Primitive Culture, Vol. 2 of 2

105. Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. ii. p. 336. Meiners, vol. i. p. 316; vol. ii. p. 290. Wuttke, ‘Deutsche Volksaberglaube,’ p. 216. Cortet, ‘Fêtes Religieuses,’ p. 233; ‘Westminster Rev.’ Jan. 1860; Hersart de la Villemarqué, ‘Chants de la Bretagne,’ vol. ii. p. 307.

106. Le Jeune in ‘Rel. des Jés.’ 1634, p. 16; Waitz, vol. iii. p. 195.

107. Cavazzi, ‘Congo,’ &c., book i. 265.

108. Grimm, ‘D. M.’ p. 865, but not so in the account of the Feast of the Dead in Boecler, ‘Ehsten Abergl. Gebr.’ (ed. Kreutzwald), p. 89. Compare Martius, ‘Ethnog. Amer.’ vol. i. p. 345 (Gês). The following passage from a spiritualist journal, ‘The Medium,’ Feb. 9, 1872, shows this primitive notion curiously surviving in modern England. ‘Every time we sat at dinner, we had not only spirit-voices calling to us, but spirit-hands touching us; and last evening, as it was his farewell, they gave us a special manifestation, unasked for and unlooked for. He sitting at the right hand of me, a vacant chair opposite to him began moving, and, in answer to whether it would have some dinner, said “Yes.” I then asked it to select what it would take, when it chose croquets des pommes de terre (a French way of dressing potatoes, about three inches long and two wide. I will send you one that you may see it). I was desired to put this on the chair, either in a tablespoon or on a plate. I placed it in a tablespoon, thinking that probably the plate might be broken. In a few seconds I was told that it was eaten, and looking, found the half of it gone, with the marks showing the teeth.’ (Note to 2nd ed.)

109. Taylor, ‘New Zealand,’ p. 220, see 104.

110. Brasseur, ‘Mexique,’ vol. iii. p. 24.

111. Colebrooke, ‘Essays,’ vol. i. p. 163, &c.; Manu. iii.

112. Hanusch, ‘Slaw. Myth.’ p. 408; Hartknoch, ‘Preussen,’ part i. p. 187.

113. Doolittle, ‘Chinese,’ vol. ii. pp. 33, 48; Meiners, vol. i. p. 318.

114. Borri, ‘Relatione della Nuova Missione della Comp. di Giesu,’ Rome, 1631, p. 208; and in Pinkerton, vol. ix. p. 822, &c.

115. Grout, ‘Zulu Land,’ p. 140; see Callaway, ‘Rel. of Amazulu,’ p. 11.

116. Caron, ‘Japan,’ vol. vii. p. 629; see Turpin, ‘Siam,’ ibid. vol. ix. p. 590.

117. Ovid. Fast. ii. 533.

118. Legge, ‘Confucius,’ pp. 101-2, 130; Bunsen, ‘God in History,’ p. 271.

119. Brand, ‘Pop. Ant.’ vol. i. p. 392, vol. ii. p. 289.

120. Williams, ‘Fiji,’ vol. i. p. 239; Seemann, ‘Viti,’ p. 398.

121. Arbousset and Daumas, p. 347; Casalis, p. 247.

122. Brasseur, ‘Mexique,’ vol. iii. p. 20, &c.

123. See ‘The Buke of John Mandeuill,’ 31, edited by Geo. F. Warner, published by the Roxburghe Club, 1889; Yule, ‘Cathay,’ Hakluyt Soc. (Note to 3rd ed.)

124. Wuttke, ‘Volksaberglaube,’ p. 215. Other cases in Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. ii. pp. 58, 369, &c.

125. Schoolcraft, ‘Algic Res.’ vol. ii. pp. 32, 64, and see ante, vol. i. p. 312.

126. Steller, ‘Kamtschatka,’ p. 271; Klemm, ‘C. G.’ vol. ii. p. 312.

127. Kalewala, Rune xvi.; see Schiefner’s German Translation, and Castrén, ‘Finn. Myth.’ pp. 128, 134. A Slavonic myth in Hanusch, p. 412.

128. Homer. Odyss. xi. On the vivification of ghosts by sacrifice of blood, and on libations of milk and blood, see Meiners, vol. i. p. 315, vol. ii. p. 89; J. G. Müller, p. 85; Rochholz, ‘Deutscher Glaube und Brauch,’ vol. i. p. 1, &c.

