Primitive Culture, Vol. 2 of 2

310. Steinhauser, l.c. p. 141. See also Steere, ‘East Afr. Tribes,’ in ‘Journ. Anthrop. Soc.’ vol. i. p. cxlviii.

311. Burton, ‘Central Africa,’ vol. ii. p. 352. See ‘Sindh,’ p. 177.

312. Bastian, ‘Oestl. Asien,’ vol. iii. p. 275.

313. ‘Early Hist. of Mankind,’ ch. x. See Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. ii. p. 116, &c.

314. Plin. xxx. 14, 20. Cardan, ‘De Var. Rerum,’ cap. xliii.

315. Ward, ‘Hindoos,’ vol. i. p. 134, vol. ii. p. 247.

316. Doolittle, ‘Chinese,’ vol. i. p. 122.

317. Grimm, ‘D. M.’ pp. 1118-23; Wuttke, ‘Volksaberglaube,’ pp. 155-70; Brand, ‘Pop. Ant.’ vol. ii. p. 375, vol. iii. p. 286; Halliwell, ‘Pop. Rhymes,’ p. 208; R. Hunt, ‘Pop. Romances,’ 2nd Series, p. 211; Hylten-Cavallius, ‘Wärend och Wirdarne,’ vol. i. p. 173. It is said, however, that rags fastened on trees by Gypsies, which passers-by avoid with horror as having diseases thus banned into them, are only signs left for the information of fellow vagrants; Liebich, ‘Die Zigeuner,’ p. 96.

318. Catlin, ‘N. A. Indians,’ vol. i. p. 90.

319. J. L. Wilson, ‘W. Africa,’ p. 394.

320. Meiners, ‘Gesch. der Rel.’ vol. i. p. 305; J. G. Müller, p. 209.

321. Mason, Karens, l.c. p. 231.

322. Meiners, vol. ii. pp. 721-3.

323. Rochefort, ‘Iles Antilles,’ p. 418. See Martius, ‘Ethnog. Amer.’ vol. i. p. 485 (Yumanas swallow ashes of deceased with liquor, that he may live again in them).

324. Hunter, ‘Rural Bengal,’ p. 210. See Bastian, ‘Psychologie,’ p. 73; J. G. Müller, ‘Amer. Urrel.’ pp. 209, 262, 289, 401, 419.

325. Darwin, ‘Journal,’ p. 458.

326. Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. ii. p. 320.

327. ‘Report of Jubbulpore Ethnological Committee,’ Nagpore, 1868, part i. p. 5.

328. Doolittle, ‘Chinese,’ vol. i. pp. 151, 207, 214, vol. ii. p. 401; see Plath, ‘Religion der alten Chinesen,’ part i. p. 59, part ii. p. 101.

329. Castrén, ‘Finn. Myth.’ p. 187; Dasent, ‘Norse Tales,’ p. 69; Lane, ‘Thousand and One Nights,’ vol. iii. p. 316; Grimm, ‘D. M.’ p. 1033. See also Bastian, ‘Psychologie,’ p. 213. Eisenmenger, ‘Judenthum,’ part ii. p. 39.

330. Brand, ‘Pop. Ant.’ vol. iii. p. 72.

331. Herrera, ‘Hist. de las Indias Occidentales,’ Dec. i. ix. 3.

332. Lery, Brésil, p. 249; J. G. Müller, pp. 210, 262.

333. Schoolcraft, ‘Indian Tribes’; Waitz, vol. iii.; Catlin, ‘N. A. Ind.’ vol. i. p. 36; Keating, ‘Narrative,’ vol. i. p. 421; J. G. Müller, p. 74, &c. See Cranz, ‘Grönland,’ p. 274.

334. Castrén, ‘Finn. Myth.’ pp. 162, 221, 230; Meiners, vol. i. p. 170.

335. Bell, in Pinkerton, vol. vii. p. 357.

336. H. Rowley, ‘Universities’ Mission to Central Africa,’ p. 217.

337. Waitz, ‘Anthropologie,’ vol. ii. p. 174; Römer, ‘Guinea,’ p. 56, &c.; J. L. Wilson, ‘West Africa,’ pp. 135, 211-6, 275, 338; Burton, ‘Wit and Wisdom from W. Afr.’ pp. 174, 455; Steinhauser, l.c. p. 134; Bosman, ‘Guinea,’ in Pinkerton, vol. xvi. p. 397; Meiners, ‘Gesch. der Relig.’ vol. i. p. 173. See also Ellis, ‘Madagascar,’ vol. i. p. 396; Flacourt, ‘Madag.’ p. 191.

