaway, ‘Rel. of Amazulu,’ p. 355.

56.  Cavazzi, ‘Congo, Matamba, et Angola,’ lib. i. p. 270. See also Liebrecht in ‘Zeitschr. für Ethnologie,’ vol. v. p. 96 (Tartary, Scandinavia, Greece).

57.  Schoolcraft, ‘Indian Tribes,’ part i. p. 310; Bastian, ‘Psychologie,’ pp. 111, 193; Doolittle, ‘Chinese,’ vol. i. p. 235.

58.  Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. ii. p. 323.

59.  Kolben, p. 579.

60.  Billings, p. 125.

61.  Bastian, ‘Oestl. Asien.’ vol. i. p. 145; Cross, l.c., p. 311. For other cases of desertion of dwellings after a death, possibly for the same motive, see Bourien, ‘Tribes of Malay Pen.’ in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. iii. p. 82; Polack, ‘M. of New Zealanders,’ vol. i. pp. 204, 216; Steiler, ‘Kamtschatka,’ p. 271. But the Todas say that the buffaloes slaughtered and the hut burnt at the funeral are transferred to the spirit of the deceased in the next world; Shortt in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. vii. p. 247. See Waitz, vol. iii. p. 199.

62.  Egede, ‘Greenland,’ p. 152; Cranz, p. 300.

63.  Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. ii. p. 323; see pp. 329, 363.

64.  Bowring, ‘Siam,’ vol. i. p. 122; Bastian, ‘Oestl. Asien.’ vol. iii. p. 258.

65.  Castrén, ‘Finn. Myth.’ p. 120.

66.  Wuttke, ‘Volksaberglaube,’ pp. 213-17. Other cases of taking out the dead by a gap made on purpose: Arbousset and Daumas, p. 502 (Bushmen); Magyar, p. 351 (Kimbunda); Moffat, p. 307 (Bechuanas); Waitz, vol. iii. p. 199 (Ojibwas);—their motive is probably that the ghost may not find its way back by the door.

67.  Oldfield in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. iii. pp. 228, 236, 245.

68.  Taylor, ‘New Zealand,’ p. 221; Schirren, p. 91; see Turner, ‘Polynesia,’ p. 233.

69.  Morgan, ‘League of Iroquois,’ p. 174.

70.  J. G. Müller, p. 286.

71.  Castrén, ‘Finn. Myth.’ p. 126.

72.  Cross in ‘Journ. Amer. Or. Soc.’ vol. iv. p. 309; Mason in ‘Journ. As. Soc. Bengal,’ 1865, part ii. p. 203. See also J. Anderson, ‘Exp. to W. Yunnan,’ pp. 126, 131 (Shans).

73.  Bastian, ‘Psychologie,’ pp. 51, 99-101.

74.  Lucian. De Luctu. See Pauly, ‘Real. Encyclop.’ and Smith, ‘Dic. of Gr. and Rom. Ant.’ s.v. ‘inferi.’

75.  Hanusch, ‘Slaw. Myth.’ p. 277.

76.  Calmet, vol. ii. ch. xxxvi.; Brand, vol. iii. p. 67.

77.  Charlevoix, ‘Nouvelle France,’ vol. vi. p. 75; Schoolcraft, ‘Indian Tribes,’ part i. pp. 39, 83; part iv. p. 65; Tanner’s ‘Narr.’ p. 293.

78.  Brebeuf in ‘Rel. des Jés.’ 1636, p. 104.

79.  Ellis, ‘Madagascar,’ vol. i. pp. 253, 364. See Taylor, ‘New Zealand,’ p. 220.

80.  Krapf, ‘E. Afr.’ p. 150.

81.  T. J. Hutchinson, p. 206.

82.  Cavazzi, ‘Congo, &c.’ lib. i. p. 264. So in ancient Greece, Lucian. Charon, 22.

83.  Hodgson, ‘Abor. of India,’ p. 180.

84.  ‘Journ. Ind. Archip.’ vol. ii. p. 235.