129. See for example, various details in Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. ii. pp. 369-75, &c.

130. See vol. i. p. 481; also below, p. 52, note. Tanner’s ‘Narr.’ p. 290; Schoolcraft, ‘Indian Tribes,’ part iii. p. 233; Keating, vol. ii. p. 154; Loskiel, part i. p. 35; Smith, ‘Virginia,’ in Pinkerton, vol. xiii. p. 14. See Cranz, ‘Grönland,’ p. 269.

131. Callaway, ‘Zulu Tales,’ vol. i. pp. 316-20.

132. Shortland, ‘Traditions of New Zealand,’ p. 150; R. Taylor, ‘New Zealand,’ p. 423. The idea, of which the classic representative belongs to the myth of Persephone, that the living who tastes the food of the dead may not return, and which is so clearly stated in this Maori story, appears again among the Sioux of North America. Ahak-tah (‘Male Elk’) seems to die, but after two days comes down from the funeral-scaffold where his body had been laid, and tells his tale. His soul had travelled by the path of braves through the beautiful land of great trees and gay loud-singing birds, till he reached the river, and saw the homes of the spirits of his forefathers on the shore beyond. Swimming across, he entered the nearest house, where he found his uncle sitting in a corner. Very hungry, he noticed some wild rice in a bark dish. ‘I asked my uncle for some rice to eat, but he did not give it to me. Had I eaten of the food for spirits, I never should have returned to earth.’ Eastman, ‘Dacotah,’ p. 177.

133. Castrén, ‘Finn. Myth.’ p. 139, &c.

134. Bosman, ‘Guinea,’ Letter 19, in Pinkerton, vol. xvi. p. 501; Burton, ‘Dahome,’ vol. ii. p. 158. For modern visits to hell and heaven by Christianized negro visionaries in America, see Macrae, ‘Americans at Home,’ vol. ii. p. 91.

135. Lucian. Philopseudes, c. 17-28.

136. Plutarch. De Sera Numinis Vindicta, xxii.; and in Euseb. Præp. Evang. xi. 36.

137. Ward, ‘Hindoos,’ vol. ii. p. 63.

138. Gregor. Dial. iv. 36. See Calmet, vol. ii. ch. 49.

139. Augustin. Epist. clxiv. 2.

140. See Pearson, ‘Exposition of the Creed;’ Bingham, ‘Ant. Ch. Ch.’ book x. ch. iii. Art. iii. of the Church of England was reduced to its present state by Archbp. Parker’s revision.

141. Codex Apocr. N. T. Evang. Nicod. ed. Giles. ‘Apocryphal Gospels,’ &c. tr. by A. Walker; ‘Gospel of Nicodemus.’ The Greek and Latin texts differ much.

142. The following details mostly from T. Wright, ‘St. Patrick’s Purgatory’ (an elaborate critical dissertation on the mediæval legends of visits to the other world).

143. St. John, ‘Far East,’ vol. i. p. 278. Rigg. in ‘Journ. Ind. Archip.’ vol. iv. p. 119. See also Ellis, ‘Polyn. Res.’ vol. i. p. 397; Bastian, ‘Oestl. Asien,’ vol. i. p. 83; Irving, ‘Astoria,’ p. 142.

144. Molina, ‘Chili,’ vol. ii. p. 89.

145. Brasseur, ‘Mexique,’ vol. iii. p. 496; Sahagun, iii. App. c. 2, x. c. 29; Clavigero, vol. ii. p. 5.

146. See Wright, l.c. &c.; Alger, p. 391; &c.

147. ‘History of Colon,’ ch. 61; Pet. Martyr. Dec. i. lib. ix.; Irving, ‘Life of Columbus,’ vol. ii. p. 121.

148. Stanbridge in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. i. p. 299; G. F. Moore, ‘Vocab. W. Austr.’ p. 83; Bonwick, ‘Tasmanians,’ p. 181.

149. Schoolcraft, ‘Indian Tribes,’ part i. p. 321; see part iii. p. 229.

150. Mariner, ‘Tonga Is.’ vol. ii. p. 107. See also Burton, ‘W. and W. fr. W. Africa,’ p. 154 (Gold Coast).

151. Hesiod. Opera et Dies, Pindar, Olymp. ii. antistr. 4. Callistrat. Hymn. in Ilgen, Scolia Græca, 10. Strabo, iii. 2, 13; Plin. iv. 36.