338. Brand, ‘Popular Antiquities,’ vol. iii. p. 255, &c. Bastian, ‘Psychologie,’ p. 171. Wuttke, ‘Deutsche Volksaberglaube,’ pp. 75-95, 225, &c. St. Clair and Brophy, ‘Bulgaria,’ p. 46.

339. Berkeley, ‘Concerning Motion,’ in ‘Works,’ vol. ii. p. 86.

340. Schoolcraft, ‘Indian Tribes,’ part ii. p. 196, part iii. p. 229.

341. Herrera, ‘Indias Occidentales,’ dec. i. iii. 3.

342. De Laet, Novus Orbis, xv. 2.

343. Garcilaso de la Vega, ‘Commentarios Reales,’ i. 9; J. G. Müller, pp. 263, 311, 371, 387; Waitz, vol. iv. p. 454; see below, p. 175.

344. Hahn, ‘Gramm. des Hereró,’ s.v. ‘omu-makisina.’

345. Kaufmann, ‘Central-Afrika,’ (White Nile), p. 131.

346. Waitz, vol. ii. pp. 518, 523.

347. Zollinger in ‘Journ. Ind. Archip.’ vol. ii. p. 692.

348. Ellis, ‘Polyn. Res.’ vol. i. p. 337. See also Ellis, ‘Madagascar,’ vol. i. p. 399.

349. Turner, ‘Polynesia,’ pp. 347, 526.

350. Williams, ‘Fiji,’ vol. i. p. 220; Seemann, ‘Viti,’ pp. 66, 89.

351. Castrén, ‘Finn. Myth.’ p. 193, &c., 204, &c.; ‘Voyages au Nord,’ vol. viii. pp. 103, 410; Klemm, ‘C. G.’ vol. iii. p. 120. See also Steller, ‘Kamtschatka,’ pp. 265, 276.

352. Hodgson, ‘Abor. of India,’ p. 174. See also Macrae in ‘As. Res.’ vol. vii. p. 196; Dalton, ‘Kols,’ in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. vi. p. 33.

353. Macpherson, ‘India,’ pp. 103, 358.

354. Bastian, ‘Psychologie,’ p. 177. See also Shortt, ‘Tribes of Neilgherries,’ in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. vii. p. 281.

355. Elliot in ‘Journ. Eth. Soc.’ vol. i. 1869, p. 115.

356. Buchanan, ‘Mysore,’ in Pinkerton, vol. vii. p. 739.

357. Elliot in ‘Journ. Eth. Soc.’ vol. i. pp. 96, 115, 125. Lubbock, ‘Origin of Civilization,’ p. 222. Forbes Leslie, ‘Early Races of Scotland,’ vol. ii. p. 462, &c. Prof. Liebrecht, in ‘Ztschr. für Ethnologie,’ vol. v. p. 100, compares the field-protecting Priapos-hermes of ancient Italy, daubed with minium.

358. Ward, ‘Hindoos,’ vol. ii. pp. 142, 182, &c., see 221. See also Latham, ‘Descr. Eth.’ vol. ii. p. 239. (Siah-push, stone offered to the representative of deity.)

359. Grote, ‘Hist. of Greece,’ vol. iv. p. 132; Welcker, ‘Griechische Götterlehre,’ vol. i. p. 220. Meiners, vol. i. p. 150, &c. Details esp. in Pausanias; Theophrast. Charact. xvi.; Tacit. Hist. ii. 3; Arnobius, Adv. Gent.; Tertullianus; Clemens Alexandr.

360. Is. lvii. 6. The first line, ‘behhalkey-nahhal hhêlkech,’ turns on the pun on hhlk = smooth (stone), and also lot or portion; a double sense probably connected with the use of smooth pebbles for casting lots.

361. Sprenger, ‘Mohammad,’ vol. ii. p. 7, &c. Burton, ‘El Medinah,’ &c., vol. ii. p. 157.

362. Euseb. Præp. Evang. i. 10. Deut. xii. 3; Micah v. 13, &c. Movers, ‘Phönizier,’ vol. i. pp. 105, 569, and see index, ‘Säule,’ &c. See De Brosses, ‘Dieux Fétiches,’ p. 135 (considers bætyl = beth-el, &c.).

363. For references see Ducange s.v. ‘petra’; Leslie, ‘Early Races of Scotland,’ vol. i. p. 256.

364. Nilsson, ‘Primitive Inhabitants of Scandinavia,’ p. 241. See also Meiners, vol. ii. p. 671 (speaking stones in Norway, &c.).

