410. The ‘Malleus Maleficarum’ was published about 1489. See on the general subject, Horst, ‘Zauber-Bibliothek,’ vol. vi.; Ennemoser, ‘Magic,’ vol. ii.; Maury, ‘Magie,’ &c. p. 256; Lecky, ‘Hist, of Rationalism,’ vol. i.
411. Burton, ‘Anatomy of Melancholy,’ iii. 2. ‘Unum dixero, non opinari me ullo retro ævo tantam copiam Satyrorum, et salacium istorum Geniorum se ostendisse, quantum nunc quotidianæ narrationes, et judiciales sententiæ proferunt.’
412. J. R. Forster, ‘Observations during Voyage round World,’ p. 543.
413. Cross, ‘Karens,’ l.c. p. 312.
414. ‘Journ. Ind. Archip.’ vol. i. p. 307.
415. J. V. Grohmann, ‘Aberglauben aus Böhmen,’ &c., p. 24; Calmet, ‘Diss. sur les Esprits,’ vol. ii.; Grimm, ‘D. M.’ p. 1048, &c.; St. Clair and Brophy, ‘Bulgaria,’ p. 49; see Ralston, ‘Songs of Russian People,’ p. 409.
416. Cranz, ‘Grönland,’ p. 268. Callaway, ‘Rel. of Amazulu,’ p. 246, &c.
417. Grey, ‘Australia,’ vol. ii. p. 302. See also Bonwick, ‘Tasmanians,’ p. 180.
418. Southey, ‘Brazil,’ part i. p. 238. See also Rochefort, p. 418; J. G. Müller, p. 273 (Caribs); Cranz, ‘Grönland,’ p. 301; Schoolcraft, ‘Indian Tribes,’ part iii. p. 140.
419. ‘Journ. Ind. Archip.’ vol. i. pp. 270, 298; vol. ii. ‘N. S.’ p. 117.
420. Roberts, ‘Oriental Illustrations,’ p. 531; Colebrook in ‘As. Res.’ vol. vii. p. 274.
421. Doolittle, ‘Chinese,’ vol. i. p. 77.
422. Hylten-Cavallius, ‘Wärend och Wirdarne,’ vol. i. p. 191; Atkinson, ‘Glossary of Cleveland Dial.’ p. 597. (Prof. Liebrecht, in ‘Zeitschrift für Ethnologie,’ vol. v. 1873, p. 99, adds comparison of the still usual German custom of keeping a light burning in the lying-in room till the child is baptized (Wuttke, 2nd ed. No. 583), and the similar ancient Roman practice whence the goddess Candelifera had her name (note to 2nd. ed.).)
423. Martin, ‘Western Islands,’ in Pinkerton, vol. iii. p. 612.
424. St. Clair and Brophy, ‘Bulgaria,’ p. 44.
425. Rituale Romanum; Benedictio Candelarum. Brand, ‘Popular Antiquities,’ vol. i. p. 46.
426. Cranz, ‘Grönland,’ p. 267, see 296.
427. Macpherson, ‘India,’ p. 100.
428. Homer, Odyss, xvi. 160.
429. Grimm, ‘D. M.’ p. 632.
430. Eisenmenger, ‘Judenthum,’ part i. p. 872. Lane, ‘Thousand and One Nights,’ vol. ii. p. 56.
431. Bastian, ‘Psychologie,’ p. 162. Other localities in ‘Journ. Ind. Archip.’ vol. iv. p. 333.
433. De Brosses, ‘Dieux Fétiches,’ p. 46.
434. Clavigero, ‘Messico,’ vol. ii. p. 79.
435. Tractat. Berachoth.
436. Grimm, ‘D. M.’ pp. 420, 1117; St. Clair and Brophy, ‘Bulgaria,’ p. 54. See also Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. ii. p. 325; Tschudi, ‘Peru,’ vol. ii. p. 355.
437. Brand, ‘Popular Antiquities,’ vol. i. p. 193. See Boecler, ‘Ehsten Abergl.’ p. 73.
438. Tertullian, De Carne Christi, vi.; Adv. Marcion, ii.; Origen, De Princip. i. 7. See Horst, l.c. Calmet, ‘Dissertation,’ vol. i. ch. xlvi.