153. Procop. De Bello Goth. iv. 20; Plut. Fragm. Comm. in Hesiod. 2; Grimm, ‘D. M.’ p. 793; Hersart de Villemarqué, vol. i. p. 136; Souvestre, ‘Derniers Bretons,’ p. 37; Jas. Macpherson, ‘Introd. to Hist. of Great Britain and Ireland,’ 2nd ed. London, 1772, p. 180; Wright, ‘St. Patrick’s Purgatory,’ pp. 64, 129.

154. Steller, ‘Kamtschatka,’ p. 269.

155. Harmon, ‘Journal,’ p. 299; see Lewis and Clarke, p. 139 (Mandans).

156. J. G. Müller, ‘Amer. Urrelig.’ pp. 140, 287; see Humboldt and Bonpland, ‘Voy.’ vol. iii. p. 132; Falkner, ‘Patagonia,’ p. 114.

157. Taylor, ‘New Zealand,’ p. 232; Turner, ‘Polynesia,’ p. 235.

158. Callaway, ‘Zulu Tales,’ vol. i. p. 317, &c.; Arbousset and Daumas, p. 474. See also Burton, ‘Dahome,’ vol. ii. p. 157.

159. Mason, ‘Karens,’ l.c. p. 195; Cross, l.c. p. 313. Turanian examples in Castrén, ‘Finn. Myth.’ p. 119.

160. See below, pp. 79, 85.

161. Festus, s.v. ‘manalis,’ &c.

162. Sophocl. Œdip. Tyrann. 178; Lucian. De Luctu, 2. See classic details in Pauly, ‘Real-Encyclop.’ art. ‘inferi.’

163. Birch in Bunsen’s ‘Egypt,’ vol. v.; Wilkinson, ‘Ancient Eg.’ vol. ii. p. 368; Alger, p. 101.

164. Smith, ‘History of Virginia,’ in ‘Works’ ed. by Arber; Pinkerton, vol. xiii. pp. 14, 41; vol. xii. p. 604; see below, p. 95.

165. Thorpe, ‘Analecta Anglo-Saxonica,’ p. 115.

166. Schirren, p. 151. See Taylor, ‘N. Z.’ p. 525.

167. Meiners, vol. ii. p. 781; Maury, ‘Magie,’ &c. p. 170.

168. Oviedo, ‘Nicaragua,’ p. 160; Brinton, p. 288.

169. J. G. Müller, ‘Amer. Urrel.’ p. 138, see also 220 (Caribs), 402 (Peru), 505, 660 (Mexico); Brinton, ‘Myths of New World,’ p. 233; Taylor, ‘Physical Theory,’ ch. xvi.; Alger, ‘Future Life,’ p. 590; see also above, p. 16, note.

170. Humboldt and Bonpland, ‘Voy.’ vol. v. p. 90; Martius, ‘Ethnog. Amer.’ vol. i. p. 233; Turner, ‘Polynesia,’ p. 531; Plutarch. De Facie in Orbe Lunæ; Bastian, ‘Psychologie,’ pp. 80, 89 (souls in stars).

171. See Schoolcraft, ‘Indian Tribes,’ part i. pp. 269, 311; Smith, ‘Virginia,’ in Pinkerton, vol. xiii. p. 54; Waitz, vol. iii. p. 223; Squier, ‘Abor. Mon. of N. Y.’ p. 156; Catlin, ‘N. A. Ind.’ vol. i. p. 180.

172. Mariner, ‘Tonga Is.’ vol. ii. p. 134; Turner, ‘Polynesia,’ p. 103; Taylor, ‘New Zealand,’ pp. 101, 114, 256.

173. Callaway, ‘Rel. of Amazulu,’ p. 393; Burton, ‘W. and W. fr. W. Afr.’ p. 454; Castrén, ‘Finn. Myth.’ p. 295.

174. Herodot. iv. 158, see 185, and Rawlinson’s note. See Smith’s ‘Dic. of the Bible,’ s.v. ‘firmament.’ Eisenmenger, part i. p. 408.