365. Earl of Roden, ‘Progress of Reformation in Ireland,’ London, 1851, p. 51. Sir J. E. Tennent in ‘Notes and Queries,’ Feb. 7, 1852. See Borlase, ‘Antiquities of Cornwall,’ Oxford, 1754, book iii. ch. 2.

366. ‘Early Hist. of Mankind,’ chap. vi.

367. For general collections of evidence, see especially Meiners, ‘Geschichte der Religionen,’ vol. i. books i. and v.; Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. ii.; Waitz, ‘Anthropologie;’ De Brosses, ‘Dieux Fétiches,’ &c. Particular details in J. L. Wilson, ‘W. Afr.’ p. 393; Ellis, ‘Madagascar,’ vol. i. p. 395; Castrén, ‘Finnische Mythologie,’ p. 193, &c.; Ward, ‘Hindoos,’ vol. ii.; Köppen, ‘Rel. des Buddha,’ vol. i. p. 493, &c.; Grote, ‘Hist, of Greece.’

368. J. G. Müller, ‘Amer. Urrelig.’ p. 263; Meiners, vol. i. p. 163.

369. Loskiel, ‘Ind. of N. A.’ vol. i. p. 39; Smith, ‘Virginia,’ in Pinkerton, vol. xiii. p. 14; Waitz, vol. iii. p. 203; J. G. Müller, pp. 95-8, 128.

370. Fernando Colombo, ‘Vita del Amm. Cristoforo Colombo,’ Venice, 1571, p. 127, &c.; and ‘Life of Colon,’ in Pinkerton, vol. xii. p. 84. Herrera, dec. i. iii. 3. Rochefort, ‘Iles Antilles,’ pp. 421-4. Waitz, vol. iii. p. 384; J. G. Müller, pp. 171-6, 182, 210, 232.

371. Prescott, ‘Peru,’ vol. i. pp. 71, 89; Waitz, vol. iv. p. 458; J. G. Müller, pp. 322, 371.

372. Brasseur, ‘Mexique,’ vol. iii. p. 486; Waitz, vol. iv. p. 148; J. G. Müller, p. 642.

373. Shortland, ‘Trads. of N. Z.’ &c., p. 83; Taylor, pp. 171, 183, 212.

374. J. R. Forster, ‘Obs. during Voyage,’ London, 1778, p. 534, &c.; Ellis, ‘Polyn. Res.’ vol. i. p. 281, &c., 323, &c. See also Earl, ‘Papuans,’ p. 84; Bastian, ‘Psychologie,’ p. 78 (Nias).

375. St. John, ‘Far East,’ vol. i. p. 198.

376. Hutchinson in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. i. p. 336; see Bastian, ‘Psychologie,’ p. 172.

377. Steinhauser, in ‘Magaz. der Evang. Missionen,’ Basel, 1856, No. 2, p. 131.

378. Schlegel, ‘Ewe-Sprache,’ p. xvi.

379. Waitz, ‘Anthropologie,’ vol. ii. p. 183; Denham, ‘Travels,’ vol. i. p. 113; Römer, ‘Guinea’; Bosman, ‘Guinea,’ in Pinkerton, vol. xvi. See also Livingstone, ‘S. Afr.’ p. 282 (Balonda).

380. Castrén, ‘Finn. Myth.’ p. 193, &c.; Bastian, ‘Psych.’ p. 34, 208, ‘Oestl. Asien,’ vol. iii. pp. 293, 486. See ‘Journ. Ind. Archip.’ vol. ii. p. 350 (Chinese).

381. Max Müller, ‘Chips,’ vol. i. p. xvii.; Ward, ‘Hindoos,’ vol. i. p. 198, vol. ii. pp. xxxv, 164, 234, 292, 485.

382. Arnobius, Adversus Gentes, vi. 17-19.

383. Augustinus ‘De Civ. Dei,’ viii. 23: ‘at ille visibilia et contrectabilia simulacra, velut corpora deorum esse asserit; inesse autem his quosdam spiritus invitatos, &c.... Hos ergo spiritus invisibiles per artem quandam visibilibus rebus corporalis materiæ copulare, ut sint quasi animata corpora, illis spiritibus dicata et subdita simulacra, &c.’ See also Tertullianus De Spectaculis, xii.: ‘In mortuorum autem idolis dæmonia consistunt, &c.’