439. J. L. Wilson, ‘W. Afr.’ p. 217. See Bosman, ‘Guinea,’ in Pinkerton, vol. xvi. p. 402.
440. Pallas, ‘Reisen,’ vol. i. p. 360.
441. Grimm, ‘D. M.’ p. 1212; Wuttke, ‘Volksaberglaube,’ p. 119; see Hyltén-Cavallius, part i. p. 178 (Sweden).
442. Oldfield, ‘Abor. of Australia,’ in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. iii. p. 240.
443. Bonwick, ‘Tasmanians,’ p. 182.
444. Cranz, ‘Grönland,’ p. 268; Egede, p. 187.
445. Molina, ‘Chili,’ vol. ii. p. 86.
446. Rochefort, ‘Iles Antilles,’ pp. 416, 429; J. G. Müller, ‘Amer. Urrel.’ pp. 171, 217.
447. Waitz, vol. ii. p. 182; J. L. Wilson, ‘W. Afr.’ p. 387; Steinhauser, l.c. p. 134. Compare Callaway, p. 327, &c.
448. Bastian, ‘Psychologie,’ p. 77.
449. Bastian, ‘Oestl. Asien,’ vol. iii. p. 275.
450. Grimm, ‘D. M.’ p. 829; Rochholz, ‘Deutscher Glaube,’ part i. p. 92; Hanusch, ‘Slaw. Myth.’ p. 247.
451. Menander, 205, in Clement. Stromat.; Xenophon, Memor. Socr.; Plato, Apol. Socr. &c. See Plotin. Ennead. iii. 4; Porphyr. Plotin.
452. Paulus Diaconus: ‘Genium appellant Deum, qui vim obtineret rerum omnium generandarum.’ Censorin. de Die Natali, 3: ‘Eundem esse genium et larem, multi veteres memoriæ prodiderunt.’ Tibull. Eleg. i. 2, 7; Ovid. Trist. iii. 13, 18, v. 5, 10; Horat. Epist. ii. 1, 140, Od. iv. 11, 7. Appian. de Bellis Parth. p. 156. Tertullian, Apol. xxiii.
453. Serv. in Virg. Æn. vi. 743: ‘Cum nascimur, duos genios sortimur: unus hortatur ad bona, alter depravat ad mala, quibus assistentibus post mortem aut asserimur in meliorem vitam, aut condemnamur in deteriorem.’ Horat. Epist. ii. 187; Valer. Max. i. 7; Plutarch, Brutus. See Pauly, ‘Real-Encyclop.;’ Smith’s ‘Dic. of Biog. & Myth.’ s.v. ‘genius.’
454. Acta Sanctorum Bolland.: S. Francisca Romana ix. Mart. Calmet, ‘Dissertation,’ ch. iv. xxx.; Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. ii. pp. 140, 347, vol. iii. p. 10; Wright, ‘St. Patrick’s Purgatory,’ p. 33.
455. Rochholz, p. 93.
456. Bull, ‘Sermons,’ 2nd ed. London, 1714, vol. ii. p. 506.
457. Swedenborg, ‘True Christian Religion,’ p. 380. See also A. J. Davis, ‘Philosophy of Spiritual Intercourse,’ p. 38.
458. D. Monnier, ‘Traditions Populaires,’ p. 7.
459. L. H. Morgan, ‘Iroquois,’ p. 64. Brebeuf in ‘Rel. des Jés.’ 1636, p. 107. See Schoolcraft, ‘Tribes,’ vol. iii. p. 337.
460. Steinhauser, ‘Religion des Negers,’ in ‘Magazin der Evang. Missionen,’ Basel, 1856; No. 2, p. 127, &c.
461. Plath, ‘Religion der alten Chinesen,’ part i. p. 44.
462. Oldfield, ‘Abor. of Austr.’ in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. iii. p. 232.
463. Steller, ‘Kamtschatka,’ pp. 47, 265.
464. Oviedo, ‘Nicaragua,’ in Ternaux-Compans, part xiv. pp. 132, 160. Compare Catlin, ‘N. A. Ind.’ vol. ii. p. 169.
465. Creswick, ‘Veys,’ in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. vi. p. 359. See Du Chaillu, ‘Ashango-land,’ p. 106.
