524. Sil. Ital. Punica, iii. 675, 690. Harduin, Acta Conciliorum, vol. i. For further evidence as to Semitic tree-and-grove worship, see Movers, ‘Phönizier,’ vol. i. p. 560, &c.
525. Hunter, ‘Rural Bengal,’ pp. 131, 194.
526. Boehtlingk and Roth, s.v. ‘chaityataru.’ Ward, ‘Hindoos,’ vol. ii. p. 204.
527. Ovid. Metamm. viii. 741.
528. Cato de Re Rustica, 139; Plin. xvii. 47.
529. Hanusch, ‘Slaw. Myth.’ pp. 98, 229. Hartknoch, part i. ch. v. vii.; Grimm, ‘D. M.’ p. 67.
530. Maxim. Tyr. viii.; Plin. xvi. 95.
531. Tacit. Germania, 9, 39, &c.; Grimm, ‘D. M.’ p. 66.
532. Hyltén-Cavallius, ‘Wärend och Wirdarne,’ part i. p. 142.
533. Ralston, ‘Songs of Russian People,’ p. 153, see 238.
534. Grimm, ‘D. M.’ p. 62, &c.
535. Steller, ‘Kamtschatka,’ p. 276.
536. Garcilaso de la Vega, ‘Comentarios Reales,’ i. ch. ix. &c.
537. Marsden, ‘Sumatra,’ p. 303.
538. Petron. Arb. Fragm.; Statius, iii. Theb. 661.
539. See ante, ch. xi.
540. Mouhot, ‘Indo-China,’ vol. i. p. 252.
541. Charlevoix, ‘Nouvelle France,’ vol. v. p. 443.
542. W. M. Wood in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. iv. p. 36.
543. Simpson, ‘Journey,’ vol. ii. p. 269; Erman, ‘Siberia,’ vol. i. p. 492; Latham, ‘Descr. Eth.’ vol. i. p. 456; ‘Journ. Ind. Archip.’ vol. iv. p. 590.
544. Ellis, ‘Polyn. Res.’ vol. i. p. 336.
545. Farmer, ‘Tonga,’ p. 126; Mariner, vol. ii. p. 106.
546. Williams, ‘Fiji,’ vol. i. p. 217, &c.
547. Turner, ‘Polynesia,’ p. 238.
548. Shortland, ‘Trads. of N. Z.’ ch. iv.
549. Marsden, ‘Sumatra,’ p. 292.
550. Loskiel, ‘Ind. of N. A.’ part i. p. 40; Catlin, ‘N. A. Ind.’ vol. i. p. 36; Schoolcraft, ‘Tribes,’ part i. p. 34, part v. p. 652; Waitz, vol. iii. p. 190.
552. Steinhauser, ‘Religion des Negers,’ l.c. p. 133. J. L. Wilson, ‘W. Afr.’ pp. 210, 218. Schlegel, ‘Ewe-Sprache,’ p. xv.
553. Bosman, ‘Guinea,’ letter 19; in Pinkerton, vol. xvi. p. 499. See Burton, ‘Dahome,’ ch. iv., xvii. An account of the Vaudoux serpent-worship still carried on among the negroes of Hayti, in ‘Lippincott’s Magazine,’ Philadelphia, March, 1870.
554. Castrén, ‘Finn. Myth.’ p. 196, see 228.
555. J. F. McLennan in ‘Fortnightly Review,’ 1869-70; reprinted in ‘Studies in Ancient History,’ 2nd Series, pp. 117, 491.
556. John Long, ‘Voyages and Travels of an Indian Interpreter,’ London, 1791, p. 86. See pp. 233, 411 of present volume.
557. Grey, ‘Journals of Expeditions in N. W. & W. Australia,’ vol. ii. pp. 225-9; ‘Archæologia Americana,’ vol. ii. p. 109.