85.  Tickell in ‘Journ. As. Soc. Bengal,’ vol. ix. p. 795; Dalton, ibid. 1866, part ii. p. 153, &c.; and in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. vi. p. 1, &c.; Latham, ‘Descr. Eth.’ vol. ii. p. 415, &c.

86.  Bastian, ‘Psychologie,’ p. 62; Castrén, ‘Finn. Myth.’ p. 121.

87.  Doolittle, ‘Chinese,’ vol. i. p. 173, &c.; vol. ii. p. 91, &c.; Meiners, vol. i. p. 306.

88.  Wilkinson, ‘Ancient Eg.’ vol. ii. p. 362; Lucian. De Luctu, 21.

89.  Manu, iii.; Colebrooke, ‘Essays,’ vol. i. p. 161, &c.; Pictet, ‘Origines Indo-Europ.’ part ii. p. 600; Ward, ‘Hindoos,’ vol. ii. p. 332.

90.  Pauly, ‘Real-Encyclop.’ s.v. ‘funus.’; Smith’s ‘Dic.’ s.v. ‘funus.’ See Meiners, vol. i. pp. 305-19.

91.  Augustin. contra Faustum, xx. 4; De Civ. Dei, viii. 27; conf. vi. 2. See Beausobre, vol. ii. pp. 633, 685; Bingham, xx. c. 7.

92.  Saint-Foix, ‘Essais Historiques sur Paris,’ in ‘Œuvres,’ vol. iv. p. 147, &c.

93.  Lady Herbert, ‘Impressions of Spain,’ p. 8.

94.  H. C. Romanoff, ‘Rites and Customs of Greco-Russian Church,’ p. 249; Ralston, ‘Songs of the Russian People,’ pp. 135, 320; St. Clair and Brophy, ‘Bulgaria,’ p. 77; Brand, ‘Pop. Ant.’ vol. i. p. 115.

95.  Beside the accounts of annual festivals of the dead cited here, see the following:—Santos, ‘Ethiopia,’ in Pinkerton, vol. xvi. p. 685 (Sept.); Brasseur, ‘Mexique,’ vol. iii. pp. 23, 522, 528 (Aug., Oct., Nov.); Rivero and Tschudi, ‘Peru,’ p. 134 (Peruvian feast dated as Nov. 2 in coincidence with All Souls’, but this reckoning is vitiated by confusion of seasons of N. and S. hemisphere, see J. G. Müller, p. 389; moreover, the Peruvian feast may have been originally held at a different date, and transferred, as happened elsewhere, to the ‘Spanish All Souls’); Doolittle, ‘Chinese,’ vol. ii. pp. 44, 62 (esp. Apr.); Caron, ‘Japan,’ in Pinkerton, vol. vii. p. 629 (Aug.).

96.  Mason, ‘Karens,’ l. c. p. 238.

97.  Hodgson, ‘Abor. of India,’ p. 147.

98.  Munzinger, ‘Ostafr. Stud.’ p. 473.

99.  Waitz, vol. ii. p. 194.

100.  G. D’Alaux in ‘Rev. des Deux Mondes,’ May 15, 1852, p. 76.

101.  Ovid. Fast. ii. 533; v. 420.

102.  Spiegel, ‘Avesta,’ vol. ii. p. ci.; Alger, p. 137.

103.  Hanusch, ‘Slaw. Myth.’ pp. 374, 408; St. Clair and Brophy, ‘Bulgaria,’ p. 77; Romanoff, ‘Greco-Roman Church,’ p. 255.

104.  Petrus Damianus, ‘Vita S. Odilonis,’ in the Bollandist ‘Acta Sanctorum,’ Jan. 1, has the quaint legend attached to the new ordinance. An island hermit dwelt near a volcano, where souls of the wicked were tormented in the flames. The holy man heard the officiating demons lament that their daily task of new torture was interfered with by the prayers and alms of devout persons leagued against them to save souls, and especially they complained of the Monks of Cluny. Thereupon the hermit sent a message to Abbot Odilo, who carried out the work to the efficacy of which he had received such perfect spiritual testimony, by decreeing that November 2, the day after All Saints’, should be set apart for services for the departed.