466. Brebeuf in ‘Rel. des Jés.’ 1636, p. 108. Long’s Exp. vol. i. p. 46. See Loskiel, ‘Indians of N. A.’ part i. p. 45.
467. For details of the belief in water-spirits as the cause of drowning, see ante, vol. i. p. 109.
468. Oldfield in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. iii. p. 328; Eyre, vol. ii. p. 362; Grey, vol. ii. p. 339; Bastian, ‘Vorstellungen von Wasser und Feuer,’ in ‘Zeitschrift für Ethnologie,’ vol. i. (contains a general collection of details as to water-worship).
469. Compare John Morgan, ‘Life of William Buckley’; Bonwick, p. 203; Taylor, ‘New Zealand,’ p. 48, with Forbes Leslie, Brand, &c.
470. Cranz, ‘Grönland,’ p. 267.
471. Tanner, ‘Narr.’ p. 341; Carver, ‘Travels,’ p. 383; Franklin, ‘Journey to Polar Sea,’ vol. ii. p. 245; Lubbock, ‘Origin of Civilization,’ pp. 213-20 (contains details as to water-worship); see Brinton, p. 124.
472. Rivero and Tschudi, ‘Peruvian Ant.’ p. 161; Garcilaso de la Vega, ‘Comm. Real.’ i. 10. See also J. G. Müller, ‘Amer. Urrelig.’ pp. 258, 260, 282.
473. Krapf, ‘E. Afr.’ p. 198; Steinhauser, l.c. p. 131; Villault in Astley, vol. i. p. 668; Backhouse, ‘Afr.’ p. 230; Callaway, ‘Zulu Tales,’ vol. i. p. 90; Bastian, l.c.
474. Castrén, ‘Vorlesungen über die Altaischen Völker,’ p. 114. ‘Finn. Myth.’ p. 70. Atkinson, ‘Siberia,’ p. 444. Boecler, ‘Ehsten Abergläub. Gebräuche,’ ed. Kreutzwald, p. 6.
475. Hodgson, ‘Abor. of India,’ p. 164; Hunter, ‘Rural Bengal.’ p. 184. See also Lubbock, l.c.; Forbes Leslie, ‘Early Races of Scotland,’ vol. i. p. 163, vol. ii. p. 497.
476. Ward, ‘Hindoos,’ vol. ii. p. 206, &c.
477. Homer, Il. xx. xxi. See Gladstone, ‘Juventus Mundi,’ pp. 190, 345, &c., &c.
478. Cosmas, book iii. p. 197, ‘superstitiosas institutiones, quas villani adhuc semipagani in Pentecosten tertia sive quarta feria observabant offerentes libamina super fontes mactabant victimas et dæmonibus immolabant.’
479. Poenitentiale Ecgberti, ii. 22, ‘gif hwilc man his ælmessan gehâte oththe bringe to hwilcon wylle;’ iv. 19, ‘gif hwâ his wæccan æt ænigum wylle hæbbe.’ Grimm, ‘D. M.’ p. 549, &c. See Hyltén-Cavallius, ‘Wärend och Wirdarne,’ part i. pp. 131, 171 (Sweden).
480. Grohmann, ‘Aberglauben aus Böhmen und Mähren,’ p. 43, &c. Hanusch, ‘Slaw. Myth.’ p. 291, &c. Ralston, ‘Songs of Russian People,’ p. 139, &c.
481. St. Clair and Brophy, ‘Bulgaria,’ p. 46. Similar ideas in Grohmann, p. 44. Eisenmenger, ‘Entd. Judenthum,’ part i. p. 426.
482. Maury, ‘Magie,’ &c., p. 158. Brand, ‘Pop. Ant.’ vol. ii. p. 366, &c. Hunt, ‘Pop. Rom. 2nd Series,’ p. 40, &c. Forbes Leslie, ‘Early Races of Scotland,’ vol. i. p. 156, &c.
483. ‘Journ. Ind. Archip.’ vol. i. p. 307.
484. Beeker, ‘Dyaks,’ in ‘Journ. Ind. Archip.’ vol. iii. p. 111.
485. Marsden, ‘Sumatra,’ p. 301.
486. S. S. Farmer, ‘Tonga,’ p. 127.
487. Bastian, ‘Der Baum in vergleichender Ethnologie,’ in Lazarus and Steinthal’s ‘Zeitschrift für Völkerpsychologie,’ &c., vol. v. 1868.