558. J. G. Frazer, ‘Totemism,’ p. 53; ‘Golden Bough,’ 2nd ed. vol. iii. pp. 419, 423.
559. Codrington, ‘Melanesians,’ pp. 32-3, 170.
560. Spencer and Gillen, ‘Native Tribes of Central Australia,’ 1899, pp. 73, 121.
561. General references in J. F. McLennan, ‘Studies in Ancient History;’ J. G. Frazer, ‘Totemism.’
562. Herod. ii.; Plutarch, De Iside & Osiride; Strabo, xvii. 1; Wilkinson, ‘Ancient Eg.,’ edited by Birch, vol. iii.; Bunsen, 2nd Edition, with notes by Birch, vol. i.
563. Ward, ‘Hindoos,’ vol. ii. p. 195, &c.
564. Schoolcraft, part iii. p. 231; Brinton, p. 108, &c.
565. Garcilaso de la Vega, ‘Comentarios Reales,’ i. 9.
566. Herodot. viii. 41.
567. Servius ad Æn. v. 95.
568. Hartknoch, ‘Preussen,’ part i. pp. 143, 162.
569. Grimm, ‘D. M.’ p. 648.
570. Grimm, ‘D. M.’ p. 650. Rochholz, ‘Deutscher Glaube,’ &c., vol. i. p. 146. Monnier, ‘Traditions Populaires,’ p. 644. Grohmann, ‘Aberglauben aus Böhmen,’ &c., p. 78. Ralston, ‘Songs of Russian People,’ p. 175.
571. Fergusson ‘Tree and Serpent Worship,’ p. 55, &c., pl. xxiv. McLennan l.c. p. 563, &c.
572. Strabo, xiii. 1, 14.
573. J. G. Müller, ‘Amer. Urrel.’ pp. 62, 585.
574. J. B. Schlegel, ‘Ewe-Sprache,’ p. xiv.
575. Hanusch, ‘Slaw. Myth.’ p. 217.
576. Pausan. ii. 28; Ælian, xvi. 39. See Welcker, ‘Griech. Götterl.’ vol. ii. p. 734.
577. Macrob. Saturnal. i. 9. Movers, ‘Phönizier,’ vol. i. p. 500.
578. Details such as in Schoolcraft, ‘Ind. Tribes,’ part i. pp. 38, 414, may be ascribed to Christian intercourse. See Brinton, p. 121.
579. Lepsius, ‘Todtenbuch,’ and Birch’s transl. in Bunsen’s ‘Egypt,’ vol. v.
580. Spiegel, ‘Avesta,’ vol. i. p. 66, vol. iii. p. lix.
581. Epiphan. Adv. Hæres. xxxvii. Tertullian. De Præscript. contra Hæreticos, 47.
582. Further collections of evidence relating to Zoolatry in general may be found in Bastian, ‘Das Thier in seiner mythologischen Bedeutung,’ in Bastian and Hartmann’s ‘Zeitschrift für Ethnologie,’ vol. i., Meiners, ‘Geschichte der Religionen,’ vol. i.
583. Comte, ‘Philosophie Positive,’ vol. v. p. 101.
584. Turner, ‘Polynesia,’ p. 242.
585. Brinton, ‘Myths of New World,’ p. 105.
586. Acosta, ‘Historia de las Indias,’ book v. c. iv.; Rivero & Tschudi, pp. 161, 179; J. G. Müller, p. 365.
587. Le Jeune in ‘Rel. des Jés. dans la Nouvelle France,’ 1634, p. 13. Lafitau, ‘Mœurs des Sauvages,’ vol. i. p. 370. See also Waitz, vol. iii. p. 194; Schoolcraft, part iii. p. 327.
588. Ralston, ‘Songs of the Russian People,’ p. 375. The Slavonic myth of Buyán with its dripping oak and the snake Garafena lying beneath, is obviously connected with the Scandinavian myth of the dripping ash, Yggdrasill, the snake Nidhögg below, and the two Swans of the Urdharfount, parents of all swans.