384. Marcus Minucius Felix, Octavius, cap. xxvii.: ‘Isti igitur impuri spiritus, dæmones, ut ostensum a magis, a philosophis, et a Platone sub statuis et imaginibus consecrati delitescunt, &c.’

385. Bastian, ‘Oestl. Asien,’ vol. ii. p. 455. See Spiegel, ‘Avesta,’ vol. ii. p. 54.

386. Porphyr. de Vita Pythagoræ. Oken, ‘Lehrbuch der Naturphilosophie,’ 2753.

387. Suidas, s.v. ἐγγαστρίμυθος; Isidor. Gloss. s.v. ‘præcantatores’; Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. ii. p. 578. Maury, ‘Magie,’ &c. p. 269. Doolittle, ‘Chinese,’ vol. ii. p. 115.

388. F. R. Nixon, ‘Cruise of the Beacon’; Bonwick, p. 182.

389. Oldfield in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. iii. p. 228.

390. Schoolcraft, ‘Algic Res.’ vol. i. p. 41. ‘Indian Tribes,’ vol. iii. p. 327. Waitz, vol. iii. p. 191. See also J. G. Müller, p. 175. (Antilles Islanders); Brasseur, ‘Mexique,’ vol. iii. p. 482.

391. Macpherson, ‘India,’ p. 90. See also Cross, ‘Karens,’ in ‘Journ. Amer. Or. Soc.’ vol. iv. p. 315; Williams, ‘Fiji,’ vol. i. p. 239.

392. Castrén, ‘Finn. Myth.’ p. 114, 182, &c.

393. J. L. Wilson, ‘W. Afr.’ p. 218, 388; Waitz, vol. ii. p. 171.

394. Philo, De Gigant. I. iv.

395. Iamblichus, ii.

396. Collected passages in Calmet, ‘Diss. sur les Esprits’; Horst, ‘Zauber-Bibliothek,’ vol. ii. p. 263, &c.; vol. vi. p. 49, &c.; see Migne’s Dictionaries.

397. Calmet, ‘Dissertation sur les Esprits,’ vol. i. ch. xlviii.

398. Gaume, ‘L’Eau Bénite au XIXme Siècle,’ pp. 295, 341.

399. Ellis, ‘Polyn. Res.’ vol. i. p. 331.

400. Backhouse, ‘Australia,’ p. 555; Grey, ‘Australia,’ vol. ii. p. 337.

401. Mason, ‘Karens,’ l.c. p. 211.

402. Schoolcraft, ‘Indian Tribes,’ part iii. p. 226.

403. Rochefort, ‘Antilles,’ p. 419.

404. Grimm, ‘D. M.’ p. 1193; Hanusch, ‘Slaw. Myth.’ p. 332; St. Clair and Brophy, ‘Bulgaria,’ p. 59; Wuttke, ‘Volksaberglaube,’ p. 122; Bastian, ‘Psychologie,’ p. 103; Brand, vol. iii. p. 279. The mare in nightmare means spirit, elf, or nymph; compare Anglo-Sax. wudumære (wood-mare) = echo.

405. ‘Vita del Amm. Christoforo Colombo,’ ch. xiii.; and ‘Life of Colon,’ in Pinkerton, vol. xii. p. 84.

406. Taylor, ‘New Zealand,’ pp. 149, 389. Mariner, ‘Tonga Is.’ vol. ii. p. 119.

407. Högström, ‘Lapmark,’ ch. xi.

408. Ward, ‘Hindoos,’ vol. ii. p. 151. See also Borri, ‘Cochin-China,’ in Pinkerton, vol. ix. p. 823.

409. Augustin. ‘De Civ. Dei,’ xv. 23: ‘Et quoniam creberrima fama est, multique se expertos, vel ab eis qui experti essent, de quorum fide dubitandum non esset, audisse confirmant, Silvanos et Faunos, quos vulgo incubos vocant, improbos sæpe extitisse mulieribus, et earum appetisse ac peregisse concubitum; et quosdam dæmones, quos Dusios Galli nuncupant, hanc assidue immunditiam et tentare et efficere; plures talesque asseverant, ut hoc negare impudentiæ videatur; non hinc aliquid audeo definire, utrum aliqui spiritus ... possint etiam hanc pati libidinem; ut ... sentientibus feminibus misceantur.’ See also Grimm, ‘D. M.’ pp. 449, 479; Hanusch, ‘Slaw. Myth.’ p. 332; Cockayne, ‘Leechdoms of Early England,’ vol. i. p. xxxviii., vol. ii. p. 345.