175. Eyre, ‘Australia,’ vol. ii. p. 367.

176. Schoolcraft, ‘Indian Tribes,’ part iv. p. 240 (but compare part v. p. 403); Morgan, ‘Iroquois,’ p. 176; Sproat, ‘Savage Life,’ p. 209.

177. D’Orbigny, ‘L’Homme Américain,’ vol. ii. pp. 319, 328; see Martius, vol. i. p. 485 (Jumanas).

178. J. G. Müller, p. 403; Brasseur, ‘Mexique,’ vol. iii. p. 496; Kingsborough, ‘Mexico,’ Cod. Letellier, fol. 20.

179. Max Müller, ‘Chips,’ vol. i. p. 46; Roth in ‘Zeitschr. d. Deutsch. Morgenl. Ges.’ vol. iv. p. 427.

180. Cross, ‘Karens,’ l.c. pp. 309, 313; Le Jeune in ‘Rel. des Jés.’ 1634, p. 16; Steller, ‘Kamtschatka,’ p. 272; Callaway, ‘Zulu Tales,’ vol. i. p. 316; Klemm, ‘Cultur-Gesch.’ vol. ii. pp. 310, 315; J. G. Müller, ‘Amer. Urrel.’ pp. 139, 286.

181. Bastian, ‘Psychologie,’ p. 224; Schoolcraft, ‘Indian Tribes,’ part ii. p. 135.

182. D’Orbigny, ‘L’Homme Américain,’ vol. i. p. 364; Spix and Martius, ‘Brasilien,’ vol. i. p. 383; De Laet, Novus Orbis, xv. 2.

183. Cranz, ‘Grönland,’ p. 258.

184. Magyar, ‘Süd-Afrika,’ p. 336.

185. Edda: ‘Gylfaginning.’

186. ‘Koran,’ ch. lv. lvi.

187. Eisenmenger, ‘Entdecktes Judenthum,’ part i. p. 7.

188. Hardy, ‘Manual of Budhism,’ pp. 5, 24; Köppen, ‘Rel. des Buddha,’ vol. i. p. 235, &c.

189. Brebeuf in ‘Rel. des Jés.’ 1636, p. 105.

190. Sahagun, ‘Hist. de Nueva España,’ book iii. appendix ch. i., in Kingsborough, vol. vii.; Brasseur, vol. iii. p. 571.

191. Casalis, ‘Basutos,’ pp. 247, 254.

192. Burton, ‘Dahome,’ vol. ii. p. 156; ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. iii. p. 403; ‘Wit and Wisdom from W. Afr.’ pp. 280, 449; see J. G. Müller, p. 140.

193. Castrén, ‘Finn. Myth.’ p. 126, &c.; Kalewala, Rune xv. xvi. xlv. &c.; Meiners, vol. ii. p. 780.

194. Homer. Il. ix. 405; Odyss. xi. 218, 475; Virg. Æn. vi. 243, &c., &c.

195. Gen. xxxv. 29; xxv. 8; xxxvii. 35; Job xi. 8; Amos ix. 2; Psalm lxxxix. 48; Ezek. xxxi., xxxii.; Isaiah xiv. 9, xxxviii. 10-18; 1 Sam., xxviii. 15; Eccles. ix. 10. ‘Records of the Past,’ vol. i. pp. 141-9; Sayce ‘Lectures on Hist. of Rel.’ part ii.; Alger, ‘Critical History of the Doctrine of a Future Life,’ ch. viii.

196. The doctrine of reversal, as in Kamchatka, where rich and poor will change places in the other world (Steller, pp. 269-72), is too exceptional in the lower culture to be generalized. See Steinhauser, ‘Rel. des Negers,’ l. c., p. 135. A Wolof proverb is ‘The more powerful one is in this world, the more servile one will be in the next.’ (Burton, ‘Wit and Wisdom,’ p. 28.)

197. Ellis, ‘Polyn. Res.’ vol. i. pp. 245, 397; see also Turner, ‘Polynesia,’ p. 237 (Samoans); Mariner, ‘Tonga Is.’ vol. ii. p. 105.

198. Sproat, ‘Savage Life,’ p. 209.

199. ‘Rec. des Voy. au Nord,’ vol. v. p. 23 (Natchez); Garcilaso de la Vega, ‘Commentarios Reales,’ lib. i. c. 23, tr. by C. R. Markham; Prescott, ‘Peru,’ vol. i. pp. 29, 83; J. G. Müller, p. 402, &c.