589. Morgan, ‘Iroquois,’ p. 162.
590. Castrén, ‘Finn. Myth.’ pp. 106, 160, 189, &c.
591. Eisenmenger, ‘Judenthum,’ part ii. p. 376; Bastian, ‘Mensch,’ vol. iii. p. 194.
592. De Brosses, ‘Dieux Fétiches,’ p. 58.
593. Eyre, ‘Australia,’ vol. ii. p. 362; Oldfield in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. iii. p. 228; Lang, ‘Queensland,’ p. 444.
594. Martius, ‘Ethnog. Amer.’ vol. i. p. 583.
595. Loskiel, ‘Ind. of N. America,’ part i. p. 43.
596. Ellis, ‘Polyn. Res.’ vol. i. p. 1322.
597. St. John, ‘Far East,’ vol. i. p. 180.
598. J. B. Schlegel, ‘Schlüssel zur Ewe Sprache,’ p. xii.; compare Bowen, ‘Yoruba Lang.’ in ‘Smithsonian Contrib.’ vol. i. p. xvi.
599. Samoiedia, in Pinkerton, vol. i. p. 531.
600. Macpherson, p. 84, &c.
601. Clavigero, ‘Messico,’ vol. ii. ch. i.
602. Gladstone, ‘Juventus Mundi,’ ch. vii. &c.
603. Ward, ‘Hindoos,’ vol. ii.
604. ‘Journ. Ind. Archip.’ vol. i. pp. 33, 255, 275, 338, vol. ii. p. 692.
605. Brebeuf in ‘Rel. des Jés.,’ 1636, p. 107; Lafitau, ‘Mœurs des Sauvages Amériquains,’ vol. i. p. 132. Schoolcraft, ‘Iroquois,’ p. 36, &c. 237. Brinton, ‘Myths of New World,’ pp. 48, 172. J. G. Müller, ‘Amer. Urrelig.’ p. 119.
606. Callaway, ‘Zulu Tales,’ vol. i. p. 203.
607. Waitz, ‘Anthropologie,’ vol. ii. p. 168, &c.; Burton, ‘W. & W. fr. W. Afr.’ p. 76.
608. Castrén, ‘Finn. Myth.’ p. 7, &c.
609. Plath, ‘Religion und Cultus der alten Chinesen,’ part i. p. 18, &c.; part ii. p. 32; Doolittle, ‘Chinese,’ vol. ii. p. 396. See Max Müller, ‘Lectures,’ 2nd S. p. 437; Legge, ‘Confucius,’ p. 100. For further evidence as to savage and barbaric worship of the Heaven as Supreme Deity, see chap. xvii.
610. Max Müller, ‘Lectures,’ 2nd Series, p. 425; Grimm, ‘D. M.’ ch. ix.; Cicero, De Natura Deorum, iii. 4. Connexion of the Sanskrit Dyu with the Scandinavian Tyr and the Anglo Saxon Tiw is perhaps rather of etymology than definition.
611. Duff Macdonald, ‘Africana,’ vol. i. p. 60 (E. Centr. Afr.). Waitz, ‘Anthropologie,’ vol. ii. p. 169 (W. Afr.) p. 416 (Damaras).
612. Markham, ‘Quichua Gr. and Dic.’ p. 9; J. G. Müller, ‘Amer. Urrel.’ pp. 318, 368.
613. Ibid. pp. 496-9; Oviedo, ‘Nicaragua,’ pp. 40, 72.
614. Macpherson, ‘India,’ pp. 89, 355.
615. Dalton, ‘Kols,’ in ‘Tr. Eth. Soc.’ vol. vi. p. 34. Compare 1 Kings xviii.
616. Castrén, ‘Finn. Myth.’ p. 36; Kalewala, Rune ii. 317.
617. Marc. Antonin. v. 7. ‘Ἐὐχὴ Ἀθηναίων, ὖσον, ὖσον, ὦ φίλε Ζεῦ, κατὰ τῆς ἀρούρας τῶν Ἀθηναίων καὶ τῶν πεδίων.’
618. Petron. Arbiter. Sat. xliv. ‘Antea stolatæ ibant nudis pedibus in clivum, passis capillis, mentibus puris, et Jovem aquam exorabant. Itaque statim urceatim pluebat: aut tunc aut nunquam; et omnes redibant udi tanquam mures.’ See Grimm, ‘D. M.’ p. 160.