488. Chr. Colombo, ch. xix.; and in Pinkerton, vol. xii. p. 87.
489. Burton, ‘W. & W. fr. W. Afr.’ pp. 205, 243.
490. Waitz, vol. ii. p. 188.
491. Bosman, letter 19, and in Pinkerton, vol. xvi. p. 500.
492. Krapf, ‘E. Afr.’ p. 77; Prichard, ‘N. H. of Man,’ p. 290; Waitz, vol. ii. p. 518. See also Merolla, ‘Congo,’ in Pinkerton, vol. xvi. p. 236.
493. Bastian, ‘Oestl. Asien,’ vol. ii. pp. 457, 461, vol. iii. pp. 187, 251, 289, 497. For details of tree-worship from other Asiatic districts, see Ainsworth, ‘Yezidis,’ in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. i. p. 23; Jno. Wilson, ‘Parsi Religion,’ p. 262.
494. Hardy, ‘Manual of Budhism,’ pp. 100, 443.
495. Fergusson, ‘Tree and Serpent Worship,’ pl. xxiv. xxvi. &c.
496. Tabary in Bastian, l.c. p. 295.
497. Hartknoch, ‘Alt. und Neues Preussen,’ part i. ch. v.
498. See Pauly, ‘Real-Encyclopedie.’ Homer. Odyss. xiv. 327, xix. 296.
499. Hymn. Homer. Aphrod. 257.
500. Ausonii Idyll. De Histor. 7.
501. Apollon. Rhod. Argonautica, ii. 476. See Welcker, ‘Griech. Götterl.’ vol. iii. p. 57.
502. Ovid. Metamm. i. 452, ii. 345, xi. 67.
503. Dante, ‘Divina Commedia,’ ‘Inferno,’ canto xiii.
504. Ariosto, ‘Orlando Furioso,’ canto vi.
505. Grimm, ‘D. M.’ p. 615, &c. Bastian, ‘Der Baum,’ l.c. p. 297; Hanusch, ‘Slaw. Myth.’ p. 313.
506. Wuttke, ‘Volksaberglaube,’ p. 57, see 183.
507. Euseb. ‘Præp. Evang.’ i. 10.
508. Further details as to tree-worship in Bastian, ‘Der Baum,’ &c., here cited; Lubbock, ‘Origin of Civilization,’ p. 206, &c.; Fergusson, ‘Tree and Serpent Worship,’ &c.
509. Bastian, ‘Der Baum,’ l.c. &c.
510. Irving, ‘Astoria,’ vol. ii. ch. viii.
511. Darwin, ‘Journal,’ p. 68.
512. Polack, ‘New Z.’ vol. ii. p. 6; Taylor, p. 171, see 99.
513. St. John, ‘Far East,’ vol. i. p. 89.
514. Wallace, ‘Eastern Archipelago,’ vol. i. p. 338.
515. Prichard, ‘Nat. Hist. of Man,’ p. 531.
516. Merolla in Pinkerton, vol. xvi. p. 236.
517. Lubbock, p. 193; Bastian, l.c.; Park, ‘Travels,’ vol. i. pp. 64, 106.
518. Castrén, ‘Finn. Myth.’ p. 86, &c., 191, &c.; Latham, ‘Descr. Eth.’ vol. i. p. 363; Simpson, ‘Journey,’ vol. ii. p. 261.
519. Boecler, ‘Ehsten Abergläubische Gebräuche,’ &c., ed. Kreutzwald, pp. 2, 112, 146.
520. Hodgson, ‘Abor. of India,’ pp. 165, 173.
521. Macpherson, p. 61.
522. Dalton, ‘Kols,’ in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. vi. p. 34. Bastian, ‘Oestl. Asien.’ vol. i. p. 134, vol. iii. p. 252.
523. Deut. xii. 3; xvi. 21. Judges vi. 25. 1 Kings xiv. 23; xv. 13; xviii. 19. 2 Kings xvii. 10; xxiii. 4. Is. lvii. 5. Jerem. xvii. 2. Ezek. vi. 13; xx. 28. Hos. iv. 13, &c., &c.