619. Pr. Max v. Wied, ‘N. Amer.’ vol. ii. pp. 152, 223; J. G. Müller, p. 120; Waitz, vol. iii. p. 179.
620. Keating, ‘Narr.’ vol. i. p. 407; Eastman, ‘Dahcotah,’ p. 71; Brinton, p. 150, &c.; see M’Coy, ‘Baptist Indian Missions,’ p. 363.
621. De la Borde, ‘Caraïbes,’ p. 530; Rochefort, ‘Iles Antilles,’ p. 431.
622. De Laet, ‘Novus Orbis,’ xv. 2. Waitz, vol. iii. p. 417; J. G. Müller, p. 270; also 421 (thunderstorms by anger of Sun, in Cumana, &c.).
623. Brinton, p. 153; Herrera, ‘Indias Occidentales,’ Dec., v. 4. J. G. Müller p. 327. ‘Rites and Laws of the Yncas,’ tr. & ed. by C. R. Markham, p. 16, see 81; Prescott, ‘Peru,’ vol. i. p. 86.
624. Bowen, ‘Yoruba Lang.’ p. xvi. in ‘Smithsonian Contr.’ vol. i. See Burton, ‘Dahome,’ vol. ii. p. 142. Details as to thunder-axes, &c., in ‘Early Hist. of Mankind,’ ch. viii.
625. Steller, ‘Kamtschatka,’ p. 266.
626. Klemm, ‘C. G.’ vol. iv. p. 85. (Ossetes, &c.) See Welcker, vol. i. p. 170; Grimm, ‘D. M.’ p. 158. Bastian, ‘Mensch.’ vol. ii. p. 423 (Ali-sect.).
627. Castrén, ‘Finn. Myth.’ p. 39, &c.
628. ‘Rig-Veda,’ i. 32. 1, 55. 5, 130. 8, 165; iii. 34. 9; vi. 20; x. 44. 9, 89. 9. Max Müller, ‘Lectures,’ 2nd S. p. 427; ‘Chips,’ vol. i. p. 42, vol. ii. p. 323. See Muir, ‘Sanskrit Texts.’
629. Homer. Il. viii. 170, xvii. 595. Ovid. Fast. ii. 69. See Welcker, ‘Griech. Götterl.’ vol. ii. p. 194.
630. Hanusch, ‘Slaw. Myth.’ p. 257.
631. Grimm, ‘Deutsche Myth.’ ch. viii. Edda; Gylfaginning, 21, 44.
632. Schoolcraft, ‘Algic Res.’ vol. i. p. 139, vol. ii. p. 214; Loskiel, part i. p. 43; Waitz, vol. iii. p. 190. Morgan, ‘Iroquois,’ p. 157; J. G. Müller, p. 56. Further American evidence in Brinton, ‘Myths of New World,’ pp. 50, 74; Cranz, ‘Grönland,’ p. 267 (Sillagiksartok, Weather-spirit); De la Borde, ‘Caraïbes,’ p. 530 (Carib Star Curumon, makes the billows and upsets canoes).
633. Ellis, ‘Polyn. Res.’ vol. i. p. 329 (compare with the Maori Tempest-god Tawhirimatea, Grey, ‘Polyn. Myth.’ p. 5); Schirren, ‘Wandersage der Neuseeländer,’ &c. p. 85; Yate, ‘New Zealand,’ p. 144. See also Mariner, ‘Tonga Is.’ vol. ii. p. 115.
634. Steller, ‘Kamschatka,’ p. 266.
635. Castrén, ‘Finn. Myth.’ pp. 37, 68.
636. Boecler, pp. 106, 147.
637. See also Klemm, ‘Cultur-Gesch.’ vol. iv. p. 85 (Circassian Water-god and Wind-god).
638. Muir, ‘Sanskrit Texts,’ vol. v. p. 150.